하구와 연안역은 조석주기에 따라 수층 혼합과 해수 유동이 활발하므로 보다 정확한 수질측정 결과를 얻기 위해서는 조 석조건을 고려해서 시료를 채취해야 한다. 우리나라 해양환경공정시험기준에서는 평균적인 상황에 대한 자료를 확보하고자 조석중간 에 시료 채취를 권장하는 반면, Kaplovsky(1957), Fortune and Mauraud(2015) 등 다수의 해외 연구에서는 간조 또는 만조와 같은 정조시 조사할 것을 권장한다. 또한 국내 해양환경정책의 수립과 평가에 활용 중인 해양환경측정망 자료의 조석효과를 파악하기 위해 2014~2020년 마산만 조사결과를 정조시와 조석중간 두 그룹으로 나누어 분석한 결과, COD, TN, TP 등 주요 해양환경지표의 두 그룹 간 수질측정값 간 차이가 있음을 확인했다. 해양환경측정망은 연안오염총량관리을 비롯한 다양한 해양환경정책의 계획수립, 목표설정 및 평가에 활용되는 만큼 정도관리가 중요하다. 이를 위해서 해양환경측정망 자료 항목으로 조석정보를 추가하고, 같은 조석조건하의 조사를 단계적으로 확대해 갈 것을 제안한다.

Despite the expectation that small green spaces provide high cooling effects, making air temperatures drop such effect in urban areas has been less explored in comparison to larger parks and urban forests. These knowledge gap has required advanced techniques to record spatial and temporal data and analysis small green spaces cooling effects. A temperature-sensing unit with ventilated double cylinder shelter (TVC) meets the needs and is known as an advanced device to record temperature data more accurately using a T-type thermocouple with a ventilator. This device also can be useful to develop guidance to describe thermal environment with a finer scale and an experimental research design for identifying air temperature data with spatial analysis using TVC. However, how we would conduct transect survey with this device and make a thermal map based on the collected data is not well known. The purpose of the study was to find out the usage of TVCs in collecting air temperature data and was to produce a thermal map of the study site and analyze temperature mitigation effect of each green space. The processes to create a thermal map required complicating, endeavoring and time-consuming works as well as skills to use computer programs for space drawing and spatial analysis. The overview of all the processed to get a thermal map should be helpful for researchers and students. Collected air temperature data and recorded time of them were downloaded, converted to Excel file (XLS) and ready to be analyzed through ArcGIS 9. In the mean time, recorded transect routes were drawn on the site map as polylines and made into spatial points through AutoCAD 2007. The routes consisted of five routes classified into the lawn, the rain garden, the residence, the prairie, and the forest. Separately, each route was drawn because it should reflect its spatial and temporal specification as for when the measurement was conducted. The spatial points of each route created by AutoCAD were converted to shape files (*.shp) and added fields of air temperature and time data in their attribute tables through ArcGIS. This work was done in each measurement hour and day. To create a thermal map, were shape files of each measurement time and the boundary of the site required. IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) in ArcGIS was analyzed for each measurement hour (10h, 13h, 16h and 19h (20h)). In each analysis, the spatial points of measured air temperature were calculated to get an isotherm distribution for the measurement hour which we call a thermal map. The thermal maps show the air temperature distribution at 10h, 13h, 16h, and 20h. They also can show how land covers have an impact on the change of air temperature on their point and the surrounding areas. The air temperature of the prairie raises up in the morning (21℃) and continues to be cool during the day and after sunset. Meanwhile, the lawn starts at lower air temperature and goes to hotter. The residence is kept lower in its air temperature by big trees. The rain garden and the forest seem to have more time to discuss on why they are not sure their cooling effects.

