In this study the production of methane gas and the removal efficiency of nutrients in the anaerobic co-digestion facilitieswith food waste/food waste leachate (FWL), animal manure and food waste leachate (A-MIX), and sewage sludge andfood waste leachate (S-MIX) were investigated. The average amount of the theoretical methane production was 578.4CH4·L/kg·VSin from the anaerobic digestion facilities with FWL, 606.0CH4·L/kg·VSin from those with A-MIX and 570.0CH4·L/kg·VSin from those with S-MIX, respectively. The amount of the practical methane production was 350.7CH4·L/kg·VSin from the anaerobic digestion facilities with FWL, 379.5CH4·L/kg·VSin from those with A-MIX and 348.8CH4·L/kg·VSin from those with S-MIX, respectively. The nutrient compositions of FWL were 3.2g/100g for carbohydrates, 1.8g/100g for proteins and 1.9g/100g for lipids. The nutrient compositions of A-MIX were 0.4g/100g for carbohydrates,2.55g/100g for proteins 0.4g/100g and 0.7g/100g for lipids, respectively. The nutrient compositions of S-MIX were0.4g/100g for carbohydrates, 2.4g/100g for proteins 1.6g/100g and 0.4g/100g for lipids, respectively. The removalratio of carbohydrate was very high over 75% in all facilities and that of lipid was very low below 25%.

In this study those currently operating pyrolysis oil plant were selected for the investigation. The yield of the oil andfuel was assessed for its use as fuel and the char component analysis, and the reaction time to collect contaminantscollected and analyzed. As the result, about 40% of the oil was yielded and oil could be used as an alternative fuel. Char’sleaching test analysis result was satisfied with the landfill standard. And emission of Dioxin and pollutants was analyzed.The highest concentration of dioxin was 0.7347ng I-TEQ/Sm3. The result satisfied the requirement however the emissionconcentration was changed depending on the input Fuel. Therefore the appropriate pollution control facility should berequired.

Since the volume based tipping system was adopted for municipal solid wastes in Korea, the system has been well implied with the positive participation of households. Therefor local governments have started to apply the system to food wastes as well in recent years and each household has put an effort to reduce the generation of food wastes consequently. Another big movement on the management of municipal solid waste has been made, which was intending to utilize wastes to energy resources by converting to solid refuse fuel (SRF). In the meantime the conversion of biomass to energy became an issue to argument national renewable energy. Such motivation made an attempt to utilize fruit husks as SRFs since they has been used to dispose of as food wastes with the payment of tipping fee by households. Thus, in this study, five fruits (mandarine, apple, pear, sweet persimmon and grape) of 6 main consuming fruits in Korea were chosen as tested materials to check out any potentials of biomass SRFs. The basic characteristics of 5 fruit husks after drying naturally were analyzed. Heating values, proximate analysis results were reported and thermo-gravimetric tests were made for suggesting them to combustible wastes or bio-SRFs. The higher heating values of all fruit husks with natural drying showed above 3,000 kcal/kg which is the criterium of SRF and the lower heating values were less than SRF standard due to higher content of moisture. Proximate analysis and thermo-gravimetric data were similar to other biomass fuels like wood and municipal solid waste. It is concluded that such fruit husks could be used as SRFs by adopting an effective drying method in advance.

In this study those currently operating SRF (Solid Refuse Fuel) combustion plant were selected for the investigation. The SRF component analysis, and the reaction time to collect contaminants collected and analyzed. As the result, the average caloric value of the SRF was about 8,114 kcal/kg and the result of the analysis was satisfied with the Fuel standard. The SRF could be used as an alternative Coal fuel. However CO, NOx and Dust analysis result was exceeded the emission standard. In case of Hydrogen chloride, high concentration of emission from the facilities was observed. Although normal operation was performed, ineffective the operational management causedt, incomplete blockage of drug injection facilities and personnel management system. To prevent such problems, a regular maintenance of facilities is need to be installed. At the moment applied to the monitoring system (TMS) are installed in waste incinerators with the medium to large capacities, However such as a periodically monitoring system is needed to manage a small solid fuel boliers as well.

In this study proximate analysis method was applied to food waste, mold, sewage sludge, PKS, PET in considering the characteristics of individual waste. It has been observed that this proximate analysis method based on the characteristics of individual waste required to dry the waste for more than 6 hr, until the moisture contents reached the range of 105oC ~ 110oC and they reached the constant weight. Also it has been suggested that 7 min of ignition at 950oC for volatile matters and 2 ~ 3 hr of ignition at max. 815oC for ash were recommended.

