This study was investigated the synergistic antibacterial effects from the combination of sulfamethazine (SMZ) and tiamulin (SMT) against Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) isolated from pigs. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index were determined for 10 bacteria from 13 swine farms in Gyeongsangnam province by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution procedure. Antimicrobial agents tested included SMZ, tiamulin and SMT. Against S. Typhimurium and A. pleuropneumoniae, the MIC ranges of SMZ, tiamulin and SMT were 125-500, 15.625-62.5 and 15.625-62.5 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the FIC index ranges of SMT against S. Typhimurium and A. pleuropneumoniae were 0.19-0.38 and 0.19-0.62, respectively. In conclusion, SMT has a high antibacterial activity against S. Typhimurium and A. pleuropneumoniae, then the combination may be applied for the treatment of swine diseases caused by S. Typhimurium and A. pleuropneumoniae.

This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of the oxidation process of meat. In the instrumental color, redness, yellowness, and chroma showed significant differences during storage period (P<0.05), whereas hue angle increased (P<0.05), but no significant difference in lightness(P>0.05). The results of TBARS increased significantly during storage period (P<0.05). The thiol and carbonyl contents increased significantly during storage period(P<0.05). Metabolites analysis showed that lactic acid, proline, phenylalanine, mannose, talose, lysine, and tyrosine were significantly different with the storage periods (P<0.05). All the samples used in the experiment were able to confirm that sample went through normal oxidation process with indicators and components were increased or decreased. Further research is needed to study the correlation between metabolite materials.

To attenuate and control the spread of infectious disease, a body of research has been conducted to generate safe vaccines and to continue national-level surveillance. However, understanding on viability and persistence of avian influenza virus (AIV) in infected carcasses, and effective disposal approaches are still limited up to date. Here, using HA test and RT-PCR, we assessed active status of AIV and degradation of viral RNA in collected specimens at different sites and time points. First, AIV infectivity was recovered until day 2, and viral nucleic acids persisted to day 14 and 21 in inorganic and organic samples, respectively, in sealed vials incubated at room temperature. Second, AIV was totally inactivated in all examined specimens, and viral RNA was not detectable at all time points tested at least one month post-infection in AIV-inoculated carcasses buried directly in soil or fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) bin. Lastly, among different burial sites in South Korea, 6 out of 17 sampling sites in Jeonbuk province showed the presence of viral genetic materials, while the rest of the field samples displayed neither the presence of infective AIV nor detectable viral RNA. This study showed a linear relation between time and degradation degree of viral RNA in buried samples suggesting that burial disposal method is effective for the control or at least attenuation of spread of AI infection in infected animals although consistent monitoring is required to verify safety of disposal.

오프라인 공간 이동 게임은 (이하 공간 이동 게임) 정해진 실제 공간에 배치된 여러 퍼즐 문제와의 상호작용을 통해 해당 공간을 탈출하는 게임으로서 전 세계적으로 많은 인기를 끌고 있다. 본 논문은 공간 이동게임을 디자인할 때 도움이 되는 새로운 잠금 시스템을 제안하고자 한다. 해당 잠금 시스템은 여러 개의 스마트폰 장치를 활용하는 것으로, 터치 디스플레이를 이용해 장치 간의 배치를 추정할 수 있는 시스템을 기반으로 한다. 사용자는 공간 이동 게임 내에서 주어진 힌트를 이용해서 다수의 스마트폰 장치를 적절하게 배치한 후 스마트폰들의 배치를 추정할 수 있는 터치 제스처 데이터를 서버에 전송한다. 서버는 각 장치의 배치 상태를 추정하여, 배치 상태가 올바른 지 확인하고 게임을 진행시킨다. 제안한 잠금 시스템에 대해, 사용의 입력을 바탕으로 잠금 시스템으로서의 성능을 평가하였으며, 잠금 패턴을 구분하기 위한 적절한 파라미터를 선정하였다. 또한 이 연구결과를 바탕으로 공간 이동 게임에서 활용될 수 있는 시나리오를 제안하였다. 본 논문을 통해 제안된 새로운 잠금 시스템을 통해 공간 이동 게임에 보다 다양한 시나리오와 트릭이 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Despite the various effects on the health of Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil (COEO), an adverse effect on the skin has recently been reported. Therefore, in this study, the skin sensitization test of COEO was conducted to confirm the skin safety of the essential oil by the guinea pig maximization test. Guinea pigs were sensitized with intradermal injection of 0.1ml COEO for 24 h. After 1 week, 5% of COEO was treated on the site of injection and 2% of the essential oil was challenged 2 weeks later. The average skin reaction evaluated by erythema and edema on the challenge sites and sensitization rate in the COEO-treatment group at 24 h were 0.0 and 0%, respectively, which are substantially low compared with in the 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-treatment group (positive control group) (average skin reaction: 3.0, sensitization rate: 100%) and identical with in the olive oil-treatment group (negative control group), representing a weak sensitizing potential. The average skin reaction and sensitization rate observed at 48 h were 0.0 and 0% in the COEO-treatment group, respectively, and 2.0 and 100% in the positive control group, respectively. It was concluded that 5% of COEO classified to Grade I, induced no sensitization when tested in guinea pigs.

