Controversy has surrounded the potential impacts of phytoplankton on the tropical climate, since climate models produce diverse behaviors in terms of the equatorial mean state and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude. We explored biophysical impacts on the tropical ocean temperature using an ocean general circulation model coupled to a biogeochemistry model in which chlorophyll can modify solar attenuation and in turn feed back to ocean physics. Compared with a control model run excluding biophysical processes, our model with biogeochemistry showed that subsurface chlorophyll concentrations led to an increase in sea surface temperature (particularly in the western Pacific) via horizontal accumulation of heat contents. In the central Pacific, however, a mild cold anomaly appeared, accompanying the strengthened westward currents. The magnitude and skewness of ENSO were also modulated by biophysical feedbacks resulting from the chlorophyll affecting El Niño and La Niña in an asymmetric way. That is, El Niño conditions were intensified by the higher contribution of the second baroclinic mode to sea surface temperature anomalies, whereas La Niña conditions were slightly weakened by the absorption of shortwave radiation by phytoplankton. In our model experiments, the intensification of El Niño was more dominant than the dampening of La Niña, resulting in the amplification of ENSO and higher skewness.

This paper described on relation between the catches of tuna and the distribution of water temperature of eastern fishing ground of Tropical region in the Pacific Ocean. The data of catches and water temperature used in this paper were based log book which # 27 CHENG RONG(Gross tonnage : 399 ton) had been worked eastern fishing ground(Lat : 09˚N- 14˚S, Long : 115˚- 149˚W)from January to October, 1991. The obtained result are as follows : 1. On the relation between the catches and the geographical distribution, bigeye tuna was higher catches at Lat 4˚- 9˚N, Long 135˚- 139˚W area in the equatorial counter current region where surface water temperature was range of 27.5℃ to 27.9℃, yellowfin tuna was higher catches at Lat 4˚- 9˚S, Long 145˚- 149˚W in the south equatorial current region where surface water temperature was range of 28.0℃ to 28.4℃ and albacore tuna was higher catches at Lat 10˚- 14˚S, Long 120˚- 124˚W area in the south equatorial current region where surface temperature was range of 26.5℃ to 26.9℃ 2. On the relation between catches and distribution of vertical water temperature, bigeye tuna was higher catches at the water temperature of 10℃ to 12℃ on depth layer between 300m and 360m, yellowfin tuna was higher catches at the water temperature of 15℃ to 19℃ on depth layer between 180m and 280m and albacore tuna was higher catches at the water temperature of 12℃ to 14℃ on depth layer between 280m and 310m. Above the result, it seemed that bigeye tuna distributed deeper layer than yellowfin and albacore tuna.

The author investigated the relation between the catches of tuna species and the distribution of horizontal mean temperature at the Jepth of 10m and of vertical temperture sections in the different fishing grounds, using the date of catches in 1980, showing a relative good ones during six years from 1975 to 1980, and of oceanographic observations. Yellowfin and bigeye are mainly caught in South Equatorial Current regions including equatorial upwelling region in 5˚N to 5˚S, and albacore is mainly caught in Subtropical region in 20˚5 to 40˚5. The good fishing grounds of yellowfin and bigeye are made in the depth layer of 100 m to 250 m and temperature of 15˚C to 26˚C having a smooth gradient of thermocline in the Central Pacific between 180˚ and 1500W. But albacore is caught well in which the temperature of thermocline ranges from 100e to 25˚C and its gradient very smoothly. Approaching to the American Continent, the catches of yellowfin and big eye decrease because the thermocline becomes shallower and steeper at Eastern Pacific Region between 1500 and 800W.

Understanding solar influences on extreme weather is important. Insight into the causes of extreme weather events, including the solar-terrestrial connection, would allow better preparation for these events and help minimize the damage caused by disasters that threaten the human population. In this study, we examined category three, four, and five tropical cyclones that occurred in the western North Pacific Ocean from 1977 to 2016. We compared long-term trends in the positions of tropical cyclone occurrence and development with variations of the observed sunspot area, the solar North-South asymmetry, and the southern oscillation index (SOI). We found that tropical cyclones formed, had their maximum intensity, and terminated more northward in latitude and more westward in longitude over the period analyzed; they also became stronger during that period. It was found that tropical cyclones cannot be correlated or anti-correlated with the solar cycle. No evidence showing that properties (including positions of occurrence/development and other characteristics) of tropical cyclones are modulated by solar activity was found, at least not in terms of a spectral analysis using the wavelet transform method.

Solar activity is known to be linked to changes in the Earth’s weather and climate. Nonetheless, for other types of extreme weather, such as tropical cyclones (TCs), the available evidence is less conclusive. In this study the modulation of TC genesis over the western North Pacific by the solar activity is investigated, in comparison with a large-scale environmental parameter, i.e., El-Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). For this purpose, we have obtained the best track data for TCs in the western North Pacific from 1977 to 2016, spanning from the solar cycle 21 to the solar cycle 24. We have confirmed that in the El-Niño periods TCs tend to form in the southeast, reach its maximum strength in the southeast, and end its life as TSs in the northeast, compared with the La-Niña periods. TCs occurring in the El-Niño periods are found to last longer compared with the La-Niña periods. Furthermore, TCs occurring in the El-Niño periods have a lower central pressure at their maximum strength than those occurring in the La-Niña periods. We have found that TCs occurring in the solar maximum periods resemble those in the El-Niño periods in their properties. We have also found that TCs occurring in the solar descending periods somehow resemble those in the El-Niño periods in their properties. To make sure that it is not due to the ENSO effect, we have excluded TCs both in the El-Niño periods and in the La-Niña periods from the data set and repeated the analysis. In addition to this test, we have also reiterated our analysis twice with TCs whose maximum sustained winds speed exceeds 17 m/s, instead of 33 m/s, as well as TCs designated as a typhoon, which ends up with the same conclusions.