This study investigated the feasibility of odor removal using ultrasonic droplets of electrolyzed water. 91.65% of the injected electrons were converted to oxidizing agents including hypochlorous acid at HCl 2.2%, 3 V, and a retention time of 5 min. The size of the droplets generated by the ultrasound showed a distribution with D25=1.359 μm and D75=2.506 μm. The odor removal efficiency of the electrolyzed water droplets was over 90% for a composite odor composed of acetaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia, while that of tap water droplets was 50%. The electrolyzed water droplets were also effective in removing ammonia generated in full-scale organic waste treatment facilities.

경남 진주시에서 도심에 위치한 선학산과 비봉산은 배후녹지로서 가벼운 등산을 겸한 다양한 야외건강 활동을 수용하면서 시민 모두의 휴 양 공간으로 자리매김하고 있으나, 열악한 접근성, 대부분이 사유지로 개발 제한성, 낮은 투자효율성 등을 이유로 상대적으로 공원·녹지 조 성 사업에서 소외되어왔다. 비봉산 및 선학산을 시민들의 건강, 휴식, 유희 등 휴양 활동에 대한 욕구를 충족시켜 주는 도시림으로 개선하는 것이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 시민들의 휴양에 대한 욕구를 충족시켜 주는 도시림 개선에 관한 연구의 일환으로서 도시림의 개선에 따 른 이용행태 및 방문자 만족도 변화에 관한 연구를 수행하고자 하였다. 구체적으로 경남 진주시 도심에 위치한 비봉산 및 선학산을 연구대 상지로 선정하여 2004년부터 2017년까지 도시림 개선에 따른 이용 빈도, 방문자 만족도 등의 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과 이용 빈도는 2004년과 비교하여 2016년에 선학산과 비봉산 모두에서 증가를 나타냈고 종합만족도도 2004년과 비교하여 2017년에 90% 신뢰수준에서 통계적 유의차를 나타내며 증가를 나타냈다.

Despite the expectation that small green spaces provide high cooling effects, making air temperatures drop such effect in urban areas has been less explored in comparison to larger parks and urban forests. These knowledge gap has required advanced techniques to record spatial and temporal data and analysis small green spaces cooling effects. A temperature-sensing unit with ventilated double cylinder shelter (TVC) meets the needs and is known as an advanced device to record temperature data more accurately using a T-type thermocouple with a ventilator. This device also can be useful to develop guidance to describe thermal environment with a finer scale and an experimental research design for identifying air temperature data with spatial analysis using TVC. However, how we would conduct transect survey with this device and make a thermal map based on the collected data is not well known. The purpose of the study was to find out the usage of TVCs in collecting air temperature data and was to produce a thermal map of the study site and analyze temperature mitigation effect of each green space. The processes to create a thermal map required complicating, endeavoring and time-consuming works as well as skills to use computer programs for space drawing and spatial analysis. The overview of all the processed to get a thermal map should be helpful for researchers and students. Collected air temperature data and recorded time of them were downloaded, converted to Excel file (XLS) and ready to be analyzed through ArcGIS 9. In the mean time, recorded transect routes were drawn on the site map as polylines and made into spatial points through AutoCAD 2007. The routes consisted of five routes classified into the lawn, the rain garden, the residence, the prairie, and the forest. Separately, each route was drawn because it should reflect its spatial and temporal specification as for when the measurement was conducted. The spatial points of each route created by AutoCAD were converted to shape files (*.shp) and added fields of air temperature and time data in their attribute tables through ArcGIS. This work was done in each measurement hour and day. To create a thermal map, were shape files of each measurement time and the boundary of the site required. IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) in ArcGIS was analyzed for each measurement hour (10h, 13h, 16h and 19h (20h)). In each analysis, the spatial points of measured air temperature were calculated to get an isotherm distribution for the measurement hour which we call a thermal map. The thermal maps show the air temperature distribution at 10h, 13h, 16h, and 20h. They also can show how land covers have an impact on the change of air temperature on their point and the surrounding areas. The air temperature of the prairie raises up in the morning (21℃) and continues to be cool during the day and after sunset. Meanwhile, the lawn starts at lower air temperature and goes to hotter. The residence is kept lower in its air temperature by big trees. The rain garden and the forest seem to have more time to discuss on why they are not sure their cooling effects.