In this study proximate analysis method was applied to food waste, mold, sewage sludge, PKS, PET in considering the characteristics of individual waste. It has been observed that this proximate analysis method based on the characteristics of individual waste required to dry the waste for more than 180 min, until the moisture contents reached the range of 105oC ~ 110oC and they reached the constant weight. Also it has been suggested that 7 min of ignition at 950oC for volatile matters and 120 ~ 180 min of ignition at max. 815oC for ash were recommended.

In order to cope with resource depletion and global warming, many countries around the world are seeking the technicaland political alternatives and are focusing on production of refuse derived fuel (SRF) as a viable approach. SRF isclassified into pellet SRF and fluff SRF based on the shape. In domestic trend, Pellet RDF has been mainly produceduntil now, but as the quality standard of fluff SRF was set up lately, it is expected to raise supply and demand on FluffSRF after this. Fluff SRF is a solid fuel not to be processed pelletizing step, and has advantages that manufacturing processis simple and economical. In this paper, we selected 3 MBT plants to produce Pellet SRF in Korea and examined reductioneffects of energy and CO2 emission by conversion of pellet SRF to fluff SRF. As a result, the saving energy by theconversion of SRF type is 2,509 Gcal/yr (A), 1,716 Gcal/yr (B) and 1,210 Gcal/yr (C) respectively, and the reductionrate of energy consumption in full process is about 23%~26% by comparison with pellet SRF. Also, the average ofreduction of CO2 emission per unit of MSW is 0.0272 tCO2/ton. After estimating the reduction of CO2 emission of 9MBT plants in Korea, based on the results of a survey of target plants, we concluded that the reduction effect of CO2emission is created 11,374 tCO2/yr.

This study provides a result of thermal mercury reduction for inventing a mercury recovery technology from the sludgewhich contains high concentration of mercury. Physical, chemical and thermal properties of the sludge were analyzed andmercury degradation at elevated temperatures was investigated to find out the optimum temperature range for thermalrecovery of mercury from the sludge generated from an industrial facility, which contained high concentration of mercury.The study was carried out in the temperature range of up to 650oC from 200oC, and 500~710µm particle size of wastesludge samples were selected from such industries. As primary thermal tests the sludge was heated up to observe weightdegradation at a continuous weight measurable thermogravimetric analyzer and a muffle furnace and the degradationcurves from both devices were found to be well matched. Mercury conversion to gaseous form was investigated fromthe analyzed data of mercury concentrations sampled every 25oC from a muffle furnace. Cold vapor atomic absorptionspectroscopy (CVAAS) Hg analyzer was used for the analysis of mercury content in solid and liquid samples. Most ofmercury was degraded and released as gas phase at the temperature range from 300oC to 550oC, which could be theoptimum temperature of mercury recovery by thermal method for the sludge containing high concentration of mercury.Based on these thermal mercury reduction studies, degradation kinetics study of mercury was conducted to provide thereaction kinetics data for further reactor design to recover mercury using a thermal method.

This paper examined energy consumption distribution by process and energy production-effect of MBT facilities inKorea. Generally, facilities that use fossil fuels for drying consumed energy about 70~80% in drying and exhaust gasestreatment process and energy distribution was heavily affected a position of drying and a kind of fuel. Energy production-effect by the ratio of input-energy to output-energy ranged from 4.54 to 9.60, however, if generation efficiency is reflected,it was standardized to low levels from 3.10~3.77. So we were able to confirm that the superiority of energy production-effect between facilities is not considerable.

폐자원에너지화 정책수행을 위한 고형연료, 유기성폐가스 등 폐기물 에너지자원의 품질 및 관리기준 설정에 따라 국가 공정시험기준이 마련이 시급하며, 국내 폐기물 고형연료 품질기준이 ‘13년도에 개정 중으로 신규 분류체계에 따른 공정시험기준 검토가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 선진국의 국제적인 시험방법을 정리하였고 국내 정도관리와 검사의 법적체계의 근거가 되는 환경부의 관련법령 및 KS 기준을 비교 검토 하였다. 국외 기준과 비교 시 삼성분, 원소분석, 발열량 항목은 시료량, 시간 및 온도에서 약간의 차이를 보이고 있어 국내 적용에 큰 문제가 없을 것으로 나타났으나, 중금속, 시료채취 부분은 국내․외 시험법의 비교 실험을 통해 시험법간 차이를 보정해야 할 것으로 보인다. 또한 바이오매스, 겉보기 비중과 같은 국내 미 개정 항목은 국외 시험법을 통해 국내 실정과 호환이 가능한 표준시험방법을 마련해야 할 것으로 보인다. 본 연구가 향후 국내 폐자원에너지화 정책마련의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

