조직구성원들은 조직의 핵심 인적자원으로서 관리된다. 구성원들이 직무탈진(burnout)을 경험하는 빈 도가 점차 늘어나고 있는 상황에서, 조직관리자나 연구자들이 직무탈진과 그에 따른 자아정체성 위반 (identity violation)을 연구해야 할 필요가 늘어나고 있다. 본 논문에서는 직무탈진과 자아정체성 위반의 상호작용효과를 중심으로 조직구성원의 공정성 인식을 연구한다. 조직에서 행복하지 않은 구성원들은 조직에 대한 공정성 인식이 악화되고 그들의 인적자원을 조직성과를 위해 발휘하려고 하지 않을 것이다. 따라서 조직시민행동과 같은 직무외성과가 악화된다. 다양한 분야의 한국기업에서 328명의 구성원들과 그들의 상사, 조직으로부터 자료를 수집하였다. 가설검증을 위해 위계적회귀분석과 부트스트래핑(bootstrapping) 을 수행하였다. 분석결과 정서적으로 탈진한 구성원이 자아정체성 위반을 경험할 경우 상호작용공정성인식(interactional justice perception)이 악화되고, 그 결과 조직시민행동에 참여하는 비율이 줄어들었다. 연 구결과를 바탕으로 시사점과 연구의 한계점 및 향후 연구방향이 논의 되었다. 본 논문을 통해 조직에서 불행한 구성원의 인식과 행동방식을 밝힘으로써 인적자원관리 연구분야에 기여하였다. 직무탈진과 자아 정체성위반은 인적자원의 활용을 막고 공정성 인식을 악화시킴으로써 조직시민행동을 약화시킨다. 따라 서 본 논문은 관리자들로 하여금 인적자원의 정신적 건강과 행복을 적극적으로 관리해 줌으로써 성과에 기여할 수 있음을 제시하였다.

In order to identify key nations and bird species of conservation concern we described multinational collaborations as defined using network analysis linked by birds that are found in all nations in the network. We used network analysis to assess the patterns in bird occurrence for 10,422 bird inventories from 244 countries and territories. Nations that are important in multinational collaborations for bird conservation were assessed using the centrality measures, closeness and betweenness centrality. Countries important for the multinational collaboration of bird conservation were examined based on their centrality measures, which included closeness and betweenness centralities. Comparatively, the co-occurrence network was divided into four groups that reveal different biogeographical structures. A group with higher closeness centrality included countries in southern Africa and had the potential to affect species in many other countries. Birds in countries in Asia, Australia and the South Pacific that are important to the cohesiveness of the global network had a higher score of betweenness centrality. Countries that had higher numbers of bird species and more extensively distributed bird species had higher centrality scores; in these countries, birds may act as excellent indicators of trends in the co-occurrence bird network. For effective bird conservation in the world, much stronger coordination among countries is required. Bird co-occurrence patterns can provide a suitable and powerful framework for understanding the complexity of co-occurrence patterns and consequences for multinational collaborations on bird conservation.

본 논문은 성이냐시오의 <영신수련>에 드러난 개인적 경험과 규범적 경험의 관계성에 대해서 연구한다. 그리스도교의 영성사를 돌아보면 이 두 경험들 사이 에 보여 지는 갈등은 피할 수 없어 보인다. 그러나 본 논문은 성이냐시오의 저 서가 종교적 경험에 있어서, 개인적 경험과 규범적 경험의 합일이 필요함의 가 능성을 보여주고 있다고 논의할 것이다. 성이냐시오의 저서는 규범적 경험이라 고 할 수 있다. 왜냐하면 그것은 피정자들이 따라야할 객관적인 안내서이기 때 문이다. 그러나 동시에 <영신수련>은 이러한 규범적 경험이 모든 사람들에게 획일적으로 적용해서는 안 된다고 말하고 있다. 왜냐하면 각 개인은 자기 자신 고유의 특성들을 지니고 있기 때문이다. 비록 피정자들은 피정을 지도하는 안내 자의 지도를 따라야 하지만, 성이냐시오는 하느님 자신이 직접 피정자들 각 개 인의 고유한 상황들과 관련하여 통교한다고 전제한다. 그리고 성이냐시오는 이 러한 전제하에 개인적 경험과 규범적 경험은 서로 보충적 상호 작용을 하고 있 음을 보여준다. 이러한 논지를 전개하기 위해, 본 논문은 <영신수련>에 드러난 구조와 내용들을 분석할 것이다.