Research to reduce urban temperatures and mitigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has focused primarily on the role of large urban green spaces as cool islands (Oke, 2004;Park et al., 2017). However, the role of small green spaces (SGs) such as street trees and pocket parks has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this research is to assess the mitigating effect of SGs on micro-UHI through a comparative analysis of air temperatures of SGs and non-green spaces (NGs), that include building-shaded spaces (BS) and non-shaded, impervious, paved spaces (PS) completely exposed to sunlight. Six urban blocks were the study site and in a highly developed area, Jongnogu and Junggu, Seoul, 37°34′N 126°58′E, South Korea and also located in the same micro-climatic zone. They had SGs which were vegetation patches presented as distinct areas of tree cover. And they were mapped through aerial images analysis and field survey. The experiment was conducted across six urban blocks in a highly developed area in Seoul, South Korea during daytime in summer. Two researchers at each block simultaneously recorded air temperatures at 1.5 m above the ground level using mobile loggers at one-minute intervals for an hour. Measurements were repeated three times, and 1,296 temperature readings were collected in total and made 174 mean temperature data. ArcGIS was used to perform solar radiation analysis to highlight SGs, BSs, and PSs on a thermal map. The highest air temperatures and the lowest air temperatures of each block were extracted and classified. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis H test utilizing SPSS statistics were used to verify the significant differences in mean air temperatures between SGs (TSG), PSs (TPS), and BSs (TBS). As a result, ΔTPS-B (the thermal effect of PSs on a block‘s air temperature) ranged from –1.38 ℃ to 2.28 ℃ with fifty-six points, ΔTBS-B (the thermal effect of BSs on a block’s air temperature) ranged from –2.38 ℃ to 2.38 ℃ with fifty-eight points and ΔTSG-B (the thermal effect of SGs on a block’s air temperature) ranged from –1.98 ℃ to 1.62 ℃ with sixty points. 68% (N = 41) of SGs were a negative number of ΔTSG-B while 50% of BSs shows a negative number. The result means that SGs contribute to reducing microscopic UHI than BSs which have much more shade area than SGs have. The results showed that SGs contributed to significantly reducing TBi up to 2.9 ℃ while BS reduced TBi up to 2.7 ℃. The highest TBi was on a PS. The air temperature difference between SGs and NGs over all the blocks ranged from 0.9 ℃ to 2.9 ℃. The air temperature difference between PS and SG was significant and ranged from 0.2 ℃ to 2.0 ℃, while the difference between BS and SG was significant and ranged from 0.1 ℃ to 1.2 ℃.