대부분의 국가에서는 수은이 함유된 제품이나 각종 산업공정에서 사용되는 수은은 단계적으로 제거해 나가고 있으며 특히 선진국에서는 수은의 독성, 생물농축 및 환경에의 유해성으로 인하여 수은이 함유된 제품이나 수은을 사용하는 산업공정을 대체하기 위하여 노력하고 있다. 그러나 여전히 수은이나 수은을 함유한 제품은 특정 공정이나 오래된 공정에서 사용되고 있으며 지금까지는 수은 함유 폐기물을 재활용하거나 처리하는 것은 폐기물 관리 분야에서 주요 관심사가 아니었다. 수은의 국제적 규약 및 관리 동향이 1차적으로는 대기배출 수은에 치중되어 왔으나 배출원에서의 제어 및 회수된 수은이 부산물과 폐수 중에 남게 되면서 선진국에서는 이를 안정화하며 회수 저장하는 문제와 수은의 매체 간 통합적인 관리로의 접근이 시도되고 있어 우리나라도 이에 대한 방안 마련이 필요한 상황이다. 2013년 2월 제5차 INC (Intergovernmental Nagotiating Committee)의 결정에 따라 국제수은협약의 주요 조항으로 수은함유 폐기물의 관리 강화 및 환경친화적 수은 저장 능력 증대가 포함됨에 따라 향후 국제적인 규제 조치 시행이 예상되고 있다. EU는 수은화합물 수출 금지 및 수은 저장 의무화 규제 시행 (‘11.3.15 발효, Regulation (EC) No 1102/2008, 22 Oct. 2008)하여 원자재 수은을 폐기물로 규정하고, 클로랄-알칼리 분야, 비철금속 채광 및 제련, 천연가스 정제 및 금채광시설의 수은 회수 및 저장을 의무화하였다. 미국 또한 금속 수은 및 특정 수은화합물의 수출금지 법안을 발표하였으며, 미국 DNSC (Defense National Stockpile Center)는 1970년대 부터 4,400 톤 이상의 원자재용 수은을 보관해왔으며, 이를 영구저장시설로의 이전 사업이 추진 중이다. US EPA에서는 LDR 기준을 통해 수은 함유 폐기물 중 260 ppm 이상의 폐기물의 경우 일반 매립지로 갈 수 없으며 특수 설계 매립지를 통해 매립을 하거나 수은 저감 처리방법을 통해 수은 함유 농도 저감을 해야 한다고 규정하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실험실 규모의 반응기를 구축하여 국내 고수은함유 폐기물을 대상으로 열적처리를 통한 수은 감량 특성을 연구하였다. 이는 TG 분석 결과를 바탕으로 온도범위를 700 ~ 800 ℃로 설정하여 각 온도조건에서 체류시간에 따를 수은 감량 특성을 평가하였으며, 각 조건 별로 수은 증기를 냉각시켜 수은 회수율을 평가하였다.

음식물류폐기물의 처리는 소각 및 매립량이 급격히 줄어들고, 발생량의 94%가 사료화, 퇴비화 등으로 자원화가 이루어진다. 이 과정에서 침출, 증발, 분해에 의하여 음폐수는 발생된다. 2013년도 1월 현재 해양배출(약 3,800 ton/day)을 포함한 전체 음폐수(9,431 ton/day)를 육상처리하며 그중 하수처리장 유입처리가 70%로 가장 높다. 본 연구에서는 월별 소화온도(중온, 고온)에 따른 하수슬러지처리와 음폐수 병합처리에 따라 가스발생량, 소화효율을 비교하였다. 하수슬러지 단독 처리의 경우 28,532~44,500 ton/day, 음폐수 병합처리는 49,906~52,240 ton/day의 가스가 발생되며, 하수처리장의 슬러지에 음폐수를 병합처리 할 경우 부하율 0.56 kg･VS/m³/day로 나타났다. 소화효율(VS기준) 또한 음폐수 반입 처리 효율이 46~55%로 단독처리 효율 34~46% 보다 높게 나타났다. 따라서, 하수슬러지 단독으로 처리할 경우보다 음폐수를 병합처리 할 경우 가스 생산량 및 유기물제거율 등 처리효율이 향상되었으며, 혐기성소화조 운전효율을 증대할 수 있다.

