술폰화 폴리아릴에테르벤즈이미다졸 공중합체를 K2CO3를 이용한 직접중합법으로 합성하고 인산도핑을 하여 고온운전 연료전지용 고분자전해질 막을 제조하였다. 최적의 전해질 막 제조를 위하여 술폰화도 0~60% 및 도핑을 0.7~5.7의 범위에서 다양한 조성의 전해질 막 제조실험이 수행되었으며, 원자현미경분석 및 열중량분석, 수소 이온 전도도측정 등을 통해 전해질 막의 기본특성들을 평가하였다. 수소 이온 전도도는 도핑율에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 130℃의 비 가습환경에서 측정된 수소 이온 전도도는 도핑을 5.7의 전해질 막에서 최대 7.3×10 -2 S/cm의 값을 나타내었다.

The biggest difficulty the small and small business currently face is not to have the effective cusomer management system that is the computerization of management, And, CRM has mary problems that make companies confused. As the result, projects are being suspended and budgets cut, plans for introducing CRM suspended or cancelled and many CRM software vendors and technical consulting firms are facing serious management crisis. Yet, this phenomenon can be regarded as an interim one. In fact, some cases that successfully introduced CRM show that CRM is migrating from small scale which is typical when introduced to larger scale through various tests. Therefore, this study tries to segment customer for the sieving the problem. And it make efficient customer management.

우리나라 전통 음료의 품질 향상과 산업화를 위한 기초 실험으로 오과차의 추출 시간에 따른 성분을 분석하였다. 오과차의 추출 시간에 따른 산도는 30분인 경우 2.4%, 50분에 2.3%, 70분에 1.7%였으며, 고형분은 추출 시간에 따라 각각 0.22g, 0.31g, 0.41g 이었고, pH는 4.70, 4.85, 4.98로 약한 산성을 나타냈으며, 총당은 54.01㎎, 108.82㎎, 142.92㎎으로 추출 시간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하였다. 오과차의 유리당은 glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, xylose 5종이 확인되었는데 유리당의 총량은 각각 1.14㎎, 1.36㎎, 2.17㎎ 함유하긴 있었으며 이중 glucose, sucrose, fructose가 전체의 98.2%, 92.6%, 92.6%로 그 대부분을 차지하고 있었다. 오과차의 추출물에서는 30분, 50분 추출시 valino, cystine을 제외한 16종의 아미노산이, 70분 추출시 cystlne을 제외한 17종의 아미노산이 검출되었다. 총유리 아미노산의 함량은 각각 84.94㎎, 99.67㎎, 120.40㎎으로 증가하였으며, serine, glutamic acid, threonine, proline, alanine의 5종 아미노산이 각각 94.5%, 93.6%, 94.7%로 대부분을 차지 하였다. 추출 시간에 따른 유리 아미노산의 함량 비율의 변화는 threonine이 50분간 추출하였을 때 헌저한 감소를 가져왔고, glutamic acid가 추출 시간이 증가함에 따라 점차 감소하였으며, proline은 50분 추출하였을 때 그 비율이 가장 높게 증가하였다.

Deer horn has been used in oriental medicine and folk remedy. It has had much effects on `health and tonic efficacy`. But this word, `health and tonic efficacy`, is very obscure in modern sense. This report attempts to investigate their scientific and objective effects among many papers. The biochemical components of antler are composed of pentoses, hexoses, acid mucopolys-accharides, free and ester fatty acids, glycolipids, phospholipids, prostaglandins, sterols, protein and peptides, free amino acids, minerals, hormones etc. Deer horn extract especially increases body weight gain and feed efficiency, and it stimulates the ability of spermatogenesis of animal. However, a few papers have reported concerning the toxicity and side effects of antler.

