‘Golden Bell’ 품종은 생육이 왕성하고 엽소 및 잎마름병에 강하며 꽃이 큰 백합 신품종을 육성하기 위하여 2007년 충남 농업기술원 태안백합시험장에서 교배한 OT(Oriental hybrid× Trumpet hybrid)계통의 종간교잡종이다. 모본으로는 노랑색의 OT계통 ‘Yelloween’ 품종을, 부본으로는 백색의 Oriental계 통 ‘Muscadet’ 품종을 화주절단수분법에 의해 교배한 후 2008년부터 2010년까지 기내 종자배양 및 증식 육묘하여 2011년 우수계통(OT11-2)을 1차 선발하였다. 2012년부터 2013년도에 걸쳐 ‘Yelloween’ 품종을 대조구로 하여 보통재배를 통한 특 성검정을 실시하였으며, 2012년 화훼연구소에서 개최한 신품종 평가회에서 기호성이 우수한 개체를 2차 선발하여 ‘Chungnam OT-4’로 명명한 후 농촌진흥청 농작물직무육성 신품종선정위 원회 심의를 거쳐 국립종자원에 ‘Golden Bell’로 품종보호 출원하였다.‘Golden Bell’ 품종의 중부지역 자연개화는 6월 16일 로 ‘Yelloween’ 품종과 비슷하였고 초장은 136.4cm이었다. 반점이 없는 노랑색의 화색과 상향개화성을 나타내었다. 재배에 있어서는 잎마름병과 진딧물 등의 병충해 방제를 주기적으로 실시하고, 양수분 관리 등 일반적인 재배관리를 통해 고품질 절화 및 구근생산이 가능하다.

The marine industry contributes a large proportion of the air pollutant emissions along coastal regions, and this air pollution has been strongly linked to cardiovascular diseases and other illnesses. To alleviate the problem, many ports have installed alternative maritime power (AMP) facilities that enable onboard marine auxiliary engines with generators (gensets) to be shut down while a ship is at berth. This study compared the emissions from conventional gensets with those from AMP facilities, focusing on four emission types: greenhouse gases (GHG), sulphur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and particulate matter (PM). Both direct (combustion / operation) and indirect (upstream) emissions were considered together for the emission comparison. The results showed that AMP has lower emissions than conventional onboard gensets, and this benefit is highly dependent on the electricity generation mix onshore. On average, GHG emissions could be reduced by about 18.3 %, while the other emissions (SOX, NOX, and PM) would decrease more dramatically (88.4 %, 90.1 %, and 91.5 %, respectively). Additionally, future benefits of the AMP would increase due to the expansion of renewable energies. Thus, this study supports the potential of AMP as a promising solution for environmental concerns at ports worldwide.

에메리개미는 여왕개미와 수개미가 유전적으로 복제되어 번식한다고 알려져 있으며, 여왕개미의 날개형태가 장시형과 단시형으로 나타난다. 장시형은 정상적인 날개형태이고, 이보다 짧은 날개형태는 단시형이라고 한다. 장시형과 단시형 모두 한 종으로 취급되지만, 두 가지 점에서 종 지위에 대한 조사가 필요하다. 첫째, 자연 상태에서는 두 날개형이 함께 발견되지 않고, 둘째, 날개형이 육안으로 뚜렷하게 구분된다. 또한 복제되어 번식한 여왕개미가 단수체인지 배수체인지 조사가 필요하다. 따라서 우리는 본 연구에서 에메리개미 유전체 크기를 추정하여 두 날개형은 동종이며, 여왕개미는 배수체임을 확인하였다.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) are involved in cellular signaling processes as a cause of oxidative stress. According to recent studies, ROS and RNS are important signaling molecules involved in pain transmission through spinal mechanisms. In this study, a patch clamp recording was used in spinal slices of rats to investigate the action mechanisms of O2 ⦁- and NO on the excitability of substantia gelatinosa (SG) neuron. The application of xanthine and xanthine oxidase (X/XO) compound, a ROS donor, induced inward currents and increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) in slice preparation. The application of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DLpenicillamine (SNAP), a RNS donor, also induced inward currents and increased the frequency of sEPSC. In a single cell preparation, X/XO and SNAP had no effect on the inward currents, revealing the involvement of presynaptic action. X/XO and SNAP induced a membrane depolarization in current clamp conditions which was significantly decreased by the addition of thapsigargin to an external calcium free solution for blocking synaptic transmission. Furthermore, X/XO and SNAP increased the frequency of action potentials evoked by depolarizing current pulses, suggesting the involvement of postsynaptic action. According to these results, it was estblished that elevated ROS and RNS in the spinal cord can sensitize the dorsal horn neurons via pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. Therefore, ROS and RNS play similar roles in the regulation of the membrane excitability of SG neurons.