BALB/c mice were vaccinated with Brucella (B.) abortus recombinant protein L27 (50S ribosomal protein L27) cloned into a pMal vector system. L27 was induced, purified and injected intraperitoneally (IP). Mice were vaccinated on 0-, 15- and 35-day. Serum cytokines were evaluated on 36- and 49-day from first vaccination. Mice were intraperitoneally infected with 5×104 CFU of virulent B. abortus 544 on day-50 and sacrificed after two weeks from infection. Bacterial burden from the spleen was quantified and showed a 0.7- and 0.9-log reduction in vaccinated mice in comparison to PBS and MBP (maltose binding protein) groups respectively. Cytokines in the serum demonstrated increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). On the other hand, interleukin 10 (IL-10) was attenuated in the sera of vaccinated mice. This cytokine profile is indicative of a cell-mediated type of immune response which is favorable for the eradication of intracellular infections. The current study showed the potential of another B. abortus ribosomal protein in inducing protective immunity against B. abortus infection.

This study was carried out to investigate the acute oral toxicity of Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa) essential oil (CBE) in New Zealand white male and female rabbits. Acute oral treatment with the CBE did not reveal any sign of toxicity or mortality in treated rabbits. The body weight of the rabbits was not affected after a single oral administration of the CBE during the 14-day observation period. In both the hematological and blood biochemical analysis, all parameters of the treated group with 2,000 mg/kg body weight of the CBE were not significantly different than those of the control group. Therefore, the lethal dose 50 of the CBE was estimated to be greater than 2,000 mg/kg body weight in rabbits, which indicated that the CBE is non-toxic. In conclusion, this study suggests that oral administration of the CBE is safe on rabbits.

In this study, we examined the protective immunity of a combination of seven Brucella abortus recombinant proteins; superoxide dismutase (rSodC), riboflavin synthase subunit beta (rRibH), 50S ribosomal protein (50s rL7/L12), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (rNdk), malate dehydrogenase (rMDH), arginase (rRocF), and elongation factor (rTsf) cloned in a pMal vector system and expressed in DH5α. Mice groups were immunized thrice with a combined subunit vaccine (CSV-7) at 0, 2, and 5 weeks and subsequently challenged with B. abortus at 5 × 104 CFU at 6 weeks. At four weeks post-infection, the mice were sacrificed and the bacterial burden in their spleens was quantified. Results revealed bacterial log reductions of 0.63 and 0.34 in comparison to PBS and maltose-binding protein (MBP), respectively. Cytokine profiling revealed a marked increase in IFN-γ (interferon-gamma), MCP-1 (macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) and IL-6 (interleukin 6) cytokines at 5-weeks post-immunization. On the other hand, only TNF was heightened at 7-weeks post-immunization. In general, this cytokine profile is consistently reflective of a Th1 immune response, which is beneficial for host immunoresistance.

This study examined the overdose toxicity of Super-Neophensan, containing florfenicol and acetaminophen, upon pigs. SNP-3.0 (n=10) was administered at the dosage level of 3 kg/ton feed for 7 consecutive days, which is 3 times the recommended dose based on the guidelines of the manufacturer, and the control group (CON) (n=10) was administered the normal diet without the drug. The body weight, weight gain and feed efficiency in SNP-3.0 treated with the drug for 14 days post-administration showed no significant differences compared with those in CON. In hematological and blood biochemical analyses, all parameters were not affected by over-dosage of the drug. In the same way, there were no significant differences between SNP-3.0 and CON on markers for liver and kidney functions. As no adverse effects were observed with the drug in an overdose oral toxicity test, this study suggests that the drug was identified as a safe agent in pigs administered with three times the recommended dose.

A study of the tissue depletion of florfenicol (FFC) administered orally to pigs at a dose of 0.05 kg/ton feed for 7 days was performed. Sixteen healthy cross swine were administered with FFC. Four treated animals were arbitrarily selected to be sacrificed 1, 3 and 5 days after the end of treatment. FFC residue concentrations in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet photometric detector at 230 nm. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the calibration curve for florfenicol amine (FFCa) was > 0.997 and the limits of detection and quantification were 0.012 and 0.040 μg/mL, respectively. Recovery rates in swine edible tissues ranged from 79.1 to 93.5%. In the FFC-treated group, FFC residues at 3 days post-treatment were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in muscle, kidney and fat, and those at 5 days post-administration were below the MRLs in all edible tissues. These results suggest that the withdrawal period of FFC after the drug treatment might be 5 days, which is a sufficient amount of time for reduction of the FFC residues below the MRLs in all edible tissues.