The computation of the undulation of the Moho discontinuity from gravity data has frequently been carried out by the application of the Fourier series and the Sinc function (sin x/x), However, no serious effort has been attempted to examine the suitability of data and the adaptability of implicit assumptions required in such methods. This paper deals with model studies for comparison of the Fourier series and Sinc function methods, and examinations of several criteria for obtaining meaningful results. Also, an inversion method based on mass plane concept has been devised to complement the weakness of the above two methods. This method has been appeared as an effective scheme for increasing depth computation points so that a more detailed undulation is obtained.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 주의초점 간 맥락간섭이 초보자의 배드민턴 하이클리어 학습에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이다. 방법: 배드민턴 초보자 대학생 30명을 내적주의지침만 제시된 불변연습집단, 외적주의지침만 제시된 불변 연습집단, 내/외적주의지침이 무선적으로 제시된 무선연습집단에 무작위로 각각 10명씩 배정하였다. 사전검사, 습득단계, 지연 파지 및 전이검사에서 배드민턴 하이클리어 수행의 절대오차, 가변오차, 전체오차를 계산하였다. 결과: 지연 파지검사결과, 내적주의지침이 제시된 불변연습집단과 무선연습집단은 외적주의지침이 제시된 불변연습 집단보다 정확성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 성취도에서는 무선연습집단에서 통계적으로 유의한 지연 파지효과가 나타났다. 결론: 초보자의 배드민턴 하이클리어 학습에서 내/외적주의지침을 무선적으로 제시하는 방법이 단일한 주의지침을 반복적으로 제시하는 방법보다 효과적일 수 있으며 맥락간섭을 적용한 주의초점지침이 운동기능학습을 촉진시키는 새로운 주의초점형태로 제시될 수 있다.

Background: Ginseng produced by hydroponics can be cultivated without using agricultural chemicals; thus, it can be used as a raw materials for functional foods, medicines, and cosmetics. This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time to obtain the highest levels of ginsenoside and ginseng, as this was not previously unknown. Methods and Results: One-year-old organic ginseng seedlings were transplanted and cultivated using hydroponics for 150 days in a venlo-type greenhouse, using ginseng nursery bed soil and a nutrient solution (NO3 −-N; 6.165, P; 3.525, K; 5.625, Ca; 4.365, Mg; 5.085, S; 5.31 mEq/ℓ). Ginsenoside content and fresh and dry weights were higher at 120 days after transplanting than at 30, 60, 90, and 150 days. Total ginsenoside content was 11.86 times higher in the leaf and stem than in the root at 120 days after transplanting. Ginsenosides F1, F2, F3, and F5 were detected in ginseng leaves and stems. These chemical compounds are known to be effective in altering skin properties, including whitening, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging. Conclusions: Optimal harvesting time for ginseng cultivated using hydroponics was 120 days after transplanting when the biomass and ginsenoside content were highest.

Background : Multi-stage system were used for development of stable ginseng seedling production. Bed-soil for the production of ginseng seedling in the multi-stage was similar to the conventional bed-soil but the weight of the bed-soil was high and the efficiency of operation in the multi-stage was lowered. In this study, the yield and quality of ginseng seedling was investigated by commercial lightweight bed-soil in the multi-stage facilities, and the possibility of application of lightweight bed-soil. Methods and Results : This study was carried out by a 3-stage cultivation bed using a 50 ㎜ sandwich panel in a house shaded with 85% light-shielding net. The width of the cultivating bed was 90 ㎝, the height was 30 ㎝, and the height of each stage was 50 ㎝. In the first and second stages, the amount of light was insufficient, so two rows of fluorescent lamps were installed and the third stage was used natural light. Ginseng seeds were sown on the cultivating bed in November 2016, and ginseng seeds (native species) were sown with a density of 3 × 3 ㎝. The chemical properties of lightweight bed-soil were pH 5.11, and EC 0.76 dS/m. It was suitable for ginseng seedling cultivation. The bulk density was 0.21 Mg/㎥. Among the growth characteristics of the ginseng seedlings, the root length was the longest as 17.0 ㎝ in the conventional cultivation, and the second stage was the longest at 14.8 ㎝ in the multi-stage facility. The root diameter in the multi-stage system was 0.2 - 0.4 ㎜ thicker than the conventional one. Root weights of lightweight bed-soil were similar to those of conventional cultivation. The yield of ginseng seedlings in the 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd stage was 721.3 g, 692.0 g, and 394.7 g/1.62 ㎡ respectively. Conclusion : In the production of ginseng seedling using multi-stage facilities, the commercial bed-soil was better than the conventional bed-soil (light, workability). The differences in yields in the multi-stage facilities can be overcome if the growth management such as moisture management is more systematic. If we develop the technology to reuse the bed-soil after harvesting the ginseng seedling, it will be economical and able to supply to farmers.