Urban green spaces can mitigate negative impacts of urban heat island effect by creating cooling buffer zones. These cooling areas improve micro-climatic conditions and human health. Green space is important to reducing urban air temperature maxima and variation. Thus, there is an expectation that small green spaces (SGs) provide high cooling effects and thus make air temperatures drop. Meanwhile, such an effect in urban areas has been under-explored and needs more detailed spatial and temporal data. The purpose of the study was to develop a measurement method to detect temperature of various SGs with TVC and find the effect of TVC on accuracy of measured air temperature data in comparison with other non ventilation devices. We updated the cad file of the study site through comparing it with Google Map and conducting field surveys on the site. Transect survey was required to build a measurement route. We toured the study site by walk repeatedly to get the optimistic route which would have enough data points. One of considered routes which were inside of the forest and could make us get significantly influencing data was not founded for no trails so excluded in our study. After the field survey, we observed the study routes through a digital camcorder (Gopro) and recorded them on the cad file of the site because these data points should include air temperature and time data in their attribute table. As for transect survey, a researcher walked through the defined routes and collected air temperature data with two TVCs every second and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil every minute at the height of 1.5m from the ground. Stationary survey was conducted with two TVCs in every second data collection and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil in every minute data collection on the resting area at the entrance of the site. One of TVCs and one of Testo loggers were set at the height of 0.5m while the others of TVCs and Testo loggers were at the height of 1.5m. On the stationary point, other microclimate variables such as wind velocity, wind direction and solar irradiance were also measured and recorded every minute. We repeated the measurement for one day or two days a month (November, 2016 ~ May, 2017) and four times a day. The measuring days were selected when they were clean and calm. As a result, air temperature from TVCs was entirely lower than that from Testo loggers on the stationary survey. This trend was shown during the day rather than after sunset. The difference of air temperature from between TVCs and Testo loggers ranged from 2 ℃ after sunset to 5 ℃ at 16h. At the height of 0.5m, a Testo logger's data showed much higher than a TVC's data. These results show that Testo loggers tend to be easily influenced by the change of solar radiation. Moreover, there was the ventilation effect at the stationary. So no ventilation could be the main reason why Testo loggers' data were high. However, TVCs' lower temperature explains how effectively these devices block the solar radiation and ventilate air inside the cylinder.

Urban Heat Island has become a serious problem in urban area. Tree is considered as effective measure for mitigating urban heat. The purpose of this study is reviewing urban heat island mitigation effect of tree, focusing on evaluation indices related to temperature reduction. We selected 49 previous studies and classified studies considering type of site and variables related to mitigate urban heat. Studies were classified as tree, vegetation, green roof/wall and green area. Variables of each group were categorized as space, function, individual and environment variables. Each study site showed different mitigation effects and considered different variables. Therefore, plans or designs for green area in urban area should consider differences among sites and use integrated evaluation indices including humidity and wind speed for mitigating urban heat.

The purpose of the study was to review ecosystem service researches and show the trend to guide researchers who want to study ecosystem service. Ecosystem service has been a theoretical base for conservation of nature such as grand mountains, rivers and so on. Moreover, reviewed studies showed economical, social, environmental values of ecosystem service in nature as well as in urban to support ecosystem service theory. By leading metropolitan governments in America, Canada and european and asian countries, the urban tree canopy(UTC)s’ ecosystem services have been evaluated quantitatively and accumluated as urban forestry data. This global trend has an implication that the study of UTC and its ecosystem service can support the provision of urban forestry and green spaces and especially, Korean cities should realize UTCs’ values on ecosystem services and start to apply them institutionally to enhance their urban environment.

한국의 EIP(생태산업단지)는 폐기물, 부산물, 에너지의 산업 공생 네트워크 구축을 촉진하는 국가 지원 사업에 의해, 구현 및 촉진되고 있다. 경상북도는 전자, 기계 철강 산업이 주를 이루며 EIP사업이 활발히 진행되고 있는 광역자치단체 중 하나이다. 본 연구는 경상북도에서 가장 제조업 종사 인구가 많은 기초자치단체인 구미의 산업 폐기물 발생 및 산업공생 현황을 분석하여 향후 EIP 사업 및 자발적인 산업 공생 추진에 필요한 기초자료를 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 구미에서는 2014년 기준으로 1,120.5 ton/d의 산업 폐기물이 발생되고 있으며이 중 65.2%가 재활용되고 있다. 재활용되지 못하고 있는 산업 폐기물은 발생량 기준으로 폐수처리오니, 소각재, 폐합성수지류, 유리 도자기편류 순이었으며 대부분 구미 국가산업단지 내에서 발생하고 있다. 2014년 현재까지 구축된 산업공생 네트워크는 아래 그림과 같다.

