This study aimed to examine the most effective exercise method for shoulder joint rehabilitation by comparatively observing activity of shoulder stabilizer muscles during push up and push up plus exercises under diverse stable conditions. The subjects were 20 healthy adults students who went to M university. While the subjects conducted push up and push up plus exercises under diverse stable conditions(a stable surface, a support of 25cm height, a support of 30 cm height and a balance pad), activities of the upper trapezius muscle, pectoralis major muscle, serratus anterior muscle, and triceps brachii muscle were recorded. During push up and push up plus exercises, activities of the stabilizer muscles were higher when the stable condition was changed rather than on the stable surface. In particular, when the support of 30cm height and balance pads were applied, activity of the shoulder stabilizer was highest. There were significant differences in the upper trapezius muscle and triceps brachii muscle during the push up exercise(p<.05) and in the serratus anterior muscle during the push up plus exercise(p<.05). Activities of the shoulder stabilizers were higher when the upper and lower limbs' surface stable conditions were changed than the stable surface. Therefore, when programs for rehabilitation of shoulder joints are applied, provision of diverse stable conditions according to patients' conditions will be effective methods.

Expression of claudin-11 (CLDN11), a tight junction (TJ) protein, was examined in the Korean soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus maackii) testes. Spermatogenesis began during the breeding season and peaked at the end of the breeding season. Spermiation started in summer and peaked in autumn. The deduced amino acid sequence of P. maackii CLDN11 was similar to those of avian and mammalian species. During the non-breeding season when spermatogenesis and testosterone production were active, testicular Cldn11 levels were high. In the seminiferous epithelium, strong wavy CLDN11 strands parallel to the basement membrane delaminate the spermatogonia, and early spermatocytes are in the open compartment. Otherwise, CLDN11 was found beneath the early spermatocytes and in the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. Punctate zonular occludens-1 (ZO-1) immunoreactivity was found within the CLDN11 strands parallel to the basement membrane or at the outermost periphery of the seminiferous epithelium close to the basal lamina. During the breeding season, when circulating testosterone levels and spermatogenic activity was low, testicular CLDN11 level was lower than those of non-breeding season. CLDN11 was found at apicolateral contact sites between adjacent Sertoli cells devoid of the postmeiotic germ cells. At this time, lanthanum tracer diffused to the adluminal compartment of seminiferous epithelium. In cultured testis tissues, testosterone propionate significantly increased the level of Cldn11 mRNA. In P. maackii testis, CLDN11 participates in the development of the BTB where the CLDN11 expression was coupled with spermatogenic activity and circulating androgen levels, indicating the conserved nature of TJ’s expressing CLDN11 at the BTB in amniotes.

Testicular expression of CLDN11 (claudin-11), a tight junction protein was examined together with spermatogenesis and circulating testosterone levels in Korean soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus maackii). Spermatogenesis started during the breeding season in May and peaked in August when the breeding season ended. Spermiation started in July and peaked in October, showing the typical pattern of spermatogenesis in temperate zone reptiles. Deduced amino acid sequences of P. maackii CLDN11 was highly homologous to those of avian and mammals, suggesting the conserved nature of CLDN11 in amniotes. During the non-breeding season when the spermatogenesis was active and circulating testosterone levels elevated, testicular CLDN11 mRNA and protein (19kDa) levels were high. Strong, wavy CLDN11 immunoreactive strands run parallel to basement membrane in the basal part of the seminiferous epithelium, delaminating the spermatogonia and early spermatocytes in the open compartment. Otherwise, CLDN11 was found beneath the early spermatocytes and in the Sertoli cell cytoplasm perpendicular to basement membrane. In double labeling experiment, punctate ZO-1 immunoreactivity was found within the CLDN11 strands run parallel to the basement membrane as well as at the most periphery of seminiferous epithelium where ZO-1 and CLDN11 in Sertoli cells were mostly cytoplasmic and perpendicular to basement membrane. Together, recruit of CLDN11 and ZO-1 to the inter-Sertoli TJs was tightly coupled with spermatogenic stage. At the breeding season when the circulating testosterone levels and spermatogenic activity remained low, testicular CLDN11 mRNA and protein levels were low. CLDN11 was found at apicolateral contacts between adjacent Sertoli cells devoid of the postmeiotic germ cells, suggesting that CLDN11 between adjacent Sertoli cells also participates in the maintenance of seminiferous lumen. In P. maackii testis, CLDN11 as a structural element of the blood-testis barrier dynamically changed according to spermatogenic activity and circulating androgen levels. This is the first study on the CLDN TJs at the BTB in reptilian testis.

A new mungbean variety Samgang (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) was improved from the cross between Keumseongnogdu and V2939 at the Jeollanam-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services (JARES) in 2002. Samgang has erect growth habit, lobed leaflet, green h