본 연구는 소 체외수정란과 체세포 복제란의 초자화 동결 및 융해 후 생존능을 검토하였다. 배반포로 발육된 체외수정란 및 체세포 복제란을 초자화 동결법에 의해 동결하였다가 융해하여 생존율 및 배양 후 부화율을 검사하였다. 체외수정란 배반포를 초자화 동결 융해한 결과, 확장배반포가 배반포기 난자에 비하여 생존율(82.1%, 96/117)과 부화율(64.1%, 75/117)에서 모두 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 핵이식 배반포 복제란을 초자화 동결 융해한 경우도 체외수정란과 비슷한 경향을 보여 확장 및 부화배의 생존율과 부화율이 각각 81.1%(30/37)와 78.3%(29/37)로, 배반포(각각 71.8 및 53.8%)에 비하여 다소 높게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 초자화 동결 방법에 의해서 소 체외수정란과 체세포 복제란을 성공적으로 동결할 수 있으며, 특히 후기 배반포기 단계에서 초자화 동결 시 높은 생존율과 부화배 형성율을 얻을 수 있음을 보여준다.

Background : Hippophae rhamnoides L. are known for antioxidant, immunodeficiency, skin protection, influenza infection and prevention of heart disease. This study was carried out to confirm the possibility of functional food by changing the antioxidant effect using H. rhamnoides L. leaf extracts to the Gamju (sweet rice drink). Methods and Results : A total of 12 samples were made of different processes. Briefly, the H. rhamnoides L. leaf were extracted at 60℃ in two different conditions (EtOH 100%, water 100%). Gamju was fermented into three different koji (Aspergillus oryzae – red, yellow, black). In addition, The addition of H. rhamnoides L. leaf extracts were mixed in two ways (simultaneous saccharification, mixed after saccharification). Antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) and reducing power assay. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. In this study, we found that Gamju mixed with H. rhamnoides L. leaf increased antioxidant effects and TPC than the control (original Gamju). Moreover, the anti-oxidant effects of the mixed H. rhamnoides L. leaf with Gamju after saccharification exhibited more activity than simultaneous saccharification in DPPH assay. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that samples of added to the H. rhamnoides L. leaf could be use as functional food.

Background : Arctium lappa L., Compositae plant, has been consumed as a vegetable and beverage in China, Taiwan, and Japan for a long time. Several studies have reported for the burdock to include antioxidant activity, hepato-protective efficacy, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects, anti-microbial and antiviral activity. Thus, A. lappa is considered a promising plant for the treatment of chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and AIDS and due to the increasing evidence of functional compounds contributions over a variety of health beneficial properties the A. lappa has received increasing scientific interest. The primary aim of the present study was determined antioxidant activities and analysis of standard compound in A. lappa. Methods and Results : There were five different solvent conditions (100% water, 30% EtOH, 50% EtOH, 70% EtOH, 100% EtOH), extract in the room temperature. Comparatively, 70% EtOH extract showed higher values of DPPH radical scavenging activity than others. As the increasing of EtOH percentage contents, we confirmed increase total phenol and flavonoid contents. The 2,4-di-tert- butylphenol as standard compound was detected by HPLC analysis based on the calibration curve: equation : Y = 8.17e + 003X – 1.43e + 005, R2 = 0.996227. The amount of standard compounds were similar in all each different solvent conditions, but not detected in water extract. Conclusion : These results showed that A. lappa could be used as potential materials of antioxidant, and should be need more study.

Background : Forsythia suspensa Vahl (Oleaceae) is such an antioxidant source which is a slimbing plant widely distributed in China, Japan and Korea. The extracts of the dried fruits have been used for a long time as traditional Asian medicines to treat gonorrhea, erysipedas, inflammation and pharyngitis. It was also reported that F. suspensa was able to suppress vomiting, resist hepatic injure, inhibit of elastase activity, and exhibit diuretic, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-endotoxin and antiviral effects. This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant and whitening effect of F. suspensa extract and fractions. Methods and Results : Firstly, extract the dried F. suspensa by methanol three times at room temperature and fraction for each solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water). The DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured at 517 ㎚ by using a UV spectrophotometer. The gallic acid and quercetin were used as positive control of total phenol and flavonoid contents assay. Reducing power was conducted four concentration of samples and positive control, measured the absorbance at 700 ㎚. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest effect on DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenol contents, and reducing power. On the other hand, the highest level of total flavonoid contents indicated in butanol fraction. The ethyl acetate fraction indicated the highest percentage of enzyme inhibition at the tested same concentration. Conclusion : These results suggest that F. suspensa extract and ethyl acetate fraction could be utilized as a antioxidant. Further biological and phytochemical study is needed.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. In previous study, we isolated five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. In this study, we confirmed the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in leaves of O. elatus by different cultivation environment. Methods and Results : We analyzed three types of O. elatus in different cultivation environment (in vitro plant, in vivo plant and wild plant). We detected five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) in three types of plants by using HPLC. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the different cultivation environment. Syringin and adenosine were detected on all plants and showed different contents, respectively. We compared antioxidant activities such as total phenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH and reducing power assay. The values of antioxidant activities (DPPH and reducing power) in leaves of in vitro plants were higher than other plants. Also TPC and TFC in leaves of in vitro plants showed the highest contents. Conclusion : These results could be basic data for cultivation methods about enhancement of syringin and adenosine compounds contents in leaves of O. elatus.

