Microcystins (MCs) are cyano-toxins mainly produced by cyanobacteria in the genera of Microcystis, Anabaena, and Oscillatoria. The concentrations of MCs in the water bodies and fish tissues taken from the four weirs (Ipo, Gangjeong-goryeong, Baekje, and Juksan) in the four main rivers in Korea, and the health risk of human due to consumption of toxin-detected fish was examined. The maximum values of MCs concentration in the water samples were as follows: Juksan (3.261 μg L-1), Gangjeong-goryeong (1.014 μg L-1), Baekje (0.759 μg L-1), and Ipo (0.266 μg L-1) weirs. The MC-RR concentration was the highest among the MCs, and MC-YR was not detected. MCs of 0.222~9.808 μg g-1 dry weight were detected in the liver of 3 out of 215 fishes of 16 species, and below the detection limit in muscle. As a result of comparing the feeding characteristics of the collected fishes and toxin concentrations in water and fish tissue, it was concluded that the biomagnification of MCs through the food chain did not occur. It was judged that there was no health risk due to the consumption of the fish detected the toxin, based on the amount of the fish intake of the Korean people and the allowable daily intake of MCs. However, in order to reduce the health risk due to MCs, further studies should be conducted to analyze the concentration of MCs contained in fish tissues collected at various times in the area dominated by harmful cyanobacteria to obtain data on the exposure of MCs due to fish consumption. In addition, it is necessary to establish the management guidelines for MCs in fish tissues.

The occurrence of cyanobacterial blooming and the contaminant sources were analyzed in the downstream of Jecheon Stream, a tributary of Chungju Reservoir. The concentrations of chlorophyll a at the Myungseo Fishing Point (GPS; 37°03′25.5″N, 128°03′13.6″E) were 399.2 and 184.8 mg m-3 on October 18, 2015 and September 25, 2016, respectively, and the concentrations of total microcystins, a cyanobacterial toxin mainly produced by Microcystis, were 124.09 and 79.71 μg L-1, respectively. The occurrence of cyanobacterial blooming at the downstream of Jecheon Stream was closely related to the water level of Chungju Reservoir. The cyanobacterial blooming occurred after the increase of water level in Chungju Reservoir, when the water body stagnated. As a result of analyzing National Water Quality Monitoring Data of the upper region of Jecheon Stream, the main source of pollutant was Jangpyeong Stream, the tributary of Jecheon Stream, and the discharge water from Jecheon Wastewater Treatment Plant located in Jangpyeong Stream was considered to be the most important source of contaminant.

이 논문은 부산지역의 무속의례인 ‘재수굿’의 구성과 연희양 상을 살펴보고자 한다. 부산지역은 세습무와 강신무가 혼재되 어 활동하고 있는 특별한 지역이다. 특히 불교의 세력이 왕성 한 지역으로 무속의례인 굿에 무불습합의 현상이 뚜렷하게 나 타나고 있다. 이런 지역적 특성을 가진 부산지역의 무속의례 중 가장 많이 연희되고 있는 재수굿에 대하여 연구하고자 한다. 먼저 부산지역 무녀들의 재수굿을 상호 비교 분석하여 중부 지방의 대표적인 굿인 서울의 재수굿·황해도의 재수굿과 어떤 공통점이 있으며 부산지역에서만 나타나는 굿거리는 무엇이며 어떻게 연희되고 있는지를 살펴보았다. 연구 결과 부산지역의 재수굿은 예전부터 전승되어 온 굿의 양상에서 벗어나 중부지방의 굿거리에 많은 영향을 받았다는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 하지만 천왕거리 등 몇 거리는 예전부터 전승되어 온 굿의 원류를 보존하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이 논문을 계기로 ‘부산 굿’에 많은 관심과 연구가 진행되었 으면 한다.

Applicability of corrosion inhibitor was evaluated using pilot scale water distribution pipe simulator. Calcium hydroxide was used as corrosion inhibitor and the corrosion indices of the water were investigated. Corrosion indices, Langelier saturation index (LI) increased by 0.8 and calcium carbonate precipitation potential (CCPP) increased by 9.8 mg/L. This indicated that corrosivity of water decreased by corrosion inhibitor and the effects lasted for 18 days. Optimum calcium hydroxide dose was found to be 3~5 mg/L for corrosion inhibition. We suggest that monitoring of CCPP as well as LI need to be conducted to control corrosivity of water.

Tuberculation and slime accumulated in water mains play an important role in modifying water quality of drinking water. Therefore, in this study, it was investigated that what materials were accumulated, and what components were included in the tuberculation and slime of water mains. The Various tuberculation and slime sample were collected from the 12 water mains to analyze their physical and chemical properties and crystal structure. As a analysis method, VSS(Volatile suspended solid), SEM(scanning electron microscope), EDS(Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscope), ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer) and XRD(X-Ray Diffractomete) were used. The results of analysis on the samples, the representative materials were verified such as iron corrosion products, the fine sand particles generated during backwash, fine particles of activated carbon, aluminum used in coagulation process, and manganese included in raw water.