Research to reduce urban temperatures and mitigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has focused primarily on the role of large urban green spaces as cool islands (Oke, 2004;Park et al., 2017). However, the role of small green spaces (SGs) such as street trees and pocket parks has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this research is to assess the mitigating effect of SGs on micro-UHI through a comparative analysis of air temperatures of SGs and non-green spaces (NGs), that include building-shaded spaces (BS) and non-shaded, impervious, paved spaces (PS) completely exposed to sunlight. Six urban blocks were the study site and in a highly developed area, Jongnogu and Junggu, Seoul, 37°34′N 126°58′E, South Korea and also located in the same micro-climatic zone. They had SGs which were vegetation patches presented as distinct areas of tree cover. And they were mapped through aerial images analysis and field survey. The experiment was conducted across six urban blocks in a highly developed area in Seoul, South Korea during daytime in summer. Two researchers at each block simultaneously recorded air temperatures at 1.5 m above the ground level using mobile loggers at one-minute intervals for an hour. Measurements were repeated three times, and 1,296 temperature readings were collected in total and made 174 mean temperature data. ArcGIS was used to perform solar radiation analysis to highlight SGs, BSs, and PSs on a thermal map. The highest air temperatures and the lowest air temperatures of each block were extracted and classified. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis H test utilizing SPSS statistics were used to verify the significant differences in mean air temperatures between SGs (TSG), PSs (TPS), and BSs (TBS). As a result, ΔTPS-B (the thermal effect of PSs on a block‘s air temperature) ranged from –1.38 ℃ to 2.28 ℃ with fifty-six points, ΔTBS-B (the thermal effect of BSs on a block’s air temperature) ranged from –2.38 ℃ to 2.38 ℃ with fifty-eight points and ΔTSG-B (the thermal effect of SGs on a block’s air temperature) ranged from –1.98 ℃ to 1.62 ℃ with sixty points. 68% (N = 41) of SGs were a negative number of ΔTSG-B while 50% of BSs shows a negative number. The result means that SGs contribute to reducing microscopic UHI than BSs which have much more shade area than SGs have. The results showed that SGs contributed to significantly reducing TBi up to 2.9 ℃ while BS reduced TBi up to 2.7 ℃. The highest TBi was on a PS. The air temperature difference between SGs and NGs over all the blocks ranged from 0.9 ℃ to 2.9 ℃. The air temperature difference between PS and SG was significant and ranged from 0.2 ℃ to 2.0 ℃, while the difference between BS and SG was significant and ranged from 0.1 ℃ to 1.2 ℃.

Urban green spaces can mitigate negative impacts of urban heat island effect by creating cooling buffer zones. These cooling areas improve micro-climatic conditions and human health. Green space is important to reducing urban air temperature maxima and variation. Thus, there is an expectation that small green spaces (SGs) provide high cooling effects and thus make air temperatures drop. Meanwhile, such an effect in urban areas has been under-explored and needs more detailed spatial and temporal data. The purpose of the study was to develop a measurement method to detect temperature of various SGs with TVC and find the effect of TVC on accuracy of measured air temperature data in comparison with other non ventilation devices. We updated the cad file of the study site through comparing it with Google Map and conducting field surveys on the site. Transect survey was required to build a measurement route. We toured the study site by walk repeatedly to get the optimistic route which would have enough data points. One of considered routes which were inside of the forest and could make us get significantly influencing data was not founded for no trails so excluded in our study. After the field survey, we observed the study routes through a digital camcorder (Gopro) and recorded them on the cad file of the site because these data points should include air temperature and time data in their attribute table. As for transect survey, a researcher walked through the defined routes and collected air temperature data with two TVCs every second and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil every minute at the height of 1.5m from the ground. Stationary survey was conducted with two TVCs in every second data collection and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil in every minute data collection on the resting area at the entrance of the site. One of TVCs and one of Testo loggers were set at the height of 0.5m while the others of TVCs and Testo loggers were at the height of 1.5m. On the stationary point, other microclimate variables such as wind velocity, wind direction and solar irradiance were also measured and recorded every minute. We repeated the measurement for one day or two days a month (November, 2016 ~ May, 2017) and four times a day. The measuring days were selected when they were clean and calm. As a result, air temperature from TVCs was entirely lower than that from Testo loggers on the stationary survey. This trend was shown during the day rather than after sunset. The difference of air temperature from between TVCs and Testo loggers ranged from 2 ℃ after sunset to 5 ℃ at 16h. At the height of 0.5m, a Testo logger's data showed much higher than a TVC's data. These results show that Testo loggers tend to be easily influenced by the change of solar radiation. Moreover, there was the ventilation effect at the stationary. So no ventilation could be the main reason why Testo loggers' data were high. However, TVCs' lower temperature explains how effectively these devices block the solar radiation and ventilate air inside the cylinder.