Background : Mahonia nepalensis DC. has been used as folk medicine in Vietnam. However, its biological activities have not yet fully understood. In the present study, crude extract from Mahonia nepalensis DC. was fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol (saturated of water). The extract and fractions of M. nepalensis DC., produced after a process of evaporating, were tested for anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Methods and Results : Total phenolic, total flavonoid contents of M. nepalensis DC. were analyzed while gallic acid and quercetin were used as standard, respectively. The antioxidant free radical scavenging activities of its stem crude extract and fractions were also evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power assay. Results revealed that ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction showed the highest total phenolic content, as well as DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power. Briefly, the highest level of total phenolic content (122.94 ± 4.93 ㎎·GAE/g) and reducing power (absorbance of 0.815 at 1 ㎎/㎖) was indicated in EtOAc fraction. It also possessed activity in DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 48.93 ± 0.59 ㎍/㎖), which was better than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 = 125.25 ± 0.8 ㎍/㎖) and other fractions. In an anti-inflammatory response, the potential inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated RAW264.7 cells were found in EtOAc and BuOH fractions. The NO production was below 20% at a dose manner of 100 ㎍/ ㎖. Results showed higher potential anti-inflammatory effect of M. nepalensis DC. than some plants. Hence, it could be developed as a useful agent for treating of inflammatory diseases. Conclusion : These results demonstrated the highly potential effect on anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of M. nepalensis DC. Therefore, further studies are necessary in order to explore the variety of M. nepalensis stem to be applied as a valuable natural material.

Background : Eleutheroside E (Syringaresinol-di-O-glucoside), one of the internal standard in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., showed effects on the anti-inflammation of arthritis and the decline in blood sugar. In this study, it was analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to find out the optimum experimental condition which indicated the highest content of eleutheroside E. Methods and Results: In total of 15 different experimental conditions were used to extract samples. Briefly, there were three different conditions in the temperature (room temperature, 70℃ and 100℃) and five solvent conditions (100% water, 30% EtOH, 50% EtOH, 70% EtOH and 100% EtOH) were used. The extraction condition of all samples were extracted in every 4 hours and repeated three times with a reflux cooling system. The HPLC was reported as eleutheroside E standard equivalents using the following linear equation based on the calibration curve : equation : Y = 7.72e + 0.04X – 7.83e + 004, R2 = 0.999918. Among 15 conditions, eleutheroside E was obtained with the highest amount (10.36 ± 3.81 ㎎/g of extract) at 100% EtOH extracted and room temperature condition. In this study, the eleutheroside E content was increased with increasing of EtOH concentration. And it can be detected by heating at 100% water extraction condition. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that the experimental condition at room temperature in 100% EtOH could be used in further studies to obtain the highest content of eleutheroside E in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. It is traditionally used to treat asthma, depressive states, chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, and wounds. In this study, the evaluation of several factors affecting the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in stem of O. elatus. Methods and Results : Five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) were isolated from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. We extracted stems of them with hot water by different temperature (85 and 100℃) and times (1, 4, and 7 hrs.) and analyzed contents of five compounds by HPLC and antioxidant activity such as DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assay. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the extraction time and extraction temperature, the contents of uracil and protocatechuic acid in extracts of stems reduced with times. However, there is no difference the amount of variation in chemical constituents in stems of O. elatus. The antioxidant free radical scavenging activities of its stem extracts in 85℃ water (IC50 = 34.56 ± 0.8 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) showed more activity than extracts in 100℃ water (IC50 = 39.58 ± 1.6 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) in ABTS assay. Conclusion : In conclusion, the contents of five compounds were not significantly affected by extraction time and extraction temperature. Therefore, these results could be basic data for the quality management of five compounds in stems of O. elatus extracted with hot water.

