각종 기계 가공 산업체에서 발생하는 절삭유 폐수는 성상이 다양하며 일반적으로 화학적 특성 및 기름방울의 크기에 따라 유화 되지 않은 상태의 부상유, 용해성분산유 및 유화상태의 에멀젼오일 등으로 나눌 수 있으며, 작업 환경에서의 노출은 피부암, 위암, 췌장암, 후두암, 직장암, 담낭암과 강한 연관성을 갖고 있는 것으로 보고되고 있어 암을 유발 시킬 수 있는 발암성물질로 의심되고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 절삭유를 처리하는 일반적 방법으로 물리적, 화학적 또는 물리･화학적 방법 등과 같은 처리방법이 있으며, 유화되지 않은 부상유는 주로 중력 분리법으로 처리되며, 처리방법에 따라, 유수분리기는 Slop Tank, API(americal petroleum institute) 유수분리기, CPI분리기(corrugated plate interceptor) 등으로 오일의 비중 차에 의하여 분리하여 처리된다. 그라나, 이러한 방법들은 대부분 처리 효율이 낮거나 효율이 높으면 많은 비용이 소요되는 것으로 새로운 처리 방법이 요구된다. 본 연구는 에너지를 저감할 수 있는 방안으로 실험실 규모의 전기분해 장치를 이용한 수용성절삭유 처리를 위하여 단극전해조와 충진복극전해조에서의 전류 및 전력효율을 비교분석하였다. 이때 전극 간격은 10mm로 총 6개의 전극을 설치하였으며, 전압은 7V로 정전압을 유지하며 충진복극전해조의 충진물로 활성탄을 75% 충진하여 60분 동안 전해 실험하였다. 단극전해조와 충진복극전해조에서의 수용성절삭유의 전해특성에 따른 전류효율은 단극 전해조에 의한 전류효율은 13.1%였으며 GAC에 의한 충진복극전해조의 전류효율은 20.8%로 7.8% 전류 효율이 좋았으며, 수용성절삭유 CODCr 오염물질당 전력효율은 단극전해조가 874 mgCODCr/Whr, 충진복극전해조가 1,386 mgCODCr/Whr로 단극 전해조보다 높은 전력효율을 나타내었다. 이상의 실험 결과 단극전해조에 의한 수용성절삭유보다 충진복극전해조에 의한 처리가 전류효율 및 전력효율에서도 뛰어나므로 본 연구에서는 충진복극전해조가 수용성절삭유처리에 에너지 효율 면에서 좋은 것으로 사료된다.