This study evaluated the protective effects of a combination of eight B. abortus recombinant proteins that were cloned and expressed into a pMal vector system and DH5α: nucleoside diphosphate kinase (rNdk), 50S ribosomal protein (rL7/L12), malate dehydrogenase (rMDH), DNA starvation/stationary phase protection protein (rDps), elongation factor (rTsf), arginase (rRocF), superoxide dismutase (rSodC), and riboflavin synthase subunit beta (rRibH). The proteins were induced, purified, and administered intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice. The mice were immunized three times at weeks 0, 2, and 5 and then infected intraperitoneally (IP) with 5×104 CFU of virulent B. abortus 544 one week after the last immunization. The spleens were collected and the bacterial burden was evaluated at four weeks post-infection. The results showed that this combination produced a significant reduction of the bacterial burden in the spleen with a log reduction of 1.01 compared to the PBS group. Cytokine analysis revealed induction of the cell-mediated immune response in that TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (Interleukin 6) and MCP-1 (macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) were elevated significantly. In summary, vaccination with a combination of eight different proteins induced a significant protective effect indicative of a cell mediated immune response.

본 연구는 소와 돼지 식육부산물의 위생처리를 위한 볼텍스 튜브를 이용한 오존수 제조 장치를 개발 하기 위해 수행되었다. 오존가스발생에 있어서 가장 중요한 인자는 원료공기의 온도이며, 위생처리를 위한 오존수 내 오존농도에 크게 영향을 미친다. 이러한 이유 때문에 오존발생기로 유입되는 원료공기의 온도를 낮추기 위해 볼텍스 튜브가 이용되었다. 성능평가의 결과에 의하면, 공기압축기의 배출공기 압력 3~5bar, 볼텍스 튜브의 냉기비율 40~80%와 냉각공기의 압력 0.0~0.4bar가 28.2℃의 주변 공기 온도 하에서 볼텍스 튜브의 냉각공기의 온도에 교호적으로 작용하는 것으로 나타났으며(p<0.05), 최적 조건은 공기압축기의 배출공기 압력 4bar, 볼텍스 튜브의 냉기비율 40%, 냉각공기의 압력 0.3bar이었다. 최적조건과 주변 공기온도 35℃ 하에서 볼텍스 튜브를 이용한 오존수 제조 장치의 성능을 평가한 결과에 의하면, 오존수 내 오존농도가 0.43ppm 이상이었다. 따라서 볼텍스 튜브를 이용한 오존수 제조 장치의 성능이 우수하여 여름철 악조건 하에서도 이용이 가능한 것으로 판단된다.

We investigated the effects of two Brucella proteins expressed in a pMAL expression system, RocF and EF-Ts, as subunit vaccines on immune modulation and protective efficacy using a mouse model. Mice vaccinated with MBP-RocF and MBP-EF-Ts displayed increased production of TNF, IFN-, MCP-1, IL-10 and IL-6, and TNF and MCP-1, respectively. Furthermore, mice vaccinated with MBP-EF-Ts showed decreased induction of IFN- and Th2-related cytokines, IL-10 and IL-6. Higher proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed in the blood of mice vaccinated with MBP-RocF than in the PBS-vaccinated group, although the increases were not significant. Furthermore, significantly reduced Brucella proliferation in the spleens of the MBP-RocF and MBP-EF-Ts groups were observed, but inflammation of these organs was not attenuated. Overall, these results indicate that RocF and EF-Ts could be potential subunit vaccine candidates against animal brucellosis.

본 연구는 육계에 Hematococcus pluvialis(H. pluvialis)의 급여가 성장 및 혈액 성상에 미치는 효과를 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 2주령의 육계 120수를 기초사료 급여구(대조구)와 H. pluvialis 건조분말을 0.05(HP 0.05), 0.1(HP 0.1) 및 0.2%(HP 0.2)로 사료에 혼합하여 급여한 3개의 처리구로 나누어 5주 동안 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험 종료시점에, HP 0.2의 증체량은 대조구와 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있게 증가하였으며(p<0.05), 사료요구율도 대조구와 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있게 개선되었다(p<0.05). 혈액학적 지표들의 경우, 모든 H. pluvialis 건조분말 처리구와 대조구 사이에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈액생화학적 지표들의 경우, HP 0.2의 aspartate aminotransferase 값이 대조구와 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 본 연구의 결과를 통해, H. pluvialis 건조분말을 사료 톤 당 2.0kg 농도(0.2%)로 육계사료에 첨가하여 급여할 경우에 육계의 성장 및 사료요구율의 개선 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

This study evaluated the effect of reduced glutathione (GSH) for the reduction of stress and inflammatory response in calves inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine. Twenty-five calves were divided into five groups of 5 calves. The negative control (NC) did not receive any vaccination or drug treatment. The positive control (PC), GSH-25, GSH-50 and GSH-100 were intramuscularly injected with GSH at concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg / 10 kg body weight (BW), respectively, for 3 days after FMD vaccination. On day 3, 5 and 7 post-treatment, the serum cortisol and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) levels in GSH-50 and GSH-100 were significantly decreased compared with those in PC (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the serum cortisol and TNF-α levels between GSH-100 and NC 3 and 5 days post-treatment, and between GSH-50, GSH-100, and NC 7 days post-treatment. The results from this study suggest that treatment of 50 mg / 10 kg BW GSH for 3 days is useful for the reduction of stress and inflammatory response caused by FMD vaccination in calves.