우리나라는 에너지의 97% 이상을 수입에 의존하는 국가로서 화석원료를 대체할 친환경적이며 동시에 지속발전 가능한 에너지원을 찾기 위한 연구가 필수 불가결한 상태 이다. 현재 생활폐기물의 음식물폐기물이 상당한 부분을 차지하고 있으며 현재 약 90% 이상의 음식물류폐기물이 재활용 되고 있으나 해결해야할 문제점들과 해양오염방지법 강화로 인한 해양 투기 금지로 인해 자원화 공정 시 발생되는 음식물류 폐기물 폐수의 효과적인 처리가 필요한 상황이다. 유기물 함량이 높은 음식물류 폐기물과 음폐수를 혐기성소화 공정을 통해서 바이오 가스 회수 및 이용에 많은 기대를 가지고 투자와 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 우리나라의 하수처리 시설 중 2012년간의 혐기성 소화시설의 처리효율과 바이오 가스 회수량을 비교분석하였다. 하수슬러지만을 혐기성 소화시설에서 처리하는 곳, 하수슬러지와 음식물류 폐기물을 가지고 병합 혐기소화 시설에서 처리하는 곳, 그리고 하수슬러지와 음식물류 폐기물 폐수를 가지고 병합 혐기소화 시설에서 처리하는 곳을 비교하였다. 휘발성 고형물은 음식물류 폐기물 폐수와 하수슬러지 병합 혐기소화 시설의 유입물(평균 VS % = 3.36)에서 가장 높게 관찰되었다. 음식물류 폐기물과 하수슬러지 병합 혐기 소화시설의 평균소화효율(VS 기준)이 50.4%로, 평균 바이오가스발생량 0.58 m³/kg.VSin 으로 가장 높은 것으로 관찰되었다.

최근 인류의 도시화 산업화에 따라 화석연료의 소비가 늘어나면서 기후변화와 초대형 기상이변 등이 자주 발생하고, 이러한 현상들로 인하여 기후변화와 에너지 부족에 관해서 많은 관심이 쏟아지고 있다. 이러한 관심에 의해 기후변화와 에너지위기에 대비한 많은 정책들과 기술투자가 이루어지고 있다. 이 중에서 폐자원 에너지화 분야에서는 폐기물로부터 다양한 에너지원으로 이용 가능한 물질을 회수하기 위해서 고형연료 제조시설이 설치 운영되고 있다. 하지만 고형연료의 제조시설에서도 상당량의 잔재물이 발생되고 있으며, 이렇게 발생 된 잔재물의 최종처분에 대한 문제점이 항상 대두되고 있다. 잔재물의 최종처분은 소각 및 매립이 주로 행해지고 있는데, 현재 국내에서는 발생되는 잔재물의 발생저감방안과 최종처분을 위한 평가기준이 마련되어 있지 않다. 유럽의 경우는 EU매립지침(1999/31/EC)에서 생분해성 물질의 매립량을 단계적으로 감량하여 매립량을 1995년 기준 2016년까지 35%로 목표를 정하였고, 국가별로 중간처리가 안된 생분해성 물질이나 유기탄소함량 또는 발열량을 기준으로 일정 수준 이상은 매립을 금지하는 기준을 마련하고 있다. 따라서 국내에서도 매립량에 대한 저감방안과 매립금지 평가기준 등이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 국내에 설치 운영중인 고형연료 제조시설 중 4개 업체를 선정하여 공정과 잔재물을 비교한 결과 시설별로 선별조합 및 건조방식 등에 차이가 있었다. 각 시설들의 공정별 잔재물에 대한 발생량, 삼성분, 원소함량, TOC, SDM 및 발열량 등 잔재물 특성을 분석하여 에너지화 유도를 통한 매립량 저감방안과 평가항목에 대해서 검토하였다.