Despite the positive outcomes of brand-consumer interactions on social media documented in the literature, an important question still remains: Are active brand-consumer interactions always beneficial to luxury fashion brands? This study argues that such interactions may undermine the core perceptions of the brands by making consumers feel too close to the brands. Drawing upon construal level theory of psychological distance, the purpose of this study is to examine the negative effects of brand-consumer interactions on perceptions of luxury fashion brands (i.e., social perception, uniqueness perception, quality perception) in a social media context. Two experimental studies were conducted. The purpose of Study 1 was to test the hypothesis that luxury brands, compared to mainstream brands, will be perceived as more psychologically distant and abstract. Study 1 used a 2 (brand category: luxury vs. mainstream) x 2 (brand replicates) mixed-model design in which the brand category was a between-subject factor and the brand replicates were a within-subject factor. Fifty-nine subjects recruited from Amazon MTurk participated in the study. The results of Study 1 revealed that luxury brands are inherently psychologically distant than mainstream brands. The purpose of Study 2 was to test the impact of brand-consumer interactions (i.e., high vs. low) and the mediating role of psychological distance on the three perceptions of luxury brands (i.e., social perception, uniqueness perception, quality perception) on social media. A single factor between-subjects design was used, and a total of 74 participants were recruited from Amazon MTurk. To manipulate the level of consumer-brand interaction (high vs. low), two versions of a luxury brand’s mock Facebook pages were created. For the high interaction condition, the brand responded to consumers’ posts in a friendly way and displayed the images of user photos. For the low interaction condition, the brand did not respond to consumers’ posts and displayed no images of users. As predicted, the results showed that participants indicated lower brand perceptions when the brand’s social media page displayed a high level of interactions than a low level of interactions. Moreover, formality, a measure of psychological distance, partially mediated the relationship between brand-consumer interactions and all the three brand perceptions. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence that active consumer-brand interactions on social media do not necessarily benefit luxury fashion brands, rather they can damage consumer perceptions of the brands. This study provides important implications that luxury fashion brands should maintain a sacred distance on social media; otherwise it will undermine important perceptions of the brands such as status signaling, exclusivity, and quality.

Kim, Suyeon. 2017. “L2 Learners' Perception of STAD and its Relationship with Learning Styles”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(2), 73~102. This study aims to examine the relationship among cooperative learning, L2 learning, and learning styles. To that end, I utilized Slavin's Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD) and investigated how learners perceive the effect of STAD on second language (L2) learning and how the effect of STAD is associated with their learning styles. I implemented STAD in two college English conversation classes during a semester, with 44 learners completing two questionnaires and six participating in interviews. Three key findings emerged: 1) L2 learners perceived STAD as being more useful than lecture-centered classes in improving their conversational skills, promoting more active participation and interaction, and developing higher self-confidence and lower anxiety, 2) while avoidant learning styles had a significant negative correlation with students' perception, a significant positive correlation resulted with the majority of learning styles, and 3) collaborative and independent learning styles had a more significant effect on L2 students' perception of STAD than other learning styles. The results show that through cooperative learning, L2 learners are scaffolded to improve conversational skills, and STAD accommodates diverse learning styles by giving learners equal opportunities for success. This study implies that L2 learning can be maximized when teachers employ a strategy that allows learners with different learning styles to participate.