This paper presents an analysis technique considering double-layer concrete and time-dependent diffusion behavior, and the results are compared with those from the previous test results through reverse analysis. Through consideration of time effect, the relative error decreases, which shows more reasonable results. Utilizing the diffusion coefficients from Life365, relative errors increases and it needs deeper penetration depth(e) and lower diffusion coefficient ratio(D1/D2) due to higher diffusion coefficient.

콘크리트 표면의 상태에 따라 염화물은 증가 또는 감소하게 되며 이는 철근부식 및 내구수명에 매우 중요한 인자가 된다. 콘크리트의 내구성 저하를 방지하기 위해 표면함침과 같이 많은 표면강화 기술이 개발되었으나 이중 콘크리트 구조와 확산계수의 시간의존성을 고려한 염화물 해석방법은 매우 제한적이다. 본 논문에서는 표면 강화된 이중구조 콘크리트에 대해 시간의존성 확산계수를 도입하여 염화물 해석기법을 제안하였으며, 역해석을 통하여 기존의 실험결과와 비교하였다. 2년간 비말대, 해수중, 조석대 상태에 노출된 표면 함침된 콘크리트 시편에 대해 표면염화물량과 확산계수를 도출하고 Life-365에서 제안한 확산계수 식과 비교 분석하였다. 시간의존성을 고려한 결과 비말대 시편의 오차는 0.28에서 0.20 수준으로, 조석대 시편은 0.29에서 0.11 수준으로, 해수중에서는 0.54에서 0.40 수준으로 오차가 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 Life365에서 사용되는 확산계수식을 사용할 경우, 과다한 확산계수로 인해 상대오차가 커지고 높은 침투깊이(e)와 낮은 확산계수비(D1/D2)를 필요로 함을 알 수 있다.

This study investigated the effect of coated feed using mixed oil on rumen fermentation characteristics. Two experiments were conducted based on materials that were mixed. First, cashew nut and soybean oils were mixed with white mineral oil. And second, different plant extracts were mixed with white mineral oil. At first experiment, inclusion levels of mixed oil on diet (0.03%, 0.1%, 0.5%) were applied as variables. A coated diet was fermented with rumen inoculum according to in vitro rumen fermentation and its parameters were investigated. In the result of first experiment, no negative effects on rumen pH were found. Significantly decreased dry matter digestibility was detected at 0.5% treatment (P<0.05). Total gas productions in control and 0.03% were significantly greater than those of others (P<0.05). Significantly reduced methane productions were found in all treatments compared to the control (P<0.05). Inclusion of mixed oil did not affect on ammonia production. Total volatile fatty acid production was also not influenced by coating with mixed oils. Rumen fermentation parameters were greatly changed according to introduced plant extracts at second experiment. The significantly lowest and greatest ammonia productions were found at treatments with Ixeris dentata and Plantago asiatica, respectively (P<0.05). The significantly greatest acetate and propionate productions were detected at treatments with Crucuma longa and Zizyphus vulgaris 1, respectively (P<0.05). All treatments, except Chrysanthemum idicum, Euyale ferox seed, Moringa leaf and fruit and Zizyphus vulgaris 1, showed significantly increased total volatile fatty acid production compared to the control (P<0.05). Only Paeonia lactiflora showed significantly lesser gas production than the control (P<0.05). In methane production, Ceramium, Zizyphus, Paeonia, Agrimonia, Torilis, Mugwort, Foeniculum, Euphorbia, Taraxacum, Artemisia, Momordica, Curcuma and Moringa reduced methane significantly compared to the control (P<0.05).