In this study, the feasibility of the biogas production by anaerobic digestion with agricultural byproducts, which are stems and leaves of hot pepper or sweet pepper from one of the agricultural villages in South Korea, was investigated. The physico-chemical compositions of the agricultural byproducts of hot and sweet pepper were analyzed and they were found to be favorable with anaerobic digestion. Theoretical methane potentials of the test materials were estimated as 393.1 L CH4/kg VS for hot pepper and 372.6 L CH4/kg VS for sweet pepper. Biochemical methane potentials were analyzed by Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) test and those of hot pepper and sweet pepper were 107.9 and 193.4 L CH4/kg VS, respectively. Silage was chosen to be long-term storage method for biogasification. Biochemical methane potential of hot pepper was increased by silage storage, while that of sweet pepper was decreased. In the case of silage chopping size, ensiled material with 30 mm size showed higher biochemical methane potential than that with 3 mm size. Most of test materials showed higher biochemical methane potentials with microbial additives containing Bacillus Circulans than that containing Bacillus Subtilis.

This paper examined reasonable operating factor for treatment of carcass burial leachate in High Temperature Thermal Desorption (HTTD) and calculated the amount of fuel used in each device using heat and mass balance under condition of 4 scenarios. As a result, we concluded that rotary kiln for dryness and thermal desorption shoud be separated dual type and mixing ratio of sawdust and soil should be restricted no more than 1 : 14. Also, operating temperature should be kept 260, 550, 850 or higher in dryer kiln, thermal desorption kiln and secondary chamber respectively and residence time should be kept 30min in each kiln. The total amount of fuel used in each device was compared under 4 scenarios on the mixing ratio. According to a study, it showed the highest value under the scenario of 1 : 1, which showed 2.5 times higher than the scenario of 1 : 14 in terms of treatment of leachate per unit of LNG.

This study analyzed concentration and characteristics of hazardous substances in treatment of leachate from carcass burial areas by using high temperature thermal desorption (HTTD). Concentrations of pollutants emitted from HTTD treatment of leachate contaminated soil of carcass burial sites satisfied the emission standards for 11 pollutants from domestic waste incineration facilities. Dioxin concentration was 0.0060 ng I-TEQ/Sm3 and 0.0061 (0.0055-0.0070) ng ITEQ/ Sm3 in the normal operation condition and the experimental condition, respectively, which are much lower than the MSWI Standard of 0.1ng I-TEQ/Sm3. As a result, it was considered that leachate from carcass burial areas could be treated by high temperature thermal desorption (HTTD).

This paper analyzed thermal and carbonization properties of sewage sludge in fixed bed reactor and obtained following results. The heavy metal (Pb, Ni, Mn, Cr, Cu) content of Char showed the highest level at unprocessed sewage sludge, followed by carbonized sludge at 600, 400, and 500oC. It was thought to be mainly due to the yield of char rather than the influence of temperature. Also, the migration-test results of heavy metals satisfied the landfill directive in all samples, which may be possible to use it as landfill cover materials. The concentration of dioxin by changes of pyrolysis temperature was higher in the low temperature conditions and the proportion of PCDDs was higher than that of PCDFs.

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Environment, the emission of sewage sludge is increased by 7 ~ 9% yearly. In the future, it will be increased continuously because of extension of sewage disposal plants, high class treatment for removing nitrogen and phosphorus. The objective of this study is to examine the possibility of the carbonization of the sewage sludge by pyrolysis. The pyrolysis behavior of the sewage sludge was investigated by the thermogravimetric analysis as a function of heating rate. In the pyrolysis studies measurements in weight loss was made and reported as a function of test temperature. To minimize energy consumption used for drying sewage sludge, naturally dried sludge were applied evaluate characteristics of thermal and carbonization treatment using a fixed-bed reactor. The most effective treatment temperature of carbonized material production was 400oC. The temperature of highest total yield of char and oil was 500oC. In the pyrolysis studies measurements in weight loss was made and reported as a function of test temperature. According to the result, the optimum pyrolysis temperature of sewage sludge were found to be ranged from 100oC to 600oC, respectively. About 91% of pyrolysis was completed between 100oC and 600oC. If applying the carbonization, it can be easily utilized as the replaced resource of energy(fuel) in the countries whose energy resources are insufficient, like our country.

Establishment of emission concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in emission gases from 85 domestic crematories were measured. The relationship between PCDDs/DFs and several factors such as structure, equipment and operational state of the crematory is discussed. Furthermore, emission of PCDDs/DFs from all crematories in korea is estimated. The following results are obtained: (1) total concentration (2,3,7,8- substituted isomers) of PCDDs/DFs was 0.113 ~ 14.34 ng/ Sm3, whose TEQ concentration was 1.815 ng-TEQ/Sm3; (2) total emission of PCDDs/DFs from crematories in korea was estimated to be 1.815 g-TEQ/yr.