PFCs (Perfluorocompounds)는 열･화학적으로 매우 안정한 특성을 가지고 있으며 반도체 및 전기전자, 제조, 제철 분야등 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 생태계에서 강한 독성이 생물체에 축적되는 특징을 가지는 반면 대기중으로 배출된 PFCs의 가장 큰 문제점은 CO2의 수만배에 달하는 온실효과를 가지는 것이다. 특히 반도체 제조공정 중 CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition)공정과 etching 공정에 주로 사용되는 NF3 (Nitrogen trifluoride)와 SF6 (Sulfur hexafluoride)는 지구온난화지수 (Global warming potential) 가 CO2 대비 약 17,000~24,000배에 달하며 lifetime 또한 740~3200년으로 지구온난화에 미치는 영향이 장시간 지속 될 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 PFCs의 대기 중 배출에 대한 규제는 더욱 강화 될 것으로 전망되며 우리나라 산업구조에서 반도체산업분야가 차지하는 비중이 큰 만큼 PFCs 배출 규제 대한 대비책 마련이 요구된다. 반도체 산업에서 배출되는 폐가스 중 PFCs를 처리하기 위해 연소 및 플라즈마, 촉매, 회수 등 여러가지 기술이 이용되고 있다. 회수법은 PSA(Pressure Swing Adsorption) 방식의 흡착제 또는 분리막을 이용하여 폐가스 속의 PFCs을 회수하는 방법으로 PFCs를 재활용한다는 것이 장점이지만 처리용량이 제한적이며 탈착과정에서 불화가스의 누출 가능성이 있고, 촉매와 마찬가지로 흡착제의 수명이 다하여 재사용이 불가능한 흡착제를 처리해야한다는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 전자빔(Electron-beam)은 진공상태에서 전자총(cathode)으로부터 방출되는 전자를 고전압에 의해서 빛의 속도로 가속시킨 높은 에너지의 전자들의 흐름집단을 말하며, 가속된 전자가 분자 또는 화합물에 조사되면 그 대상물질이 에너지를 흡수하여 이온화 및 여기 상태의 분자와 자유라디칼을 생성한다. 이러한 원리를 이용하여 대기제어분야에서 SOx, NOx, VOCs 처리 등에 적용되며 활발한 연구가 진행 중이다. 전자빔을 이용한 대기오염물질처리기술의 장점은 상대적으로 짧은 시간에 반응이 진행되어 처리속도가 매우 빠르고 연소식과 플라즈마에 비해 저온에서 운전되기 때문에 에너지효율 측면에서 경제성을 가진다고 보고되고 있다. 특히 연소에 의한 분해가 아니기 때문에 산소의 공급이 필요 없으며 이에 따라 SOx, NOx가 발생하지 않는 장점을 가지고 있다. 반도체 제조공정의 특성상 여러 공정을 거치면서 NF3, SF6 등 다양하고 복합적인 PFCs가 동시에 배출되기 때문에 효과적인 제어공정설계를 위해서는 각각의 단일물질에 대한 선행연구가 진행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 전자빔을 이용하여 반도체 산업에서 배출되는 PFCs의 대표적인 물질인 NF3와 SF6를 제어하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 전자빔 조사에 대한 분해효율(destruction and removal efficiency, DRE) 및 첨가제 주입(H2)에 따른 효율 상승효과 그리고 반응 후 생성물질(F2, HF, particles)의 농도 및 성분을 비교하여 차이점을 도출하고 그 원인분석에 대한 연구를 수행하였다.

Seven tetracycline classes of antibiotics were treated using ultraviolet (UV) and UV/H2O2 oxidation. Two different UV lamps were used for the UV and UV/H2O2 oxidation. The performance of the UV oxidation was different depending on the lamp type. The medium pressure lamp showed better performance than the low pressure lamp. Combining the low pressure lamp with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) improved the removal performance substantially. The by-products formation of tetracycline by UV and UV/H2O2 were investigated. The protonated form ([1 + H]+) of tetracycline was m/z 445, reacted to yield almost exclusively two oxidation by-products by UV and UV/H2O2 oxidation. Their protonated forms of by-products were m/z 461 and m/z 477. The structures of tetracycline’s by-products in UV and UV/H2O2 system were similar.

Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L.) is a summer fruit typical to help fatigue systemic absorption is getting better. The goal of this study is to screen antioxidant activity to ensure the possibility as a functional material for exocarp of watermelon. Watermelon was extracted with 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, chloroform:methanol (CM, 2:1, v/v). Total phenol contents were 12.01 mg/g, 8.89 mg/g, 3.53 mg/g in the 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, CM, in that order, respectively. Total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), β-carotene bleaching assay were 70% methanol extract remarkably higher than the other extracts. And these results showed the same trend of total phenol content. From the above results shows that watermelon was effective on the antioxidative activity.

A highly sensitive analytical method based on stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) technique and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS-MS) has been developed, allowing the simultaneous multi-analyte determination of seven UV filters in water samples. The stir bar coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was added to 40 mL of water sample at pH 3 and stirred at 1,100 rpm for 120 min. Other SBSE parameters (salt effect and presence of organic solvent) were optimised. The method shows good linearity (coefficients > 0.990) and reproducibility (RSD < 12.9%). The extraction efficiencies were above 84% for all the compounds. The limits of detections (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 2.1∼8.6 ng/L and 6.8∼27.5 ng/L, respectively. The developed method offers the ability to detect 8 UV filters at ultra-low concentration levels with only 40 mL of sample volume. Matrix effects in tap water, river water, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) final effluent water and seawater were investigated and it was shown that the method is suitable for the analysis of trace level of 7 UV filters except of benzophenone (BP). The method developed in the present study has the advantage of being rapid, simple, high-sensitive and both user and environmentally friendly.

