펩타이드형 독소인 마이크로시스틴(microcystins, MCs) 과 노둘라린(nodularin, NOD)은 남조류라고도 알려진 시 아노박테리아에 의해 생성되는 2차 대사산물로, 독소에 오 염된 물, 토양 및 비료를 사용함으로써 농산물 내에 축적 되고 이를 사람이 섭취함으로써 건강상 위해가 발생할 수 있다. 최근 MCs과 NOD의 농산물 내 오염에 대한 관심 이 대두되며 국내외에서 여러 분석법을 기반으로 농산물 내 오염 수준을 조사하고 있다. 하지만 아직까지 수행된 연구가 많지 않으며, 특히 펩타이드형 독소 중 MCs의 분 석 연구에 치중되어 있거나 오염 취약 지역에서 재배한 농산물이 주로 오염도 조사에 사용되는 등 연구에 한계가 있으므로 MCs과 NOD의 관리를 위해서는 보다 많은 체 계적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 체 계적인 모니터링 및 안전관리의 기반을 마련하기 위해 MCs 및 NOD의 이화학적 특성, 독성, 분석법, 오염사례 및 관리현황에 대해 기술하였다.

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (Cyano-HABs) are an international environmental problem that negatively affects the ecosystem as well as the safety of water resources by discharging cyanotoxins. In particular, the discharge of microcystins (MCs), a highly toxic substance, has been studied most actively, and various water treatment methods have been proposed for this purpose. In this paper, we reviewed adsorption technology, which is recognized as the most feasible, economical, and efficient method among suggested treatment methods for removing MCs. Activated carbons (AC) are widely used adsorbents for MCs removal, and excellent MCs adsorption performance has been reported. Research on alternative adsorption materials for AC such as biochar and biosorbents has been conducted, however, their performance was lower compared to activated carbon. The impacts of adsorbent properties (characteristics of pore surface chemistry) and environmental factors (solution pH, temperature, natural organic matter, and ionic strength) on the MCs adsorption performance were also discussed. In addition, toward effective control of MCs, the possibility of the direct removal of harmful cyanobacteria as well as the removal of dissolved MCs using adsorption strategy was examined. However, to fully utilize the adsorption for the removal of MCs, the application and optimization under actual environmental conditions are still required, thereby meeting the environmental and economic standards. From this study, crucial insights could be provided for the development and selection of effective adsorbent and subsequent adsorption processes for the removal of MCs from water resources.

Microcystins (MCs) are cyano-toxins mainly produced by cyanobacteria in the genera of Microcystis, Anabaena, and Oscillatoria. The concentrations of MCs in the water bodies and fish tissues taken from the four weirs (Ipo, Gangjeong-goryeong, Baekje, and Juksan) in the four main rivers in Korea, and the health risk of human due to consumption of toxin-detected fish was examined. The maximum values of MCs concentration in the water samples were as follows: Juksan (3.261 μg L-1), Gangjeong-goryeong (1.014 μg L-1), Baekje (0.759 μg L-1), and Ipo (0.266 μg L-1) weirs. The MC-RR concentration was the highest among the MCs, and MC-YR was not detected. MCs of 0.222~9.808 μg g-1 dry weight were detected in the liver of 3 out of 215 fishes of 16 species, and below the detection limit in muscle. As a result of comparing the feeding characteristics of the collected fishes and toxin concentrations in water and fish tissue, it was concluded that the biomagnification of MCs through the food chain did not occur. It was judged that there was no health risk due to the consumption of the fish detected the toxin, based on the amount of the fish intake of the Korean people and the allowable daily intake of MCs. However, in order to reduce the health risk due to MCs, further studies should be conducted to analyze the concentration of MCs contained in fish tissues collected at various times in the area dominated by harmful cyanobacteria to obtain data on the exposure of MCs due to fish consumption. In addition, it is necessary to establish the management guidelines for MCs in fish tissues.

The effective removal of microcystins by chlorination was investigated on a laboratory scale. With an initial chl.a concentration of more than 1,000 μg /ℓ, the required chlorine dose for the effective removal of microcystins from the raw water was more than 8.0 mg/ℓ. Whereas, a chlorine dose of 3.0 mg/ℓcould effectively remove microcystins from raw water containing a chl.a concentration of less than 1,000 μg /ℓ. The microcystin removal was more effective below pH 8.0, plus the optimum pH range was unrelated to the concentration of toxic algal material. Although chlorination is one of the most effective methods for reducing the toxin from blue-green algae, it causes cell lysis and toxin release. However, it was demonstrated that the released cell lysates and toxins could be effectively removed by a higher dose of the oxidant. The highest removal efficiency of dissolved microcystins(initial concentration: 280 μg L \^ -1/) was with a chlorine dose of 5.0 mg/ℓ.