The purpose of study was to find critical problems which needed urgent solution and give policy priorities on the damaged forest lands close to cities through analysis of public perception. A survey was conducted of forest land users at the entrance of Mt. Bibongsan. And the survey consist of the questions of socioeconomic background on its nominal scale and the questions of cultural value, problem, solutions, maintenance methods and main body to drive related policies for the highly damaged Mt. Bibongsan on 5-point Likert scale.The 86.7 percent of respondents were in the over forties’ age and 65.3 percent visited the forest land more than two times a month. The early five categories’ averaged values were ranging from 3.54 to 3.89. Among the categories, ‘Solutions of the damaged forest land,’ ‘Mt. Bibongsan Restoration method’ and ‘Main body to drive policies’ showed statistical significance in their internal variables from Kruskal-Wallis test. But they did not show exact the ranking between variables and ranking. So thirty variables were reclassified to five categories (F1 ~ F5) by factor analysis. And with using this categories as dependent variables, five regression models were established respectively. The result showed that ‘Problem of Mt. Bibongsan (F1a)’ could be severer by illegal facilities and soil erosion from farming and ‘Solutions of Mt. Bibongsan (F1b)’ took the restoration of forest and destruction of aged houses on hillside as priories. For ‘Historical resources restoration (F2)’, it required to find folk tales and commune with citizen more from restoration of historical resources. To enhance ‘Mt. Bibongsan’s cultural value (F3)’, it was very important to consider citizen’s emotion linked to Mt. Bibongsan. As a ‘Main body to drive policies (F4)’, citizen’s active participation is more effective to policy enforcement. ‘Maintenance policy projects (F5)’ took restoration forest from farmland and forestscape improvement on city-viewed part as urgent projects.

This study aims to identify feasible policy direction of the 6th industrialization in agriculture based on the current agricultural and rural environment in Korea. To do so, this study employes a heckman selection model to correct a probable selection bias, utilizing the Korean agricultural census in 2010 and the agricultural statistics of farm enterprises in 2011. This study focuses on the differences of the farm and off-farm income determinants, according to conjoint types of the 6th industrialization such as Type 1 (primary+secondary+tertiary) vs. Type 2 (primary+secondary or primary+tertiary). The empirical results show Type 2 has much higher possibilities to earn farm and off-farm income in Korea, especially for farm enterprises. This study concludes with providing some policy implications reflecting rural and agricultural environment in Korea.

현재 중금속 함유 폐수의 처리는 일반적으로 무기응집제와 고분자응집제를 사용하여 플럭을 생성시키고 생성된 플럭을 침전 제거하는 응집-침전 공정을 통해 진행되고 있다. 그러나, 응집-침전 공정의 처리 효율은 제거하고자 하는 중금속을 무기응집제를 사용하여 플럭화시키는 응집공정을 통해 생성된 입자(중금속 수산화물)의 입도 분포와 표면전하에 따라 좌우되며, 통상적으로 처리 효율을 확보하기 위해 무기응집제 외에 고가의 고분자 응집 보조제를 다량 사용하므로, 과다한 약품 소요량과 슬러지 발생량으로 인해 폐수 처리 비용 부담이 높은 실정이다. 특히 10 μm 이하의 입자는 침전이 용이하지 않으므로 중금속 수산화물(5-10 μm)에 적합하지 못하며, 응집제 다량 투입 및 고분자 응집보조제 사용을 통해 입자 크기를 키우더라도, 입자의 일부가 침전되지 않고 월류하여 방류기준을 초과하는 경우가 다수 발생하고 있다. 방류수로 월류되는 중금속 농도를 제어하기 위하여 응집-침전공정 후에 여과공정을 후단에 설치하는 경우가 있지만 여과기의 손실수두 증가 및 역세기간 및 역세빈도가 증가하여 유지관리에 어려움이 많아 도금폐수를 비롯한 금속폐수를 효율적으로 처리할 수 있는 대체 공정 개발이 절실하다. 본 연구에서는 중금속폐수에 수산화나트륨(NaOH)을 주입하여 pH 조절을 통해 폐수 내의 중금속을 수산화 이온의 반응을 통해 수산화물 입자로 변환시켰으며, 이를 2.5 μm 구경의 필터로 여과하여 액체로부터 분리하여 최적의 제거 효율을 얻은 결과를 토대로 자체 제작한 모듈을 이용하여 pilot-scale에서 막분리를 실시하였다. 그 결과. 응집제 투입 없이 pH 조절만으로 90% 이상의 중금속 제거 효율 달성이 가능하였으며, 청정 지역 기준 폐수 배출 허용 기준(Cu 1 mg/L 이하, Zn 1 mg/L 이하, Ni 0.1 mg/L 이하)를 모두 만족하였다. 막투과 플럭스의 경우 884-2916 L/m²･hr을 보여주었으며, 95.9-100% 의 recovery 효율을 보여주었다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the effect of the Strong Small Farm Development Project by Rural Development Administration is positively associated with participating farmers. The data that used in this study is a survey data that targets 442 farming households who have participated in the strong small farm development project. This study applies ordered-probit model to evaluate level of the participants' satisfaction of the project. This study found that participants' level of satisfaction is closely associated by satisfaction level of project contents that contains education and consulting, friendly attitude toward the project, active participation of the project, and understanding of the project's contents and their importances. Based on research findings, this research provides some implications of future upbringing policy for strong small farms and the principal point of the policy that leads to succeed in implementing the project when formulating agricultural policy in participants view. the strong small farms.