The flushing is important to maintain good water quality in water main. It is a technique of using water velocity to remove sediments in water distribution system. The variety of water quality problems can occur in a distribution system, so too can a variety of benefits be gained by system flushing. In order to effectively perform the flushing, the contaminants to be removed to set up and it can be solved, it is necessary to ensure the proper flow rate. In this study, the removal of contaminants present in the inner water pipe attached loose deposits such as fine particles of granular activated carbon, sand and iron corrosion product sought to derive flow rates. Thus, the constant observation of using pilot plant scale water distribution plant for the movement of floating characteristics of particles were assessed.

Water discolouration and increased turbidity in the local water service distribution network occurred from hydraulic incidents such as drastic changes of flow and pressure at large consumer. Hydraulic incidents impose extra shear stresses on sediment layers in the network, leading to particle resuspension. Therefore, real time measuring instruments were installed for monitoring the variation of water flow, pressure, turbidity and particulates on a hydrant in front of the inlet point of large apartment complex. In this study, it is attempted to establish a more stable water supply plan and to reduce complaints from customers about water quality in a district metering area. To reduce red or black water, the water flow monitoring and control systems are desperately needed in the point of the larger consumers.

본 실험은 저온처리기간과 발아온도에 따른 도라지 종자가 발아율에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 수행한 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 저온처리 기간별 발아율은 1주, 2주 처리구에서 82.3%로 높 게 나타났으나, 무처리구에서는 62.3%로 저온 1주, 2주 처리 구에 비해 20% 낮게 나타났다. 하지만 저온처리간에는 유의 성을 보이지 않았으며, 온도처리별 발아율 및 발아속도지수에 서는 발아온도별 변화에서는 25oC에서 발아속도지수가 464.3 로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 저온처리기간 발아속도지수는 저온 처리기간에는 유의성을 보이지 않았지만, 무처리 303.9에 비 해 141% 높게 나타났다. 저온 +건조처리구의 처리 온도별 발아율은 20oC에서 78.9% 가장 높게 나타났으며, 저온처리 기간별 발아율은 1주 처리구 에서 82.6%로 무처리구에 비하여 27% 높게 나타났다. 발아속 도지수에서는 발아온도별 변화에서는 25oC에서 발아속도지수 가 448.0로 가장 높게 나타났다.

The use of herbs for medical benefit has played an important role in nearly every culture on earth. Herbal medicine was practiced by ancient cultures in Asia. Herbal drugs should be processed before using or making into various forms. We study on the formulae and administration of herbal drugs used for stroke in the Poong(風) section of DongYiBoGam(東醫寶鑑) and the conclusion is said that;. Besides decoction of herbal drug, there are pill, powder, soft extract, powder to be taken after infused in warm boiled-water or liquor. The most commom way to take a medicine is a decoction boiled with the water(pills comes next, powder follows it), and bamboo juice or ginger juice was usually added when it needs. Pills are mostly taken with honey and being done with flour comes as the 2nd common way. In 11 cases, pills are wrapped by cinnabar or gold foil(sometimes both come together). Pills and powder are commonly taken with the warm water or herb(most of them are ginger juice or warm liquor). Warm liqour is the most common material taken with the powder but warm water or ginger juice is used, too. In chui-che(取嚔) method, powder is simply used. Their characteristics and administrations are shown in detail in Pharmacology of Traditional Korean Medical Formulae. It is neccessary to research and develope various administrations of drug in order to take the best effects on oriental(Koran traditional) medicine.

In this study, we have investigated to find optimal pre-treatment flocculation condition by analyzing the floc growth rate with mixing conditions and the membrane permeation flux for pre-treatment step of the membrane process. The higher mixing intensity showed a constant floc size index (FSI) values, and lower mixing intensity increased the degree of dispersion of the FSI values. Results of comparing the distribution characteristics of the FSI value and the permeation flux were more effective in increasing flux when the FSI values were 0.2 or higher. The degree of dispersion of FSI was relatively large in 40 rpm mixing condition compared to 120 rpm. In 40 rpm mixing condition, it decreased the permeation flux compared to 120 rpm because various sizes of flocs were distributed. Coagulation-UF membrane process enhanced 30%∼40% of the flux rate compare to UF alone process, and the coagulation-MF process increased up to 5% of the flux rate compare to MF alone process. Pre-treatment, that is, coagulation process, has been found to be less effects on relatively larger pore size for MF membrane. For UF membrane, the flux was a little bit same when applying only the rapid mixing process or rapid mixing with slow mixing processes together. In case of MF membrane, the flux was improved when rapid mixing process applied with slow mixing process together.

