In this article, Pb2Ba1.7Sr0.3Ca2Cu3O10+δ superconductor material was synthesized using conventional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated one dominant phase 2223 and some impurities in the product powder. The strongest peaks in the XRD pattern were successfully indexed assuming a pseudo-tetragonal cell with lattice constants of a = 3.732, b = 3.733 and c = 14.75 Å for a Pb-Based compound. The crystallite size and lattice strain between the layers of the studied compound were estimated using several methods, namely the Scherrer, Williamson-Hall (W.H), sizestrain plot (SSP) and Halder Wagner (H.W) approach. The values of crystallite size, calculated by Scherrer, W.H, SSP and H.W methods, were 89.4540774, 86.658638, 87.7555823 and 85.470086 Å, respectively. Moreover, the lattice strain values obtained by W.H, SSP and H.W methods were 0.0063240, 0.006325 and 0.006, respectively. It was noted that all crystallite size results are consistent; however, the best method is the size-strain plot because it gave a value of R2 approaching one. Furthermore, degree of crystallites was calculated and found to be 59.003321%. Resistivity analysis suggests zero-resistance, which is typical of superconducting materials at critical temperature. Four-probe technique was utilized to measure the critical temperature at onset Tc(onset), zero resistivity Tc(off set), and transition (width ΔT), corresponding to temperatures of 128 K, 116 K, and 12 K, respectively.

The size of crystallites in mono-dispersed cubic silver bromide grains was measured by applying a powder X-ray diffraction method and Scherrer's equation to grains that were suspended in swollen gelatin layers. In order to evaluate the existence of defects, the measured crystallite size was compared to those measured by using a scanning electron microscope. In the case of the grains prepared by the controlled double jet method, the size of crystallites was equal to the edge length of the grains that had edge lengths smaller than 400 nm. This result proved the usefulness of the above-stated method for measuring the size of crystallites and also evaluating the presence of any crystal defect in each grain. In the case of the grains, which were precipitated in the presence of a sensitizing dye and potassium iodide, the size of crystallites was smaller than the edge's length, indicating the discontinuities in the grains introduced during the precipitation process.

The nano-scale crystallite sizes of uranium oxide powders in simulated spent fuel were measured by the neutron diffraction line broadening method in order to analyze the sintering behavior of the dry process fuel. The mixed and fission product powders were dry-milled in an attritor for 30, 60, and 120 min. The diffraction patterns of the powders were obtained by using the high resolution powder diffractometer in the HANARO research reactor. Diffraction line broadening due to crystallite size was measured using various techniques such as the Stokes' deconvolution, profile fitting methods using Cauchy function, Gaussian function, and Voigt function, and the Warren-Averbach method. The non-uniform strain, stacking fault and twin probability were measured using the information from the diffraction pattern. The realistic crystallite size could be obtained after separation of the contribution from the non-uniform strain, stacking fault and twin.

Hydroxide법으로 α-주산산(stannic acid)을 만든후, 하고온도를 500˚C~1100˚C로 조정하여 일차입자(Crystallite)크기가 8-54nm인 SnO2 분말을 제작하였다. 분말의 입자(drystalite)클기에 따른 분말특성와 H2, CO가스(0.5v/o)에 대한 감응성 미치공기중에서의 저상변화특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 입자크기가 감소함에 따라, 분말의 FTIR 흡습특성은 증가하였으나, 격자상수는 일정하였다. 후막소자에서, H2가스에 대해 최대감도를 나타내는 온도와 공기중에서 최소저항을 나타내는 온도는 입자크기가 미세해짐에 따라 점차 낮아졌다. 최소저항점과 최대감도점의 온도저하를 산소흡착종의 활성화에너지의 감소라고 유추하였고, 이러한 에너지의 감소가 미세입자에 의한 감도향상요인 중의 한가지라고 제의하였다.

본 연구는 일라이트-스멕타이트 혼합층광물(I-S)의 구조를 MacEwan 결정자 모델과 기본입자 모델을 통하여 살펴봄으로써, 팽창성(% SXRD), MacEwan 결정자두께( NCSD), 평균기본입자두께( NF ) 간의 관계를 정량적으로 해석하고자 하였다. 두 모델에 대한 비교를 통하여, % SXRD, NCSD, NF 는 서로 독립된 변수들이 아니고 I-S 구조 내에서 특정한 기하학적 관계를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. % SXRD는 단범위적층효과에 의해 NCSD에 영향을 받고, NF 및 스멕타이트 층간개수( NS )와 Ns =( NF-1)/(100%/% SXRD- NF ) 관계가 성립함을 알 수 있었다. 특히, 이 관계로부터 % SXRD와 NF 는 물리적으로 제한된 조건인 1〈 NF 〈100%/ % SXRD를 만족해야 한다는 결과를 도출할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 이러한 물리적 제한조건을 이용하여, % SXRD, NF , Ns , 질서도 등을 종합적으로 해석하는데 유용할 것으로 사료되는 다이어그램을 제시하였으며, 금성산화 산암복합체에서 산출되는 I-S에 대한 XRD 자료를 이용하여, 이를 검증하였다. 또한, 자연상 I-S는 % SXRD가 감소할수록, NF 는 물리적 상한조건인 NF =100%/% SXRD에서 점차 멀어지게 됨을 알 수 있었으며, 이러한 결과는 기본입자가 두꺼워질수록 적층능력이 감소하는 것에서 기인한 것으로 사료된다.다.하는 것에서 기인한 것으로 사료된다.다.