Recent research on stem cell conditioned medium (CM) has been revealed that CM could influence on the embryo development when supplemented to in vitro culture medium. However, the optimal basal medium for CM production has not determined although it is the fundamental factor of CM. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of human derived adipose stem cell CM (hASC-CM) with different basal medium on mice embryo development after parthenogenetic activation (PA). hASC-CM was collected from 2 kinds of serum free basal medium, DMEM and KSFM, respectively on day 5 from the culture of hASC isolated from human fat tissue. Intra-peritoneal injection of PMSG and hCG was conducted into 7-week-old ICR mice for superovulation. The oocytes were recovered from the oviductal ampulla, 18 h after hCG injection, and denuded using 0.1% hyaluronidase. PA of oocytes was conducted with KSOM media including strontium chloride. The parthenotes were in vitro cultured in 3 groups: 100% KSOM (Control), 75% KSOM + 25% DMEM or KSFM without FBS (DMEM or KSFM group) and 75% KSOM + 25% hASC-CM from DMEM or KSFM (DMEM-CM or KSFM-CM group). Cleavage rate was assessed after 2 days post IVC and blastocyst formation rate was evaluated after 6 days post IVC both using stereomicroscope. Total cell number of blastocysts was counted by Hoechst staining. 1way ANOVA from Graphpad prism 5 was used for statistical analysis and the values are presented as means ± standard error of mean. As a result, blastocyst formation rate of DMEM-CM group (16.09±3.32%, P<0.05) was significantly lower than control and DMEM group (34.43±2.89% and 34.49±5.34%, P<0.05) but cleavage rate and total cell number of blastocysts showed no significant difference among groups. In case of KSFM, there was no significant difference in cleavage rate, blastocyst formation rate and total cell number of blastocysts among the control, KSFM group and KSFM-CM group. The sort of basal medium used for the CM collection affected the development of parthenotes during in vitro culture differently. Therefore, further research should be conducted to find out the alternative basal medium of CM able to improve the embryo development. This research was supported by Nature Cell (#550-20170028), Cooperative Research Program of RDA (CCAR, #PJ013954022018), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and the BK21 plus program.

현재까지의 저장시설 내 저장해충 방제는 주로 메칠브르로마이드(MB)나 PH3와 같은 고독성 훈증제를 사용하여 왔으나 이와 같은 화학약품의 사용은 인축에 잔류독성이나 생태계 파괴와 같은 부작용을 초래하였다. 따라서 화학약품 의 사용을 최대로 억제하면서 친환경적이고 효과적인 방제방법이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구는 이산화염소(ClO2) 가스를 이용하여 저장시설 내 대표적 저장해충인 화랑곡나방과 어리쌀바구미의 치사율, 생존율, 부화율, 용화율 및 발육일수 등의 생태적 특성을 조사하여 이산화염소의 저장해충에 대한 효과와 적용 가능성을 검증하고자 하였으며, 연구는 실험실과 야외 운반용 컨테이너 및 실제 저장시설인 미곡처리장에서 진행되었다. 이산화염소 가스를 이용한 저장해충 방제는 기존 훈증제의 사용을 대체할 수 있는 효과적이고 친환경적인 방법으로 저장시설의 규모, 농도, 처리시간, 대상해충 종에 따라 효과적으로 조절이 가능하여 방제효과와 경제성 두 가지 측면을 극대화 할 수 있을 것이라 생각된다.

