The current study, which consisted of two independent studies (laboratory and greenhouse), was carried out to project the hypothesis fungi-spray scheduling for leaf mold and gray leaf spot in tomato, as well as to evaluate the effect of temperature and leaf wet duration on the effectiveness of different fungicides against these diseases. In the first experiment, tomato leaves were infected with 1 × 104 conidia·mL-1 and put in a dew chamber for 0 to 18 hours at 10 to 25°C (Fulvia fulva) and 10 to 30°C (Stemphylium lycopersici). In farm study, tomato plants were treated for 240 hours with diluted (1,000 times) 30% trimidazole, 50% polyoxin B, and 40% iminoctadine tris (Belkut) for protection of leaf mold, and 10% etridiazole + 55% thiophanate-methyl (Gajiran), and 15% tribasic copper sulfate (Sebinna) for protection of gray leaf spot. In laboratory test, leaf condensation on the leaves of tomato plants were emerged after 9 hrs. of incubation. In conclusion, the incidence degree of leaf mold and gray leaf spot disease on tomato plants shows that it is very closely related to formation of leaf condensation, therefore the incidence of leaf mold was greater at 20 and 15°C, while 25 and 20°C enhanced the incidence of gray leaf spot. The incidence of leaf mold and gray leaf spot developed 20 days after inoculation, and the latency period was estimated to be 14‒15 days. Trihumin fungicide had the maximum effectiveness up to 168 hours of fungicides at 12 hours of wet duration in leaf mold, whereas Gajiran fungicide had the highest control (93%) against gray leaf spot up to 144 hours. All the chemicals showed an around 30‒50% decrease in effectiveness after 240 hours of treatment. The model predictions in present study could be help in timely, effective and ecofriendly management of leaf mold disease in tomato.

This study was carried out to elucidate suppressive effect of loess-sulfur complex and neem oil on the development of leaf mold and fungus gnat in no-pesticide tomato farming system. Since tomato leaf mold occurred 15%, neem oil, loess-sulfur mixture and boscalid(47%, water soluble chemicals) 2,000 times, 1,000 times and 2000 times diluted was treated three times, respectively. When disease incidence of tomato leaf mold was investigated 20 days after final treatment, it was recorded 17% in neem oil treatment(control efficacy 40%) and 12.3% in loess-sulfur mixture treatment(control efficacy 59%). Among three control agents used, Boscalid(47%, water soluble chemicals) showed the best control effect against tomato leaf mold. When neem oil was diluted 250 times, 330 times and 500 times and treated in coir bag infected with fungus gnat, its control values was 69, 59, and 55%, respectively. There was no significant difference among three treatments. As a result, 500-fold diluted neem oil treatment is considered a good measure to control fungus gnat in the field condition.

Leaf mold disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is caused by Cladosporium fulvum, a fungal leaf pathogen. One of effective ways to control leaf mold is to breed disease-resistant tomato cultivars. Cf-4 and Cf-9 resistance (R) genes encode proteins that carry a leucine rich repeat domain and are located in plasma membrane. They trigger hypersensitive response following recognition of corresponding Avr4 and Avr9 proteins of C. fulvum, respectively. Cf-4 and Cf-9 genes are originated from wild tomato species S. habrochaites and S. pimpinellifolium and have been introgressed into commercial tomato cultivars. These two highly homologous orthologs exist as a cluster with four highly homologous paralogs. Due to this reason, development of genetic markers to distinguish these two functional R genes from their orthologs and paralogs is difficult. In this study, we tried to develop single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to select tomato cultivars carrying resistant Cf-9 genotype. The genomic sequences of resistant Cf-4 and Cf-9 alleles, susceptible cf-9 alleles, and their paralogs were obtained from the GenBank database, and two functional SNPs causing non-synonymous substitution were found among them. Based on two SNPs, the Cf-9_2-SNP-F/R primer set for high resolution melting (HRM) analysis was developed. HRM analysis with this primer set could successfully distinguish tomato cultivars carrying resistant Cf-9 allele among 30 commercial tomato cultivars, which were characterized with the gene-based marker. These indicate that the SNP marker developed in this study is useful to trace Cf-9 genotype efficiently in marker-assisted selection in tomato.