국내 토양에서 분리된 Bacillus thuringiensis 중에서 나비목 해충에 대해 살충활성 가능성을 가지며 이중피라미드형 내독소 단백질을 가진 균주들을 대상으로 실내에서 살충효과를 검정한 결과, 실험에 이용한 Bt 54균주 중, 7개 균주가 벼혹명나방, 벼애나방 두 종 해충 모두에 90% 이상의 살충율을 보였다. 높은 살충율을 보인 균주들을 대상으로 실내에서 방제실험을 실시하여 무처리구와의 피해정도를 비교한 결과, 균주에 따라 차이를 보이지만 피해엽률에 있어 50%이상의 차이를 보이며, 살충효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 반면, 살충활성은 거의 나타나지 않았지만, 처리한 식물체에서 섭식저해 현상을 보이는 유충을 계속적으로 사육하면서 용화율, 우화율 및 번데기 길이를 조사함으로, Bt가 대상 해충의 생물학적, 생태학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 살충율의 차이에 따라 균주별 차이가 존재했으나, 처리 후 조사기간 동안 생존한 개체라 할지라도 용화, 우화율이 정상개체에 비해 30~40%이상 낮게 나타났다. 또한 번데기 길이에서도 정상개체와 처리 후 생존개체가 차이를 보였다. 따라서 직접적인 살충효과가 낮게 나타난 균주라 하더라도, 용화율, 우화율에 영향을 미쳐 다음세대의 개체군 크기를 감소시킬 수 있는 부수적인 해충방제능력을 기대해 볼 수 있을 것으로 본다.

To screen highly active Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), 46 B. thuringiensis was isolated from 115 samples obtained from several crop soils. Especially, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki CAB133 and CAB162 isolates showed 100% mortality against S. litura. LD50 values of CAB133, CAB162 and HD-1 strains of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki were 0.089, 3.144 and 0.513 ㎍/㎖ against 2nd larva of μ S. litura, respectively. The weight of 3rd larva of S. litura which were fed crystal inclusion protein (1.267 ㎍/㎖) with B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki CAB133 was about 30 times lass than control group. CAB133 and CAB 162 strains of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki which were taken a highly toxity against S. litura were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and estimated the molecular weight of the Cry proteins. Their serological identification by H serotypes were showed B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (3abc) type.

벼에 발생하여 엽육을 전체적으로 식해해서 피해를 주는 혹명나방(Cnaphalocrosis medinalis)과 벼애나방(Naranga aenescens)의 곤충병원성미생물을 이용한 친환경적 방제를 위해, 국내토양에서 분리된 Bacillus thuringiensis 중에서 나비목 해충에 대해 살충활성 가능성을 가지며 이중피라미드형 내독소 단백질을 가진 균주들을 대상으로 생물검정을 수행하였다. 실험에 이용한 Bt 30균주 중, 약 14개 균주가 혹명나방에 50% 이상의 살충율을 나타내었고, 7개 균주가 벼애나방에 살충활성을 보였는데, 두 종 모두에 80% 이상의 살충율을 보이는 균주도 3균주나 확인되었다. 이들 균주는 두 종 해충 뿐만 아니라 배추좀나방, 담배거세미나방에도 높은 살충활성을 보인 것으로 나타나 생물농약으로서의 활용가능성을 보여 주었다. 반면, 이중피라미드형 내독소단백질을 가지고 있으나 두 종 모두에 살충활성이 전혀 나타나지 않은 균주도 확인되었다. 또한 살충활성은 거의 나타나지 않았지만, 처리한 식물체에 섭식저해 현상을 보이는 유충을 계속적으로 사육하면서 용화율, 우화율 및 번데기 길이를 조사함으로, Bt가 대상 해충의 생물학적, 생태학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 처리 후 조사기간 동안 생존한 개체라 할지라도 용화, 우화율이 정상개체에 비해 30~40%이상 낮게 나타났다. 특히나 혹명나방의 경우, 번데기 길이에서도 정상개체와 처리 후 생존개체가 차이를 보이며 섭식에 저해를 받은 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Bacillus thuringiensis with selected high toxicities against tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura were isolated from domestic soils. When being observed under a phase-contrast microscope, the insecticidal crystal proteins were showed a bipyramidal crystal types. New CAB 109 isolate was identified to B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai in the H serotype. As a results of insecticidal activities between CAB 109 isolate and 3 existing ready-made products against 3rd larva of S. litura, CAB 109 isolate showed 100% mortality with spore concentration (1.3×10⁷ cfu/㎖). It was a very high insecticidal activity compared with a existing ready-made B. t. products. LD₅₀ values of CAB 109 isolate was 9.78×10⁵, 6.87×10⁶ and 1.83×10⁷ cfu/㎖ spore concentration against 2nd, 3rd and 4th larva of S. litura, respectively. Unlike Plutella xyfostella, S. litura was slowly died after application up to 7 days. The weight of S. litura larva applied with CAB 109 isolate were 6-7 times less than controlled group. Even though it didn"t die, it did not grow into next larva. The result observed with scanning electron microscope was that CAB 109 isolate of B. t. aizawai formed a typical bipyramidal crystal protein type. Otherwise, when CAB 109 isolate was examined with SDS-PAGE and with trypsin, there was no difference between CAB 109 strain and ready-made products of B. thuringiensis.