Background: The flowering plant Hippophae rhamnoides L. has been used for many studies on fruit or leaf extracts. This study was conducted to investigate the development of a new cosmetic material from H. rhamnoides fruits and leaves that have by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wrinkle improvement activities. Methods and Results: The antioxidant abilities of H. rhamnoides extracts, including of a water-soluble fruit powder (FW), a fatsoluble fruit powder (FF), a supercritical extract of fruit by-product (BS), and a mixture of leaf and fruit (MIX), were investigated in vitro. A DPPH radical assay for antioxidant activity was performed for these fractions alongside assay to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC). As expected, the MIX had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (RC50 = 10.27㎍/㎖), and the TPC and TFC also were highest in MIX (225.7 ㎎·GAE/g, and 25.18 ㎎·QE/g, respectively). Nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells was estimated and the results indicated an over 75% decrease of NO production in FF and MIX. In other assays, the highest elastase inhibitory activity was found in FW. Conclusions: These results revealed that H. rhamnoides extracts have a high potential for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiwrinkle activities. H. rhamnoides products are suggested to be applied as the functional materials of cosmetic ingredients.

Background: Mahonia Nepalensis DC. (Hoang lien o ro), the specie of the family Berberidaceae, is widely distributed in the high mountainous areas at altitudes 1700 – 1900 m of Vietnam. It is found that the stem of Mahonia nepalensis indicated anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and antifungal activities and they are used particularly for the treatment of eczema, psoriasis, and other skin conditions. However, no study on the antioxidant and anti-cancer activities of Mahonia Nepalensis stem has been previously reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate anti-oxidant and anti-cancer activities of Mahonia Nepalensis stem. Methods and Results: The stem pieces of Mahonia Nepalensis were dried and extracted three times with 100% methanol. After that, the extract was suspended in distilled water and then partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl-acetate (EtOAc) and butanol (water saturated BuOH) fractions were then evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator. Evaluation of the anti-oxidative activity of Mahonia Nepalensis was carried out using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-producing system. The results revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction of M. nepalensis possessed higher potential DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50, 81.88 ± 1.33㎍/㎖) than other fractions as well as BHT (2,6-Di-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol) (IC50, 250.49 ± 1.60㎍/㎖). The reducing power assay was also investigated and EtOAc fraction showed higher absorbance values than other fractions. At 1.0 mg/ml concentration, EtOAc fraction showed absorbance of 1.72, be higher than Ascorbic acid. Cell viability was evaluated according to the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyl tetrazolium Bromide) assay. By MTT assay, all fractions showed a significant reduction in cell viability on COLO 205 (Human colon carcinoma cell) at the highest concentration tested (200㎍/ ㎖) with over 70% decrease in cell viability was obtained, and the highest significantly inhibiting effect occurred in butanol fraction with approximately 90% reduction in cell viability. Conclusion: We demonstrated that Mahonia Nepalensis stem extract has highly potential in anti-cancer activity. Further studies are necessary in order to explore the variety of Mahonia Nepalensis stem to be applied as a valuable natural material.

Background : Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) was used as medicinal plant in Tibetan and Mongolian traditional medicines. It has been recognised as a versatile nutraceutical crop with diverse uses for the treatment of diseases, such as gastric ulcers, lung disorders, cardiovascular diseases, mucosal injuries and skin disorders. Physiological research on mixture of sea buckthorn leaf and fruit have not be reported. Therefore, in this study, using sea buckthorn mixture, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were determined. Methods and Results : The experiment was carried out using 11 samples (100% leaf extract - 100% fruit juice powder). The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of sea buckthorn mixture were evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The leaf extract with fruit juice in the ratio of 60 : 40 (w/w) showed a significant effect (86.43%). The mixture of sea buckthorn leaf and fruit were investigated for anti-inflammatory activity using LPS stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The results showed that the higher ratio of leaf extract indicated greater anti-inflammatory activity (approximately 10%, NO production ). Conclusion : These result showed that the mixture of sea buckthorn leaf and fruit can be used as a variety of antioxidant and other functional product research and development processes as valuable natural materials.

