Human error with regards to ship handling is the main cause of maritime accidents. The error happens because of the psychological problem of distraction. Despite the use of modern equipment, standard working procedures and competent crews, still accidents occur because of the physical and psychosocial stresses during the working period on board the ship. This creates undesirable results such as injuries, ill health and even loss of life. The aims of this study are to analyse the possible root causes for distractions and the affected areas for three groups of Malaysian seafarers, 1) Senior Deck Cadets, 2) Senior Deck Officers and 3) Junior Deck Officers. A Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method has used for ranking the alternatives in the order of how affected they are. A Malaysian seafarers’, Senior Deck Cadets (SDC) has recorded as the most affected by distractions when they are engaged in the ship’s operation. The outcome of this study will help both seafarers and shipping companies to establish some solutions around this matte.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of joint position on the distraction distance in patients with adhesive capsulitis of glenohumeral joint. The study was conducted upon 20 adults in their 40's with the findings of adhesive capsulitis of glenohumeral joint. These subjects were subdivided into 3 groups, which were a group with neutral position(n=7), second group with resting position(n=7) and third group with end-range position( n=6). After having the subject wearing sleeveless shirts exposing armpit and lying straight on the plinth, a physical therapist with OMT qualification pulled glenohumeral joint at the Grade Ⅲ of Kaltenborn-Evjenth traction; and the distance between glenoid fossa and humeral head was measured with ultrasound. Following the application of traction, the group with resting position(.67±0.29) exhibited the longest distance between humeral head and glenoid fossa, and it was followed by neutral position(.50±0.25) and end-range position(.35±.21) in this order. From the comparison of these groups, there was no significant difference in distraction distance between resting position and neutral position; and there was again no significant difference in distraction distance between end-range position and neutral position. However, there was a significant difference in distraction distance between end-range position and resting position(p<.05). Upon application of the Grade Ⅲ of Kaltenborn-Evjenth traction, it was evident that the distance between humeral head and glenoid fossa can be varied depending on the location of the joint.