Kim, Kyu-hyun. 2017. “Topic Marker -Nun as an Exploratory Device: Shifting Domains for Stance Management in Pursuit of Intersubjectivity“. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(2), 29~72. From the conversation-analytic perspective, this paper investigates the interactional import of -nun used in assessment activities. The analysis of naturally-occurring interactions suggests that the domain-shifting function of -nun is closely attuned to shifting, or even reversing, the valence of the speaker's evaluative stance in a way that invokes a hitherto unmentioned domain as grounds for soliciting the interlocutor's agreement/affiliation, expressing partial agreement, or marking oblique disagreement. Often formulated as an overstatement to be retracted and/or as a move to solicit the interlocutor's collaborative uptake through claiming knowledge (or lack thereof), the nun-utterance furnishes the speaker with a resource for obliquely implementing face-threatening actions, pursuing common ground, or upgrading affect. Embodying the speaker's ‘exploratory’ stance, the use of -nun conveys the sense that the speaker is going beyond the ‘appearance’ of the matter at hand (e.g., a sub-domain from which a new generic feature may be drawn and attributed to the referent). This practice, which is further supported by the nun-marked adverbials formulated as a ‘logical guidepost expression’, provides for the basis on which the speaker organizes assessment activities in an other-attentive way, e.g., through upgrading affiliation and downgrading disaffiliation vis-à-vis the interlocutor's prior action, while sustaining his/her baseline stance and epistemic independency.

본 논문은 에크하르트의 버림의 개념과 신과의 일치에 대해서 논의하고자 한 다. 에크하르트는 잘 알려진 중세 후기의 중요한 신학자이며 철학자이고 동시에 신비가이다. 또한 그의 급진적인 사상들은 논쟁의 대상이 되었으며, 심지어 이 단으로까지 비판 받았다. 특히 버림의 개념은 인간의 모든 것을 부정하고 그러 한 자아를 신의 본질과 동일시하기까지 했다. 즉 에크하르트는 버림의 개념을 통하여 신과의 일치를 추구한다. 따라서 버림의 개념은 인간을 부정하거나 신에 대한 지식의 거부가 아니다. 버림의 개념은 신과의 일치를 위한 새로운 삶으로 의 가능성을 열어준다. 자아를 버림으로써, 영혼은 신의 본질과 동일시되는 것 이다. 버림은 부정적 개념의 사라짐 혹은 무가 아니다. 오히려 버림은 적극적 의미의 삶의 완성이다. 역설적으로 버림으로써 얻는 것이다. 즉 피상적이고 가 짜의 존재를 버리고, 참된 진짜의 존재를 체험하는 것이다. 본 논문은 이러한 버림의 다양한 측면들을 고찰 한다: 자의지로부터 벗어나는 것, 가난의 개념과 버림의 관계, 신의 이미지를 부정하는 것의 의미, 창조와 비창조의 일치의 개념, 버림의 개념을 통한 진정한 자아의 개념.

신중국의 건국을 기점으로 중국 정부는 많은 『字表』를 만들어 발표하였다. 그중에서 가장 최근에 발표된 『通用规范汉字表』는 12년의 준비기간을 거쳐 2013년에 발표되었는데, 총 8,105 자를 수록하고 있다. 본고에서는 『通用规范汉字表』와 기존 자표와의 차이점 및 자표의 발표 가 가지는 의의와 한계를 살펴보고자 한다. 자표는 『国家通用语言文字法』을 뒷받침하며, 한자 의 기초교육이나 辞书编纂, 출판인쇄 등 면에서 중요한 의의를 가진다. 그러나 추가로 수록된 간화자의 일부 자형이 통일되지 않은 점, 정해진 자량으로 한자 사용의 수요를 만족시킬 수 있는지에 대한 의문점, 그리고 컴퓨터 입력을 포함한 기술상의 문제점 등은 『通用规范汉字表 』의 한계도 보여주고 있는바, 이는 『通用规范汉字表』의 규범화와 표준화에 영향을 미칠 수밖 에 없게 된다.