‘Crown Bell’ 품종은 생육이 왕성하고 엽소 및 잎마름병에 강하며 꽃이 큰 백합 신품종을 육성하기 위하여 2008년 충남농업 기술원 태안백합시험장에서 교배한 OT(Oriental hybrid × Trumpet hybrid)계통의 종간교잡종이다. 모본으로는 노란색의 OT계통 ‘Yelloween’ 품종을, 부본으로는 분홍색의 Oriental계통 ‘Carmina’품종을 화주절단수분법에 의해 교배한 후 2009년부터 2011년까지 기내 종자배양 및 증식 육묘하여 2012년 우수계통(OT12-8)을 1차 선발하였다. 2012년부터 2014년도에 걸쳐 ‘Nymph’ 품종을 대조구로 하여 보통재배를 통한 특성검정을 실시하였으며, 2013년 화훼연구소에서 개최한 신품종 평가회에서 기호성이 우수한 개체를 2차 선발하여 ‘Chungnam OT-2’로 명명한 후 농촌진흥청 농작물직무육성 신품종선정위원회 심의를 거쳐 국립종자원에 ‘Crown Bell’로 품종보호 출원하였다. ‘Crown Bell’ 품종의 중부지역 자연 개화는 6월 26일로 ‘Nymph’ 품종보다 약간 빨랐으며, 초장은 136.1cm이고, 반점없는 복색(크림색+적색)의 화색을 가진 상향개화성을 나타내었다. 재배에 있어서는 잎마름병과 진딧물 등의 병충해 방제를 주기적으로 실시하고, 양수분 관리 등 일반적인 재배관리를 통해 고품질 절화 백합 및 구근 생산이 가능하다.

The formation mechanism and photocatalytic properties of a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/TiO2- based nanotube (TNTs) composite are investigated. The CNT/TNT composite is synthesized via a solution chemical route. It is confirmed that this 1-D nanotube composite has a core-shell nanotubular structure, where the TNT surrounds the CNT core. The photocatalytic activity investigated based on the methylene blue degradation test is superior to that of with pure TNT. The CNTs play two important roles in enhancing the photocatalytic activity. One is to act as a template to form the core-shell structure while titanate nanosheets are converted into nanotubes. The other is to act as an electron reservoir that facilitates charge separation and electron transfer from the TNT, thus decreasing the electronhole recombination efficiency.

Recent studies indicate that mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the spinal dorsal horn. In our previous study, application of malate, a mitochondrial electron transport complex I substrate, induced a membrane depolarization, which was inhibited by pretreatment with ROS scavengers. In the present study, we used patch clamp recording in the substantia geletinosa (SG) neurons of spinal slices, to investigate the cellular mechanism of mitochondrial ROS on neuronal excitability. DNQX (an AMPA receptor antagonist) and AP5 (an NMDA receptor antagonist) decreased the malate-induced depolarization. In an external calcium free solution and addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) for blockade of synaptic transmission, the malateinduced depolarization remained unchanged. In the presence of DNQX, AP5 and AP3 (a groupⅠ metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist), glutamate depolarized the membrane potential, which was suppressed by PBN. However, oligomycin (a mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor) or PPADS (a P2 receptor inhibitor) did not affect the substrates-induced depolarization. These results suggest that mitochondrial substrate-induced ROS in SG neuron directly acts on the postsynaptic neuron, therefore increasing the ion influx via glutamate receptors.

Recently, fruit vinegar made from fruit wine has been famous due to its health function and nutrition. Therefore, there are many fruit vinegar products manufactured by major big food companies and small company as well as one person through the internet shopping mall. In this study, 4 type citrus fruits vinegar (grapefruit, tangerine, orange, lemon) were investigated to find out the quality of vinegar for consumers’ wise selection. Commercial vinegar which are commonly produced by fermenting mixture of brown rice vinegar with fruit extracts were analyzed that sugar content, pH, acidity, turbidity, DPPH assay, FRAP assay, TPC and manufacture method. Among all samples, 4 tangerine vinegar acidity were suit with standard quality (4~29%) by MFDS. pH scale of all vinegar was from 2.76 to 3.48 and lemon vinegar was lowest. Average sugar content (brix%) was lowest at tangerine vinegar as 17.4. In the DPPH radical scavenging activity, there was no significant difference at all samples. In the TPC study and FRAP assay, lemon vinegar showed the highest value, while grapefruit, tangerine, and orange vinegar were not significantly different. From the result, product type, and qualities and suitability as vinegar product of various citrus fruits vinegar were observed and it was found that although product name is ‘vinegar’, some vinegar products were not suit with standard quality (acidity%).