For the development of friendly environmental control of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua that is too hard to control in the field, 25 insecticides were chosen from 58 registered to the beet armyworm, and bioassayed. There are 12 insecticides with neurotoxical activities, 10 with insect growth regulators and 3 Bacillus thuringiensis products. Among 12 insecticides with neurotoxical activities, mortality of S. exigua was 100% with emamectin benzoate (EC) and indoxacarb (WP) within 3 and 5 days after application, respectively. Otherwise, WG and SC of indoxacarb, Indoxacarb + etofenprox (WP) and pyridalyl (EW) were showed up to 91%. Methoxyfenozide + spinosad (SC) was better than any other insect growth regulator as 100% mortality within 3 days after application. And methoxyfenozide (WP), tebufenozide (WP) and methoxyfenozide (SC) were 92% by 5 days. However, 3 kinds of B. thuringiensis products were showed under 35% mortality within 5 days from first spray.

The micro-structural changes, strength characteristics, and micro-fractural behaviors at the joint interface between a Sn-4.0wt%Ag-0.5wt%Cu solder ball and UBM treated by isothermal aging are reported. From the reflow process for the joint interface, a small amount of intermetallic compound was formed. With an increase in the isothermal aging time, the type and amount of the intermetallic compound changed. The interface without an isothermal treatment showed a ductile fracture. However, with an increase in the aging time, a brittle fracture occurred on the interface due mainly to the increase in the size of the intermetallic compounds and voids. As a result, a drastic degradation in the shear strength was observed. From a microshear test by a scanning electron microscope, the generation of micro-cracks was initiated from the voids at the joint interface. They propagated along the same interface, resulting in coalescence with neighboring cracks into larger cracks. With an increase in the aging time, the generation of the micro-structural cracks was enhanced and the degree of propagation also accelerated.

Bioassay of mosquito, Culex pipiens molestus, larva was investigated by several environment-friendly insecticides. These insecticides were Novaluron as chitin synthesis inhibitor, Metho-xyfenozide as ecdysone agonist, Pyriproxyfen as juvenile hormone mimic, and Spiromesifen as lipid biosynthesis inhibitor. The 50% lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of these insecticides were 0.00039, 0.07193, 0.65006 and 0.04839 ppm, respectively. Novaluron has lower concentration than any other insecticide. To determine the treatment time against larval stages, insecticides were applied to different larval stages of C. pipiens molestus. Mortality ratios of mosquito larva treated with Novaluron were 100.0, 84.5, 71.0 and 48.5% on 2, 4, 7 and 10 days after hatching from eggs, respectively. Otherwise, with the other insecticides, mortality ratios were under 80% with 2 days old larva. When exposure periods were tested to 3 or 4 days old larva against 4 insecticides, at least 3 hours were needed to 100% control effect against Novaluron, and over 12 hours with other insecticides.

Bacillus thuringiensis strains were isolated from the domestic soil and a strain was selected that had a new host range and high toxicity against agriculture insect pest. The 142 samples of soil were sampled from the mountains, paddy fields and patches, in Daejon, Chungnam, Chungbuk and Jeonbuk and used for the investigation. Sixteen B. t strains were isolated from 12 samples among collected samples. There were 11 strains that showed toxical activity on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), 7 strains on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 5 strains on Arcte coerulea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 5 strains on Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) among the 16 isolated B. t strains. But there were not any strains that showed activity against Hyphanria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Rhynchophoridae). And also some of B. thuringiensis strains showed insecticidal activity with 2, 3 or 4 kinds of insects. But there were also 3 strains that did not show any activities to the 6 insects which were used in the experiment. When examined with a phase-contrast microscope, the insecticidal crystal protein produced from 16 selected strains had 13 bipyramidal and 3 spherical shapes. The insecticidal bioactivity of the S. litura showed 100% mortality when there were 1.3×10⁷ (cfu/㎖) of CAB109 isolates.