PURPOSES: This study is primarily focused on evaluating the effects of the non-linear stress-strain behavior of RAP concrete on structural response characteristics as is applicable to concrete pavement. METHODS : A 3D FE model was developed by incorporating the actual stress-strain behavior of RAP concrete obtained via flexural strength testing as a material property model to evaluate the effects of the non-linear stress-strain behavior to failure on the maximum stresses in the concrete slab and potential performance prediction results. In addition, a typical linear elastic model was employed to analyze the structural responses for comparison purposes. The analytical results from the FE model incorporating the actual stress-strain behavior of RAP concrete were compared to the corresponding results from the linear elastic FE model. RESULTS : The results indicate that the linear elastic model tends to yield higher predicted maximum stresses in the concrete as compared to those obtained via the actual stress-strain model. Consequently, these higher predicted stresses lead to a difference in potential performance of the concrete pavement containing RAP. CONCLUSIONS : Analysis of the concrete pavement containing RAP demonstrated that an appropriate analytical model using the actual stress-strain characteristics should be employed to calculate the structural responses of RAP concrete pavement instead of simply assuming the concrete to be a linear elastic material.

Seismic analyses of a pile under a large rigid basement foundation embedded in the homogeneous soil layer were performed practically by a response displacement method assuming a sinusoidal wave form. However, it is hard to take into account the characteristics of a large mat foundation and a heterogeneous soil layer with the response displacement method. The response displacement method is relevant to the 2D problems for longitudinal structures such as tunnel, underground cave structure, etc., but might not be relevant with isolated foundations for building structures. In this study, seismic pile analysis by a pseudo 3D finite element method was carried out to compare numerical results with results of the response displacement method considering 3D characteristics of a foundation-soil system which is important for the building foundation analyses. Study results show that seismic analyses results of a response displacement method are similar to those of a pseudo 3D numerical method for stiff and dense soil layers, but they are too conservative for a soft soil layer inducing large soil pressures on the foundation wall and large pile displacements due to ignored foundation rigidity and resistance.

OBJECTIVES : In this study, microstructural components of crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA) binder were investigated using environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). To clearly understand the elemental composition of the CRMA binder, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was employed on the ESEM samples. METHODS: CRMA binders were produced using open blade mixers at 177℃ for 30 min. The binders were artificially aged through a series of accelerated aging processes. Sample preparation was done by making a mold shape on the glass slide. Thereafter, the morphology of the CRMA binder was observed using the ESEM coupled with the EDX. RESULTS : The images captured from the ESEM indicate that the unaged CRMA binder appears to have a single-phase continuous nonuniform structure after the addition of crumb rubber particles, whereas the artificially aged CRMA binder was observed to have two different phases. ESEM coupled with EDX shows detailed internal structure of the modified binders compared to other technologies (i.e., optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and conventional scanning electron microscope). CONCLUSIONS: The captured images resemble the internal structures such as the viscous properties of the unaged CRMA binder and the interaction between the rubber particles and the base binder at aged condition. ESEM is a powerful instrument and with the introduction of EDX, it provided more details of the network microstructure of the asphalt binder. ESEM coupled with EDX is recommended for use in future investigation of microstructure of asphalt binders.