4H- and 6H-SiC grown by physical vapor transport method were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From the TEM diffraction patterns observed along the [11-20] zone axis, 4H- and 6H-SiC were identified due to their additional diffraction spots, indicating atomic stacking sequences. However, identification was not possible in the [10-10] zone axis due to the absence of additional diffraction spots. Basal plane dislocations (BPDs) were investigated in the TEM specimen prepared along the [10-10] zone axis using the two-beam technique. BPDs were two Shockley partial dislocations with a stacking fault (SF) between them. Shockley partial BPDs arrayed along the [0001] growth direction were observed in the investigated 4H-SiC. This arrayed configuration of Shockley partial BPDs cannot be recognized from the plan view TEM with the [0001] zone axis. The evaluated distances between the two Shockley partial dislocations for the investigated samples were similar to the equilibrium distance, with values of several hundreds of nanometers or even values as large as over a few micrometers.

This study was performed to compare the healing quality of the allogenic acellular dermal matix (ADM) and xenogenic ADM combined with autologous skin graft. Xenogenic ADM was obtained from two GalT knock-out pigs. Allogenic ADM was obtained from cynomolgus monkeys. ADM was stored with lyophilization. Full-thickness skin wounds were made on the back of two cynomolgus monkeys. In one monkey, wounds were covered by xenogenic ADM combined with autologous skin graft or autologous skin graft only. In another monkey, wounds were covered by allogenic ADM combined with autologous skin graft or autologous skin graft only. Skin healing process was observed during 2 weeks and skin biopsies were performed on 3 months after skin transplantation. We obtained IACUC approval (ORIENT-IACUC-16053) Skin on the xenogenic ADM was necrotized 1 week after skin transplantation. Possibly due to the thickness of ADM, which block the blood supply from the subcutaneous tissue to the autologous skin graft. Skin biopsy revealed that less fibrotic change of the skin on the ADM compared with the skin without ADM. Xenogenic ADM can be used in high degree burn patients who can suffered from contracture after healing since it can reduce fibrotic change.

Vollenhovia emeryi (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) is divided into two morphs based on the wing length of the queen caste: the long-winged with a normal wing and the short-winged with the aberrant short wing. The phylogenetic analysis shows that the short-winged is derived from the long-winged. In Korea, only the long-winged morph is infected with Wolbachia while the short-winged is devoid of the bacterium suggesting that the short-winged evolved the resistance to the bacterial infection. Intriguingly, some Japanese short-winged colonies proved to still be infected with the bacterium. We hypothesized that the infected Japanese short-winged is the intermediate form in the process to complete cure. However, the data of the MLST and the measurement of Wolbachia density did not support our hypothesis. Our further experiment using microsatellite markers shows that the infected Japanese short-winged shows the similar genetic background to the long-winged. In this presentation we will discuss the potential resistance evolution in the Korean short-winged and future research direction at the genome level.