This study was investigate the influences of wild haw (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) on lowering blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations in dyslipidemic rats. Four groups of rats were fed different diets for 5 weeks: basal diet (BD group), nondyslipidemic diet+feral haw extract (NDF group), dyslipidemic diet (DLD group), dyslipidemic diet+feral haw extract (DFH group). BUN, creatinine and uric acid concentrations were significantly higher in the DLD group than in the BD group. However, DFH group significantly lowered BUN, creatinine and uric acid concentrations compared to the DLD group. Amylase activity was significantly lower in the DLD group than in the BD group, while DFH group significantly higher compared to the DLD group. Lipase activity was also also significantly lower in the DLD group than the other group. Accordingly, these results suggest that haw extract could be effective for improving kidney function in dyslipidemic rats.

This study was designed in order to determine the influences of haw (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) on the lipid metabolism syndrome. Sprague Dawley rats, 7 weeks old, were given four different types of diets for 5 weeks: ND group (noncholesterolemic diet), HE group (non cholesterolemic diet+haw extract), CD group (cholesterolemic diet), CH group (cholesterolemic diet+haw extract). Concentrations of LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, blood glucose were remarkably higher in the CD group than the other groups. But by treatment of haw extract group with cholesterolemic diet (CH group) were significantly decreased compared with CD group. Cholesteryl ester ratio was no difference between CD group and CH group. These results indicate that Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE would be effective in lipid metabolism syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to improve low digestibility in anaerobic digestion facility of the sewage treatment plant. To perform this research, sludge digestion and digestion gas purification facilities in sewage treatment plant was applied. In the result of this study, it was very effective for sludge reduction from the improvement of digestive efficiency. In addition, it was confirmed that high purity CH4 (methane) was produced. This results can be useful as basic data to improve the low digestibility in anaerobic digestion processes.

This study was conducted to observe the influences of Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE extract on lipid concentration in hypercholesterolemic rats (Sprague Dawley, male) fed the experimental diets for 5 weeks. Body weight gain was remarkably lower in the Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE extract intake group than in the hypercholesterolemic rats. Total cholesterol concentration was remarkably lower in the extract of Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE supplement in hypercholesterolemic rats than in the hypercholesterolemic model. Whereas, concentrations of HDL-cholesterol, ratio of HDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol were remarkably higher in the extract of Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE supplement in hypercholesterolemic rats than in the hypercholesterolemic model. Atherosclerotic index (AI), cardiac risk factor (CRF) were remarkably lower in the extract of Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE supplement in hypercholesterolemic rats than in the hypercholesterolemic model. From the above research, Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE extract was effective on the lipid concentrations in sera of dietary hypercholesterolemic rats.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE extract supplementation of non esterified fatty acid (NEFA), concentrations of serum protein and electrolyte in sera on the hyperlipidemic rats. Concentrations of NEFA and globulin were remarkably lower in the Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE extract group (HW group) than in the hyperlipidemic group (HD group), but no difference between control group (CO group) and extract of Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE supplement in control group (NW group). However, concentrations of electrolyte K and A/G were higher in the HW group than HD group. Concentrations of total protein, albumin, electrolyte of total Ca, Pi, Na and Cl were no difference between HW group than HD group. The results indicate that Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE extract was in the improvement of hyperlipidemic rats.