본 연구는 젊은층과 고령층을 대상으로 계단 상하행시 하지근군의 근전도(EMG; Electromyogram)를 측정하여 발휘근육부위와 근피로 정도와의 관계를 파악하기 위해 근전도 amplitude 분석을 실시하여, 비교하였다. 피험자는 젊은층과 고령층 각각 20명이었으며, 하지근 8부위(전경골근, 내측광근, 외측광근, 대퇴직근, 반건양근, 대퇴이두근, 내비복근, 외비복근)에 전극을 부착하여 계단 상하행 전후의 근전도를 측정하였다. 그 결과 젊은층은 계단 상하 보행 후 모든 측정 부위의 근전도 amplitude가 커졌으며, 고령층도 전경골근과 대퇴직근을 제외한 근육 6부위에서 근전도 amplitude가 커졌다. 또한 젊은층과 고령층의 amplitude 분석 값을 비교해 보면, 대퇴이두근과 내비복근을 제외한 모든 근육부위에서, 젊은층의 amplitude 값이 고령층에 비해 계단 상하 보행 전후 변화가 더 크게 나타났으며 특히 전경골근은 통계적 유의차가 인정되었다(p<0.05). 이와 같이 젊은층에 비해 고령층은 근육량이 적으므로 amplitude의 변화가 작은데, 노인들을 위한 제품 또는 환경 설계시 노인 근전도의 특성을 고려하여 측정하고 분석해야 할 것이다.

  In this paper, we proposed the SCM logistics roadmap in other that the "Northeast Asian Distribution Hub" policy of the government can be realized more effectively. First, we analysed the requirements of SCM roadmap by examining the situation of Northea

VLCC SPM 작업이 주로 이루어지는 외해에서는 기상상태 및 파랑 영향을 많이 받고 있다. 기상악화로 인한 비상 이안시에는 강한 바람과 높은 파고로 도선사의 승선이 불가능하고 예인선을 사용할 수 없는 경우가 대부분이다. 현재 울산항에서는 기상악화로 인한 VLCC의 SPM 비상이안이 빈발하고 있으며, 신항만 건설로 SPM 주위에 방파제가 건설됨에 따라 SPM 이안 선박의 조종영역 기준을 제시할 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 현재 우리나라에는 SPM 설치 기준이 없으며, 외국의 설치기준을 참조하고 있지만, 이 기준들이 일관성 및 근거가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 울산항의 SPM 비상이안 선박들의 조종영역 실태를 AIS 항해 테이터를 이용하여 파악하고 선박의 조종영역 기준을 제안하고자 한다.

This study delivers the actual condition of investment for industrial accident prevention based on survey of 526 construction sites. The various research techniques were used such as technical statistic analysis for construction industry, construction and civil engineering works, cost comparison of industrial accident prevention and accident loss. A formula was deduced to calculate accident loss and accident frequency by accident prevention cost through regression analysis.

This study delivers the actual condition of investment for industrial accident prevention based on survey of 526 construction sites. The various research techniques were used such as technical statistic analysis for construction industry, construction and civil engineering works, cost comparison of industrial accident prevention and accident loss. A formula was deduced to calculate accident loss and accident frequency by accident prevention cost through regression analysis.

This study researched problems of safety inspection method and current legislative system for the structure safety evaluation of Rahmen structure affected by remodeling. The elements of weight increase were examined in terms of differences of load moment, shear force, compressive stress and amount of steel before and after remodeling by structure analysis. The thorough examination for impacts of weight increase is indispensable to change of use or extension.

품질보증 부분에서 대부분 통계적 수법들은 기지분포를 가정하여 데이터를 분석하고 있다. 예를 들면 공정능력에서는 정규분포를 가정하고 있고, 신뢰성 분석에서는 지수분포, 대수정규분포 또는 와이블분포 등을 가정하고 있다. 만약 이러한 것들이 가정하는 확률분포와 크게 편의될 때 도출된 결론은 그 유효성을 상실하게 된다. 따라서 공정이 정규분포를 하지 않는다면 정규분포에 기초한 공정능력지수의 사용은 부정확한 공정의 정보를 제시하게 된다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기

In this paper, We consider some generalization of these five basic indices to cover non-normal distribution. The proposed generalizations are compared with the five basic indices. The results show that the proposed generalizations are more accurate than t