Even though klotho deficiency in mice exhibits multiple aging-like phenotypes, studies using large animal models such as pigs, which have many similarities to humans, have been limited due to the absence of cell lines or animal models. The objective of this study was to generate homozygous klotho knockout porcine cell lines and cloned embryos. A CRISPR sgRNA specific for the klotho gene was designed and sgRNA (targeting exon 3 of klotho) and Cas9 RNPs were transfected into porcine fibroblasts. The transfected fibroblasts were then used for single cell colony formation and 9 single cell–derived colonies were established. In a T7 endonuclease I mutation assay, 5 colonies (#3, #4, #5, #7 and #9) were confirmed as mutated. These 5 colonies were subsequently analyzed by deep sequencing for determination of homozygous mutated colonies and 4 (#3, #4, #5 and #9) from 5 colonies contained homozygous modifications. Somatic cell nuclear transfer was performed to generate homozygous klotho knockout cloned embryos by using one homozygous mutation colony (#9); the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were 72.0% and 8.3%, respectively. Two cloned embryos derived from a homozygous klotho knockout cell line (#9) were subjected to deep sequencing and they showed the same mutation pattern as the donor cell line. In conclusion, we produced homozygous klotho knockout porcine embryos cloned from genome-edited porcine fibroblasts.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) are both important signaling molecules involved in pain transmission in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a well-known enzyme for the generation of superoxide anions (O2 ⦁-), while S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DLpenicillamine (SNAP) is a representative nitric oxide (NO) donor. In this study, we used patch clamp recording in spinal slices of rats to investigate the effects of O2 ⦁- and NO on the excitability of substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons. We also used confocal scanning laser microscopy to measure XO- and SNAP-induced ROS and RNS production in live slices. We observed that the ROS level increased during the perfusion of xanthine and xanthine oxidase (X/XO) compound and SNAP after the loading of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCF-DA), which is an indicator of intracellular ROS and RNS. Application of ROS donors such as X/XO, β -nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and 3-morpholinosydnomimine (SIN-1) induced a membrane depolarization and inward currents. SNAP, an RNS donor, also induced membrane depolarization and inward currents. X/XO-induced inward currents were significantly decreased by pretreatment with phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN; nonspecific ROS and RNS scavenger) and manganese(III) tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP; superoxide dismutase mimetics). Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME; NO scavenger) also slightly decreased X/XO-induced inward currents, suggesting that X/XO-induced responses can be involved in the generation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Our data suggest that elevated ROS, especially O2 ⦁-, NO and ONOO-, in the spinal cord can increase the excitability of the SG neurons related to pain transmission.

In 2015, the size of China’s cross-border shopping market was 97.3 billion dollars. The market increased by 63% during the last 5 years (Mun, 2016), and is expected to rise to 220 billion dollars by the year 2020. According to the e-commerce export trends of the Korea customs administration, in August 2015, the largest exporter was China (42%) and the largest export was clothing (52%) (Song, 2016). Accordingly, Korean corporations and brands are focusing on Haitao (海淘族, who enjoy cross-border online shopping) and proceeding to build customized websites and mobile platforms. Even though China's cross-border shopping is consistently growing, insufficient information is available to Chinese consumers. Hence, this research study is based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and analyzes the factors that influence the behavior of Chinese consumers in cross-border shopping the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The objective of this research is to identify how shopping values, subjective norms, attitudes, and perceived behavior controls influence the behavioral intention of Chinese consumers toward cross-border shopping. The respondents of this study were 20 to 30-year-old Chinese who live in first and second-tier cities in China, and have experienced cross-border shopping. Samples were collected through an online survey website, Sojump (问卷星), and 205 valid questionnaire responses were received. Reliability analysis, factor analysis and SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) were used to validate the measurement model and test the hypotheses with SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 18.0. The findings reveal that the utilitarian values and perceived behavioral controls of Chinese consumers have a positive effect on their attitudes toward cross-border shopping. Furthermore, their behavioral intentions were affected by their attitudes, and their perceived behavioral controls in cross-border shopping excluded subjective norms. The results of the study have implications for Korean fashion retailers who plan to exploit Chinese markets and for the formation of a theoretical basis for cross-border shopping.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various mulching materials on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Three kinds of polyethylene (PE) mulching materials were used which are: black (Black), green (Green), and white and black on both sides (White), black non-woven fabric (Fabric), and barley straw (Straw) and the control plot (Control) were also used in this study. The change of soil temperature was observed in various mulching materials with Green showing the highest average temperature of 24.4o, followed by Black > Fabric > Control > White > Straw. The variation of plant length,, aboveground weight, and root weight were constant in the order of Green > Black > White > Fabric > Control > Straw. Total yield (number of fruits) were 281,000 in Green which was the highest yield, and the least was from Straw which was 62.3% of Green. Total weight of fruits in Green was 395 kg which was the heaviest, and in Straw was least with 226 kg Hence, the weight of fruits