The decomposition of NF3 using only an electron beam, and an electron beam in the presence of hydrogen are assessedin terms of the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE, %). Experiments were conducted at a flow rate of 500LPM.The inlet concentration of NF3 in nitrogen gas was about 1,000ppm, and the concentration of hydrogen ranged from 1,500to 8,000ppm, respectively. Absorbed dose (kGy) and electric current ranged from 33.87 (5mA) to 203.21kGy (30mA).The results in this study indicate that the DRE increased about 35% with hydrogen addition at electric current 30mA.Additionally hydrogen gas played a significant role in the constituents of byproducts.

Adsorption and biodegradation performance of tetracycline antibiotic compounds such as ttetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), minocycline (MNC), chlortetracycline (CTC), doxycycline (DXC), meclocycline (MCC), demeclocycline (DMC) on granular activated carbon (GAC) and anthracite-biofilter were evaluated in this study. Removal efficiency of seven tetracycline antibiotic compounds showed 54%∼97% by GAC adsorption process (EBCT: 5∼30 min). The orders of removal efficiency by GAC adsorption were tetracycline, demeclocycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxytetracycline, meclocycline and minocycline. Removal efficiencies of seven tetracycline antibiotic compounds showed 1%∼61% by anthracite biofiltration process (EBCT: 5∼30 min). The highest biodegradable tetracycline antibiotic compound was minocycline, and the worst biodegradable tetracycline antibiotic compounds were oxytetracycline and demeclocycline.

Despite abundant nutritions, krill is barely used for human consumption. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional component and amino acid composition of krill and further utilizes it for food resource. Proximate compositions of krill meal were consisted of crude protein 58.85%, ash 13.89%, crude fat 12.45%, carbohydrate 11.01% and moisture 3.80%. The amount of total amino acid was 54.74 g%, and the major amino acids were glutamic acid (7.71 g%), aspartic acid (6.20 g%), leucine (4.72 g%), lysine (4.41 g%), arginine (6.49 g%) and alanine (3.25 g%), respectively. Total essential amino acid content was 21.87%, and the major amino acids were leucine (4.72 g%), lysine (4.41 g%) and isoleucine (2.90 g%), respectively. Content of total free amino acid in krill meal was 20224.30 mg/kg, and the major free amino acids were taurine (4501 mg/kg), arginine (3130.60 mg/kg), proline (2302.90 mg/kg), alanine (2088.10 mg/kg), glycine (1606.40 mg/kg) and lysine (1197.40 mg/kg). Especially, taurine was the most abundant of all free amino acids. Thus, these data indicate that krill seems to be abundant protein source food.

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is typical of a enormous biomass of marine zooplankton that could provide good nutrition in human body. This study was conducted to identify the nutrition of krill, a live in Antarctic Ocean. The analysis result of fatty acids of krill meal was as follow. The compositions of fatty acid were saturated fatty (SFA) acid 41.41%, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) 21.69%, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 36.89%, and p/s ratio was 0.89. The major fatty acids in all parts were eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 21.54%), palmitic acid (27.51%), oleic acid (13.35%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 12.42%). Especially, EPA and DHA were occupied 33.96% of polyunsaturated fatty acid. The mineral contents of krill meal were calcium 24477.21 mg kg-1, sodium 14728.69 mg kg-1, magnesium 6973.49 mg kg-1, potassium 3981.67 mg kg-1, iron 395.33 mg kg-1 and manganese 5.74 mg kg-1. The contents of major vitamin were retinol 86717.37 μg RE, β-carotene 44.87 μg RE, tocopherol 2.60 mg, pantothenic acid 1.61 mg, indicating that krill meal contains large amount of retinol and β-carotene.

Sulfur hexafluoride has an extremely high global warming potential (GWP) because of strong absorption of infraredradiation and long atmospheric lifetime which cause the global warming effect. This study is to identify the effects ofdestruction and removal efficiency of SF6 by the addition of conditioning agent (oxygen, water vapor and hydrogen) whenusing the high ionization energy. The irradiation intensity of ionization energy was 2mA, 5mA, 10mA and 15mA. TheSF6 was completely removed with H2O and H2 gas injection at 2mA. Main by-products were HF and F2 gases. HF andF2 gas formation was increased with irradiation intensity increasing. Most of the by-products of particle were sulfur andmetal sulfate.