The tap water is generally known to be corrosive in the pH range at 6.5 ~ 7.5. And the degree of corrosion varies depending on the types of raw water such as river surface water or lake water of the dam. Although several corrosion index represents the corrosivity of tap water, the typical corrosion indexes such as Langelier saturation index (LI) and calcium carbonate precipitation potential (CCPP) were calculated to monitoring the corrosive water quality about raw and tap water in water distribution system. To control the corrosive water quality, the correlation between corrosion index and water quality factors were examined. In this study, corrosion index (LI, CCPP) and the pH was found to be most highly correlated.

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) concentrations have been observed to decreased at drinking water distribution system extremities. This decrease is associated with microbiological degradation by pipe wall biofilm. The objective of this study was to evaluate HAAs degradation in a drinking water system in the presence of a biofilm and to identify the factors that influence this degradation. Degradation of monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) was observed in a simulated distribution system. The results obtained showed that different parameters came into play simultaneously in the degradation of HAAs, including retention time, water temperature, biomass, and composition of organic matter. Seasonal variations had a major effect on HAAs degradation and biomass quantity (ATP concentration) was lower by 25% in the winter compared with the summer.

The newly-developed self-mobilizing space frame system is the equipment possible to adjust frame width and height per various road tunnel sizes. Main purpose of this system is to maintain road tunnels without blocking lanes. Therefore, it does not affect traffic and completes maintenance work quickly as compared to current method.

본 연구는 온라인 게임에 대한 인식 유형과 그 특성을 탐색하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구 1에서는 Q 방법론을 통해 온라인 게임에 대한 인식을 탐색하였다. 그 결과, 온라인 게임에 대한 인식은 4개의 유형-'게임은 공부의 방해물', '게임은 게임일 뿐', '게임은 인생의 오점', '게임은 막연하게 나쁜 것'-으로 구분되었고, 각 유형은 게임의 유해성에 대한 인식, 게임 문제의 핵심에 대한 판단, 부모-자녀 관계 인식에서 서로 다른 특성을 가지고 있었다. 연구 2에서는 대규모 온라인 설문조사를 통해 각 유형별 분포와 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 각 유형은 성별과 연령 등의 인구통계학적인 변인뿐만 아니라 게임 이용 특성과 게임 규제에 대한 태도에서 차이가 있었다. 본 연구는 온라인 게임에 대한 생각의 차이를 확인하고, 향후 긍정적인 게임 문화를 추진하기 위한 정책을 수립하는데 있어 기초적인 자료를 마련하였다는데 그 의의가 있다.

수돗물의 생산 및 공급과정에 소요되는 에너지에 대한 체계적인 분석 및 평가는 최근의 전력부족 사태와 온실가스 감축의 필요성에 따라 관심이 증가되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 연구에서 제시한 결과에 대한 검토를 통하여 실용적으로 적용 가능한 에너지 분석기법 및 평가기법을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서는 EPANET2의 수리해석 결과를 이용하여 에너지를 평가할 수 있는 모형을 MATLAB 플랫폼 기반 하에서 개발하였다. 제안된 기법은 상수관망의 입지, 관로의 상태, 누수정도 등에 따라 시설물이 내재적으로 가지는 에너지 관리효율과 운영효율을 분리하여 평가할 수 있는 성능평가 지표를 제시하였다. 개발모형은 시험관망과 실제관망에 대하여 각각의 상수관망 구성요소에 대한 에너지 분석 및 평가결과를 제시함으로써 적용성 평가를 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 상수관망 에너지 관리의 최적화를 도모함으로써 피크시간대의 전력수요 관리 및 에너지 절감형 상수도 시스템 계획 및 운영에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

As numbers of tunnel are increased, the necessity of temporary maintenance works of those tunnels is also increased. This study introduces new space truss frame system for the maintenace of tunnels. Proto-type model was analyzed and evaluated. The result shows that new system may contribute to save the maintenance cost and time.

본 연구는 터널의 유지, 보수, 보강에 필요한 가설공사용 스페이스 트러스 프레임 구조물을 소개한다. 기존 가설공사 시공방식과 장비들의 현황 및 문제점을 분석하고, 터널 설계의 핵심 구성요소를 파악함으로써, 제안된 새로운 가설 시공기술 시스템을 개발하는 과정을 순차적으로 설명한다. 그리고 개발된 가설 시스템을 발주처, 시공사, 터널 이용자 관점에서 사용성 및 경제성을 분석하고, 구조적인 안전성 검토와 최적단면 산정 평가를 상용 유한요소 해석프로그램인 ABAQUS 6.5로 구현하여 본 가설 시스템의 현장적용 기반을 구축한다.