PURPOSES : The performance properties (indirect tensile strength, rutting resistance, and resilient modulus) of recycled aged CRM mixtures and their correlation with Superpave binder properties (viscosity, high failure temperature, G*sinδ, and stiffness) were investigated. METHODS: A series of Superpave binder tests was performed by using a rotational viscometer, DSR, and BBR to evaluate the performance properties. In addition, the CRM mixes were artificially aged through accelerated aging processes, and their properties were evaluated. The correlation between the properties of recycled aged CRM binders and the engineering properties of recycled aged CRM mixtures was experimentally determined. RESULTS : The rut depth values decreased and the ITS values increased with increasing high failure temperature. In general, the resilient modulus properties seemed to be poorly correlated with the high-temperature values, regardless of the aggregate source. CONCLUSIONS: The recycled aged CRM binders and mixtures can lead to satisfactory performance, and the properties of these binders are strongly correlated with the engineering properties of the mixtures.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to investigate the properties of recycled asphalt binders with five different rejuvenators, in order to evaluate the applicability of the recycled asphalt binders compared with the original asphalt binder. METHODS: In order to simulate recycled asphalt binders, fresh asphalt binders are aged by various Superpave aging procedures, such as the rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) and the pressure aging vessel (PAV). Then, selected rejuvenators are added to the aged asphalt binders in the amount of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The asphalt binder properties are evaluated by the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), the rotational viscometer (RV), and the bending beam rheometer (BBR). In this study, AP-5 (penetration grade 60-80, PG 64-16) asphalt binder is used. A total of five types of rejuvenators are employed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS : When considering aged asphalt without a new asphalt binder, it seems that the percentage of rejuvenator used in Korea is a bit too low, and that it fails to possess the characteristics of the original binder. From the current practice of evaluating the properties of recycled binder based on penetration ratio only, the amount of rejuvenator required is similar for the long-term-aged binder, but is excessive for the longest-term aged binder, causing deterioration of workability and stiffness of the recycled binder.

PURPOSES : This paper presents a description of the current issues facing road managers regarding the surface-type conversion of lowvolume roads for cost savings. METHODS: The paper reviews previous works conducted toward this end, acknowledges gaps in the current research, and lays out what information is needed for further studies. RESULTS : If the cost to maintain an unsurfaced road is less than the cost of maintaining a surfaced road, then there is potential for cost savings for the management agency. However, the problem is bigger than simply maintaining the roads that already exist. If unsurfaced roads prove to be more economical than surfaced roads, then the cost to convert from a surfaced to an unsurfaced roadway, and vice versa, when necessary, must also be examined. CONCLUSIONS : No other studies have addressed the un-surfacing of a road for cost savings, and it is therefore unknown whether substantial savings can be realistically obtained by converting from a surfaced to an unsurfaced road. To determine whether a conversion policy would be a viable option, additional data and research are needed.

Response spectra of a building are made with a SDOF system taking into account a first mode shape, even though higher modes may affect on the dynamic responses of a high-rise building. A soft soil layer under a building also affects on the responses of a building. In this study, seismic responses of a MDOF system were investigated to examine the effects of higher modes on the response of a tall building by comparing them with those of a SDOF system including the kinematic interaction effect. Study was performed using a pseudo 3D finite element program with seven bedrock earthquake records downloaded from the PEER database. Effects of higher modes on the seismic responses of a tall building were investigated for base shear force and base moment of a MDOF system including story shear forces and story moments. Study results show that higher modes of a MDOF system contribute to a reduction of base shear force up to 1/4-1/5 of KBC and base moment. The effect of higher modes is more significant on the base shear force than on the base moment. Maximum story shear force and moment occurred at the top part of a building rather than at a base in the cases of tall buildings differently from short buildings, and higher modes of a tall building affected on the base forces making them almost constant at the base. A soft soil layer also affects some on the base shear force of a high-rise building independently on the soft soil type, but a soft soil effect is prominent on the base moment.

PURPOSES: This study set out to investigate the current state of microsurfacing in Texas and compared the results with the current state of the practice nationwide. METHODS: For this study, case studies were extracted from the existing literature and compared with the data obtained both from site visits by the research team and data obtained from a survey by Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) personnel. The successes and failures of microsurfacing are detailed and explanations of different issues are outlined. Forensic studies from Texas are included in the descriptions of those microsurfacings that failed when configured as part of the cape seals. RESULTS : Microsurfacing has been shown to be an effective pavement preservation technique when applied to an appropriate road, at an appropriate timing, and as a remedy for certain issues. The failures experienced in Texas can mostly be attributed to cape seals and an inability to recognize structurally faulty pavement. CONCLUSIONS : When applied to an appropriate road, at an appropriate timing, and as a remedy for certain issues, microsurfacing has been shown to perform well in numerous case studies. The majority of microsurfacing failures are the result of poor project selection, usually involving the treatment being applied to structurally unsound pavement.

