본 연구는 FTA 무역협정과 관련하여 기존 연구들이 수행했던 직접운 송원칙에 대한 분석을 넘어서 APTA 직접운송원칙의 운영상 제기된 여 러 문제를 파악하고자 관세청 판례사례를 바탕으로 분석해보고자 하였 다. 연구를 위해 관세청 관세평가 판례 사건번호-조심-2017-30의 심판 청구사건(제목: “APTA 직접운송원칙 위반 여부”)을 연구에 활용하였다. 최근 협정관세율 적용이 배제되어 관세를 부과 당하는 처분 사례가 증가 하고, 심사청구, 적부심사 사건 분쟁이 꾸준하게 늘고 있는 상황에서 이 번 연구 주제에 대한 논의가 APTA를 적용받고자 하는 무역 기업에 유 용한 자료를 제공하고 있다는 점에서 연구의 의의가 있다.

An oxidative fumigant is potent to kill insect pests infesting stored grains. Its oxidative activity generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been considered to be a main insecticidal factor. Furthermore, the oxidative fumigant has cytotoxic effect to insect cell lines, but the cytotoxicity is abrogated by antioxidant treatment. This study aimed to extend the usefulness of the oxidative fumigant in terms of medical purpose against cancer cells. Five cancer cell lines HCT 116 (human colorectal), Lovo (human colorectal), SW480 (human colorectal), MDA-MB-231 (human breast), and MCF-7 (human breast) were tested to determine their susceptibility to the oxidative fumigant with reference to two insect cell lines (Sf9 and Hi-Five). All cancer cell lines were highly susceptible to the oxidative fumigant, compared to the insect cell lines. Interestingly, basal ROS levels of the cancer cell lines were much higher than the insect cell lines. Furthermore, the oxidative fumigant significantly increased the ROS levels in the cancer cells. Treatment of vitamin E as an antioxidant mitigated the cytotoxicity of the oxidative fumigant. Thus, the high susceptibility of cancer cells to the oxidative fumigant may be induced by their high inducible ROS production. This study also investigated the antiviral activity of the oxidative fumigant against insect and plant viruses. The oxidative fumigant significantly inactivated a baculovirus (dsDNA virus) by inhibiting polyhedral production in Sf9 cells. It also inactivated tobacco mosaic virus (ssRNA virus) by suppressing phytopathogenicity. These results support a broad effect of the oxidative fumigant, which can be applied to agricultural and medical purposes.

A novel oxidant fumigation (NOF) is a commercial bleaching and disinfection agent. Recent study indicates its insecticidal activity. However, its exact mode of action to kill insects is not known. This study sets up a hypothesis that reactive oxygen species released from NOF is a main factor to kill insects. Plodia interpunctella is a lepidopteran insect pest infesting various stored grains. Both larvae and adults were susceptive to NOF. To test the hypothesis, we needed to identify antioxidant genes in P. interpunctella. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thioredoxin-peroxidase (Trx) were identified from P. interpunctella EST library using ortholog sequences of Bombyx mori. Both SOD and Trx were expressed in larvae of P. interpunctella expecially against oxidative stress induced by bacterial challenge. The bacterial challenge also induced some heat shock protein (HSP) genes. Similarly, different doses of NOF significantly induced both SOD and Trx genes. There results suggest that NOF at sublethal doses releases reactive oxygen species, which may be detoxified by the antioxidant activities of SOD and Trx of P. interpunctella.

A novel oxidant fumigation (NOF) has been considered as alternative fumigant to replace methyl bromide that is a serious ozone depleter. Its high oxidative activity has been used as a bleaching or sanitary agent. Though some reports an insecticidal activity of NOF, its insecticidal action is yet to be understood. This study was conducted with an observation of an insecticidal activity of NOF against Plodia interpunctella, which is a stored grain insect pest. Cytotoxicity test was performed by using MTT assay, NOF gave a significant cytotoxicity on both Sf9 cells and HiFive insect cell lines. Sf9 cells were higher susceptible (IC50 = 43.2+ 3.5 ppm) to chloride dioxide than HiFive cells (IC50 = 174.6 + 5.9 ppm). To understand its cytotoxic effect on P. interpunctella, the larval hemocytes were incubated in vitro with different doses of NOF for 40 min at room temperature. In a dose-dependent manner, NOF gave a significant toxicity to the hemocytes. When NOF was injected to larvae of P. interpunctella, it significantly reduced total hemocyte counts compared to control. These results indicate that NOF has cytotoxic effect against hemocytes of P. interpunctella. This hemolytic activity of NOF can be regarded as a lethal factor to the stored grain insect pest.

Several species of the genus Aphidius are used in biological control programs against aphid pests throughout the world and their behavior and physiology are well studied. But despite knowing the importance of sensory organs in their behavior, their antennal structure is largely unknown. In this study, the external morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla on the antennal of both female and male adults of A. colemani were described using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Generally, the filaform antennae of males (1,515.20±116.48 ㎛) are longer than females (1,275.06±116.42㎛). Antennae of this species is made up of scape, pedicel and flagellomeres. Male and female antennae differed in the total number of flagellomeres as 15 in males and 13 in females. Female and male antennae of A. colemani has samely seven types of sensilla. We classified sensilla placodea, Bohm bristles, 2 types of sensilla coeloconica, , 2 types of sensilla basiconica as with a tip pore and with wall pores, sensilla trichodea. In addition, the possible functions of the above sensilla types are discussed in light of previously published literature; mechanoreception(Bohm bristles, sensilla coeloconicaⅡ and sensilla trichodea) and chemoreception(sensilla coeloconicaⅠ, sensilla basiconicaⅠ,Ⅱ and sensilla placodea). Future studies on the functional morphology of the antennal sensilla of A. colemani using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electrophysiological recordings will likely confirm the functions of the different sensilla identified in this study.