동양꽃꽂이의 기본형에는 直立型, 傾斜型, 橫型 및 垂型이 있으며, 이는 제 1주지의 경사정도에 따라 기본형이 정해지는데 기본방향(각도)을 중심으로 나무의 생김새에 따라 주지가 전후좌우로 약간의 변동(± 15o)이 있을 수 있다. 그리고 변형에는 연화형, 부화형, 복합형, 분리형 및 평면형을 들 수 있다. 서양꽃꽂이의 기본형은 구성모양에 따라 직선구성, 곡선구성, 사방구성 및 mass구성으로 분류할 수 있다.

Echo sounder and Doppler sonar are to theultra-sonic transducers for measuring the depth and the ship's speed respectively. To measure the depth and speed with a single transducer, it is required to control the ultra-sonic beam to optional direction. In the past, the direction of the transducer itself is varied, but such a method provoked much problems in the mechanical design of the equipment. This paper deals with the method to control beam direciton by the phase control of the plural arrangement of transducers, and the results are studied by a computer simulation. The remarkable results of the study is condensed as follows; 1. The greater the interval of arrangement between transducers, the sharper the radiation pattern is, but in this case, the level of undesired sidelobe is also increased. 2. The control of radiation pattern up to 60 degree can be achieved by an adequate arrangement of more than 10 transducers. 3. It is shown that a simultaneous measurement of both depth and speed can be achieved by alternating directivity of the pulse by the method proposed in this paper.