이전 연구들에서 rutin과 quercetin을 포함한 여러 flavonoids의 암예방 활성이 보고되었으나, rutin의 경우 섭취 시 체내에서 HVA, HPAA, DHT라는 대사체로 변형되어 흡수된다. 그러나, 이들 대사체와 관련한 암예방 효능 및 그 분자생물학적 작용기작에 대한 연구 결과는 보고된 바가 없어, 본 연구에서 이를 규명하였다. DHT는 EGF로 유도된 세포 변형을 억제하였으며, AP-1 전사인자의 활성 또한 억제하였다. DHT는 Raf-1 효소 활성을 효과적으로 저해하므로서 MEK 및 ERK의 인산화를 억제하였으며, Raf-1과 ATP는 비경쟁적으로 직접 결합하여 Raf-1 효소 활성을 저해한다는 사실을 밝혀내었다. 이와는 대조적으로, rutin은 EGF로 유도된 세포 변형, AP-1 활성, ERK 신호전달체계, Raf-1 효소 활성을 억제하지 못하였다. 이상의 연구결과는 DHT의 암예방 활성이 발암과정과 밀접한 연관이 있는 Raf-1 효소 활성을 억제하여 세포 변형을 억제하는 것과 관련되어 있다는 것을 제시한다.

Prolonged sitting can contribute to low back pain. The lumbar taping can be applied to correct the sitting posture. This study aimed to investigate the effect of lumbar taping on lumbar kinematics and the muscle activities of multifidus (MF) and internal oblique in the individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) as they type for 30 minutes. Nineteen subjects with NSCLBP (9 people in non taping group and 10 people in taping group) were recruited. Lumbar taping was applied to the taping group before typing. Both groups started typing in a neutral sitting position with their feet on the floor. The change of posture and S2 posterior tilting (S2P) were measured to investigate kinematic data. Three sensors were attached on T12, L3, and S2 to identify the change of posture. Surface electromyography was used to measure the muscle activities. Palpation meter was used to standardize the angle of pelvic tilt in sagittal plane before typing. All instruments were used to measure each data before and after typing. Independent t-test was used to compare the changing values of lumbar kinematics and muscle activities before and after typing between both groups. The changing values of S2P and change of posture of L3 and S2 were significantly smaller in the taping group compared to the non taping group (p＜05). The changing value of muscle activities of MF between before and after typing was significantly smaller in the taping group compared to the non taping group (p＜05). In conclusion, the lumbar taping during the 30-minute typing task can be applied to maintain correct sitting posture in the lumbar and pelvis and to maintain activation of MF.

The purpose of this study is to examine symbolic meanings of costumes shown by portraits of King Henry VIII and use them as basic data for research on costume design of historical dramas in the Renaissance or on King Henry VIII's costume. This study attempted analysis of symbolic meanings from the paintings-related various domestic and overseas literatures, preliminary study paper, and web sites etc. The symbolic meanings expressed by the portraits of King Henry VIII are characterized by authority, innovation performance, authority, masculinity, innovation performance, artistic taste, intellectual charm, intrepidity and benevolence. Especially, the portraits of King Henry VIII symbolized his masculine beauty by emphasizing sexual attractiveness that cannot be seen in portraits of other kings through broad shoulders and exaggerated codpiece which are the zenith of masculine beauty during the Renaissance age. Through the image of King Henry VIII which was painted with jester or barber surgeons, his characteristic and open mind thinking highly of the technique and human life was also expressed. In the portrait of King Henry VIII, various images set in knights' tournament, playing a musical instrument and reading a book as well as the image of wearing a parliament costume were shown, highlighting King Henry VIII as a person good at both literary and martial arts with open and innovative personality than any other kings in history.