본 연구는 수자원의 효과적인 활용하기 위해 하수처리장 방류수를 이용하여 막분리 공정을 적용하고, 생산된 Eco-Water(하수처리수 재이용수)를 인근 산업체에 공급하기 위해 수질 및 수량특성 등 파악하여 공업용수로의 활용에 관한 타당성을 검토하였다. 실험에 사용된 재이용수는 B시 N사업소의 하수처리장 방류수를 대상으로 실시하였다. 대상 하수처리장 사업소의 경우 인근에 대규모 산업단지가 소재하고 있으며, 낙동강 하류에 위치하여 상대적으로 유입수질의 시간에 따른 변동이 심한 것으로 나타났다. 하수처리장 방류수를 이용한 Eco-Water 생산 공정은 BF(Birmfilter)-UF(Ultrafilter)-RO(Reverse osmosis) 공정으로 운전하였으며, UF는 H사의 PVDF 중공사막, RO는 N사 ESPA로 구성하여 Eco-Water Pilot plant를 제작하였다. 운전조건은 하수처리장 방류수 유입량 약 4.0 m₃/hr, 생산수량 3.0 m₃/hr 및 농축수량 1.0 m₃/hr로 기준으로 설계하였고, 처리공정으로는 공업폐수 중 중금속(철 및 망간) 유입이 많을 것으로 판단되어 전처리 공정에 BF를 설치하여 UF와 RO의 생산수질의 안정화 및 module별 유입부하량을 감소시켜 운전하였다. 운전에 앞서 공급대상 사업체의 요구수질을 조사하여 연구에 임하였으며, 운전결과 목표수질인 탁도 0.2 NTU 이하, 총 용존고형물 90.0 mg/L 이하, 경도 5.0 mg CaCo₃/L 이하, 전기전도도 150.0 μS/cm 이하, M-알칼리도 20.0 mg CaCo₃/L 이하, 염소이온 50.0 mg/L 이하, 실리카 2.0 mg/L 이하, 철 0.05 mg/L 이하 및 망간 0.05 mg/L 이하를 모두 만족 하였다. 또한, 동절기에도 수온은 15℃ 이상으로 일정하게 유입되어 유입수 온도감소에 따른 운전효율 감소는 거의 나타나지 않았으며, 하수처리장 방류수를 이용한 Eco-Water 공업용수 생산 및 공급이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.