생활쓰레기의 성분은 수집대상 지역의 성격, 수집목적 및 수집방식 등 여러 가지 요인에 따라 매년 변화하게 되므로, 처리시설의 운전 시에는 생활폐기물의 양과 성분을 정확히 측정한 후, 쓰레기의 연소특성을 충분히 예측하여 처리시설의 운전을 결정하여한다. 본 연구는 군단위 지역에서 배출되는 생활 쓰레기의 성상 및 특성을 분석하여 생활폐기물 소각시설 설치에 필요한 기초자료 확보하고자 실시하였다. 조사 범위는 폐기물의 겉보기 밀도와 물리 조성비(가연성 물질 및 불연성 물질 등 10분류)등을 측정하고, 삼성분(수분, 가연분 및 회분)을 실시하였으며 화학적조성 6항목(C, H, O, N, S, Cl) 및 고위 및 저위발열량을 조사하였다. 조사결과 겉보기밀도는 133.32㎏/m³, 물리적 조성비에서는 가연성물질이 91.9% 였고 불연성 물질이 8.1%를 차지하였다. 물리적조성비에서는 음식물 8.8%, 종이류 31.5%, 나무류 2.8%, 고무피혁류 2.7%, 플라스틱류 22.2%, 기타 23.9%로 조사되었다. 삼성분분석에서는 수분이 26.7%, 가연분이 58.9%, 회분이 14.14.4%를 차지하였다. 화학적 조성에서는 C 44.6%, H 9%, O 44.9%, N 0.8%, S 0.08%, Cl 0.6% 기타 11%로 측정되었다.

While a range of natural organic matter (NOM) types can generate high levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs) after chlorination, there is little understanding of which specific compounds act as precursors. Use of eight model compounds allows linking of explicit properties to treatability and DBP formation potential (DBPFP). The removal of model compounds by various treatment processes and their haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP) before and after treatment were recorded. The model compounds comprised a range of hydrophobic (HPO) and hydrophilic (HPI) neutral and anionic compounds. On the treatment processes, an ozone oxidation process was moderate for control of model compounds, while the HPO-neutral compound was most treatable with activated carbon process. Biodegradation was successful in removing amino acids, while coagulation and ion exchange process had little effect on neutral molecules. Although compared with the HPO compounds the HPI compounds had low HAAFP the ozone oxidation and biodegradation were capable of increasing their HAAFP. In situations where neutral or HPI molecules have high DBPFP additional treatments may be required to remove recalcitrant NOM and control DBPs.

SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride) gas has an extremely high global warming potential (GWP) because of strong absorption of infrared radiation and long atmospheric lifetime which cause the global warming effect. The objective of this study is to identify the effects of destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of SF6 by the addition of oxygen, water vapor and hydrogen. The applied dose of ionization energy was 1,028 kGy(5 mA). The initial concentrations of SF6, O2, H2O and H2 gases were 1,000 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 3,000 ppm, 3,000 ppm, respectively. The DRE was increased about 2 times with O2 gas injection. The SF6 was completely removed with H2O and H2 gas injection. By-products formed by SF6 destruction were mainly HF and F2 gases. In addition, SF2, NF3, N2O, SO2, SO2F2, and NOx gases were produced.

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) has been used as a novel etching and cleaning gas in semiconductor industry. Recently, the many studies about NF3 decomposition have been performed due to high global warming potential (GWP : 17,000). In this study, the role of conditioning agents such as H2, O2, and H2O (water vapor) in the destruction of NF3 gas using electron-beam technology is assessed in terms of the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE, %). The inlet concentration of NF3 was 1,000 ppm and the concentration of conditioning agents ranged from 250 to 1,500 ppm respectively and electron beam current was 5 mA. From the result, the by-products of NF3 decomposition were NO, N2O, and HF.