이 논문에서는 게이미피케이션을 구성하는 요소가 대표적인 교육철학자인 존 듀이의 주요 교육학적 개념과 유사함을 밝힘으로써 게임의 속성이 일면 교육의 속성과 닮아있음을 제시하려고 한다. 게이미피 케이션 개념을 이루는 몇 가지 요소를 다음 5가지 속성으로 연결지어 분석해 보았다. 지속성[연속 성](continuty), 상호작용[인터렉션](interaction), 흥미[관심](interest), 성장(growth), 교육적 경험 (educational experience)이 그것이다. 주요 개념의 이론적 분석을 토대로 게이미피케이션과 교육의 연 관성을 찾아보고 게임이 아닌 게이미피케이션의 의미를 이해해 본다.

Background : Haskap berries commonly refer to fruits of Lonicera caerulea L., recognized by the Japanese aborigines as the “The elixir of life.”. Due to their recent arrival on the North American market, haskap berries have not yet been positioned among other berries and compared in terms of their phytochemical content. And haskap berries have higher ascorbic acid and anthocyanin content than other berries known for their health-promoting benefits, such as blueberries. However, no study has reported on the antioxidant and anti-cancer activity of Lonicera caerulea stem. The purpose of this study is to present the current research on the chemical content, antioxidant and anti-cancer activities of Lonicera caerulea stem. Methods and Results : The stem of Lonicera caerulea L. ware dried in the shade at room temperature and extracted with 100% methanol. The extract was suspended in deionized water and partitioned sequentially with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl-acetate and butanol (water saturated BuOH) fractions. Antioxidant activities were measured by determination of antioxidants, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Cell viability was determined by the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay. All cell lines were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea). All results were performed with three replications were processed statistically. By DPPH assay, the Lonicera caerulea L. the highest activity was obtained from the ethyl-acetate fraction (IC50=15.46 ㎍/㎖). By MTT assay, the chloroform fraction showed a significant growth inhibiting effect on MCF-7 (Human breast cancer, IC50=225.91 ㎍/㎖), COLO 205 (Human colon cancer, IC50=179.55 ㎍/㎖), but on AGS (Human stomach cancer) and other fractions it did not show effect. Conclusion : We demonstrated that Lonicera caerulea L. stem extract and fractions has antioxidant and antiproliferation activity in vitro. Further studies should identify the active constituents in Lonicera caerulea L stem to evaluate the potential in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferation activities of the extract.

Background : Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. is a perennial herbaceous plant, distributed in the northern high mountains of the Korean peninsula and China. It is an excellent ornamental plant currently at risk of overharvesting and therefore, is designated as an endangered wild plant Class II by the Ministry of Environment. Physiological research on A. tabularis has not be reported. Therefore, in this study, using A. tabulari extracts, antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory effects were determined. Methods and Results : The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of A. tabularis extracts were evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of A. tabularis possesses potent DPPH radical scavenging activity (2.90±0.08㎍/㎖), similar to the scavenging activity of ascorbic acid (2.19±0.06㎍/㎖), and better than the powerful antioxidant α-tocopherol (10.60±0.40㎍/㎖) as well as BHA (butylatedhydroxy anisole)(6.12±0.27㎍/㎖). The ethyl acetate fraction possessed a significantly higher concentration of total phenolic (549.70±2.72㎎GAE/g) and flavonolic content (154.58±1.04㎎QE/g). It was also found that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited high reducing power and inhibition of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) formation. Different fractions of A. tabularis were tested for anti-inflammatory activity using LPS stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited a high inhibitory effect on NO (Nitrite oxide) production (22.43±1.06%, 19.30±0.45%, respectively) at 200㎍/㎖ concentration. The mRNA of IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2 gene expression was decreased by treatment with the ethyl acetate fraction. These results showed that A. tabularis extracts can be used as natural substances to control inflammation. Conclusion : These result showed that A. tabularis extracts can be used in a variety of antioxidant and other functional product research and development processes as valuable natural materials.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of 70% EtOH extract from Hippophae Rhamnoides L. leaves (HRL) on the anti-obesity effect in 3T3-L1 cells. The effects of HRL on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were examined using Oil Red O staining. In addition, we examined the gene expression levels by using RT-PCR and western blot. The results of this analysis showed that 100 ㎍/㎖ HRL significantly increased the inhibition of lipid accumulation by 82.25%; significantly decreased the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α (C/EBPα), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in 3T3-L1 cells as well as the stimulated protein expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); and suppressed the expression level of PPARγ. These results suggest that HRL can prevent adipogenesis through activation of AMPKα and inhibition of adipogenesis transcription factors.