최근 기후변화로 인하여 도심지역내 돌발홍수가 빈번하게 발생하여 많은 인명 및 재산피해가 발생하고 있다. 특히, 급격한 도시화로 인한 불투수면적의 증가와 녹지면적의 감소 등이 도심지역내 우수 저류 및 지연능력 감소와 첨두 유량의 증가를 발생시켜 도시 돌발홍수의 발생과 피해를 증가시키고 있다. 도심지역내 우수유출에 의해 발생하는 피해를 저감시키기 위한 방법으로 미국 PGDER(Prince George’s County, Maryland Department of Environmental Resources)에 의하여 시행된 LID 기법에 대한 연구 및 시행이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구의 대상지는 경남 양산시 내에 위치한 실증단지이며, 실증단지 내 LID 적용시설은 건축물형 LID시설, 도로형 LID시설, 주차장형 LID시설, 산업체형 LID시설, 생태저류형 LID시설로 이루어져 있다. 본 연구는 유역 구분 및 지형자료 분석을 통하여 실증단지에 적합한 매개변수를 산정하여 SWMM 모형을 구축하였으며, 구축된 모형에 LID 기법을 적용한 유출량을 산정하고 분석하여 최종적인 실증단지 통합모형을 구축하였다. 모형은 크게 LID 기술을 적용하지 않은 대조군 유역과 LID 기술을 적용한 실증단지 유역으로 구분하였다. 본 연구는 실증단지와 대조군부지의 비교를 통하여 LID요소기술별 성능을 평가ㆍ분석하고, 설계 강우 기준을 제시하고자한다.

Now a days, frequency of abnormally high temperatures like heat wave by global warming and climate change is increasing constantly and the number of patient with heat related illness are jumping rapidly. In this study, we chose the case day for the heat wave in Busan area(Busan and Yangsan), 2013 which it was the most hottest year during 21th century. And then, we analysed the weather condition using automatic synoptic observing system(ASOS) data. Also, four indices, heat index(HI), wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT), Man-ENvironment heat EXchange model(MENEX)’s results like Physiological subjective temperature(PST), Physiological strain(PhS), were calculated to evaluate the thermal comfort and stress quantitatively. However, thermal comfort was different as the each station and thermal comfort index during same time. Busan’s thermal indices (HI: hot, WBGT: sweltering, PST: very hot, PhS: very hot) indicated relatively higher than Yansan’s (HI: very hot, WBGT: sweltering, PST: very hot, PhS: sweltering). It shows that Busan near coast is relatively more comfortable than Yangsan located in inland.

재난관리의 최일선에서 초동관리를 할 수 있는 지방자치단체는 재난으로 인한 피해경감에 있어서 중요한 역할을 한다. 지방정부기관 뿐만 아니라 지역주민의 재난관리에 대한 인식과 관심은 지방자치단체의 재난관리의 역량을 강화하는데 있어서 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구는 지역주민의 대표기능을 가진 지방의회의 회의록 분석을 통해 지방자치단체의 재난관리에 대한 인식의 현황과 관심도를 분석하였다. 본 연구는 전국 16개 광역시 및 도의 지난 13년(1999-2011) 동안의 지방의회 전자회의록 내용분석을 통하여, 재난관리에 대한 인식과 관심도를 시·공간적으로 비교·분석 하였다. 회의록을 통한 재난관리의 인식과 관심도의 조사를 위해 자연재난 및 재해, 단계별 재난관리와 관련된 10개의 색인어를 이용하여 총 46,000여개의 전자회의록의 내용을 비교·분석하였다. 지방의회의 회의록분석을 통해 본 지방자치단체의 재난관리에 대한 관심도를 살펴보면, 전반적으로 재해와 재난관리에 대한 회의가 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 재난관리 중 복구보다는 예방과 대비에 보다 많은 관심을 보이고, 관련 회의가 증가하는 추세를 보이고 있다. 또한 광역시보다는 도 지역에서 재난관리 관련 회의가 더 많이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

We present six-degree-of-freedom (6DoF) haptic rendering algorithms using translational (PDt) and generalized penetration depth (PDg). Our rendering algorithm can handle any type of object/object haptic interaction using penalty-based response and makes no assumption about the underlying geometry and topology. Moreover, our rendering algorithm can effectively deal with multiple contacts. Our penetration depth algorithms for PDt and PDg are based on a contact-space projection technique combined with iterative, local optimization on the contact-space. We circumvent the local minima problem, imposed by the local optimization, using motion coherence present in the haptic simulation. Our experimental results show that our methods can produce high-fidelity force feedback for general polygonal models consisting of tens of thousands of triangles at near-haptic rates, and are successfully integrated into an off-the-shelf 6DoF haptic device. We also discuss the benefits of using different formulations of penetration depth in the context of 6DoF haptics.