Clubroot is a devastating disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae and results in severe losses of yield and quality in Brassica crops including Brassica oleracea. Therefore, it is important to identify resistance gene for CR disease and apply it to breeding of Brassica crops. In this study, we applied genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technique to construct high resolution genetic map and mapping of clubroot resistance (CR) genes. A total of 18,187 GBS markers were identified between two parent lines resistant and susceptible to the disease, of which 4,103 markers were genotyped in all 78 F2 plants generated from crossing of both parent lines. The markers were clustered into nine linkage groups spanning 879.9 cM, generating high resolution genetic map enough to refine reported reference genome of cabbage. In addition, through QTL analysis using 78 F2:3 progenies and mapping based on the genetic map, two and single major QTLs were identified for resistance of race 2 and race 9 of P. brassicae, respectively. These QTLs did not show collinearity with CR loci found in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) but roughly overlapped with CR loci identified in cabbage for resistance to race 4. Taken together, genetic map and QTLs obtained in this study will provide valuable information to improve reference genome and clubroot resistance in cabbage.

Chloroplasts are plant-specific organelles, which have their own genome. Most of the plant chloroplast genomes (CP genome) are highly conserved in terms of its gene contents and genome structures, and they exist in cells with abundant copy numbers. Because of numerous copy numbers, the complete chloroplast sequence assembly pipeline with small amount of whole genome resequencing data, produced by NGS technique, was established in our laboratory. From 14 accessions of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) resequencing data produced by Illumina Hi-seq 2000, CP genomes were assembled and compared to each other. 18 sequence variance regions were detected, and 6 HRM(High Resolution Melting curves) markers were developed. Approximately 1 Gb of whole genome sequencing data of 10 Brassica rapa and 2 Brassica napus were also obtained from Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science. With these resequencing data, all CP genomes from these accessions were assembled. Total 27 complete CP genomes of B.oleracea, B.rapa, B.napus, and brassico-raphanus which is a novel allotetraploid species between B.rapa and Raphanus sativus, were compared in sequence level. Phylogenetic analysis based on the comparison revealed that B.rapa could be the maternal species when rapeseeds and brassico-raphanus became allotetraploid species. Additionally, CP genome of B.napus cv.M083 is closer to B.rapa accessions than the other B.napus accessions, thus B.napus could have several different origins.

Mitochondria are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells and plant cells contain varying numbers of mitochondrial genome sequences. Sizes and shapes of mitochondria differ within a tissue or in the same cells. Previously sequenced complete mitochondrial genome (NC_016118) of Brassica oleracea size was 360,271 bp, where segmental duplication (repeat block) was 141,800 bp. In this study, we resequenced this whole mitochondrial genome by using WGS (whole genome sequencing) and assembled organelles genome method (unpublished). Newly sequenced mitochondrial genome length was 219,975 bp and circle form. A new sequence segment of approximately 4,800 bp was obtained compared to the previous genome sequence without any large repeat block. Newly obtained mitochondria genome sequence was compared with recently reported mitochondria genome sequences of various species (B. oleracea, B. juncea, B. rapa, B. napus and B. carinata) and subspecies (cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, broccoli and kale) by PCR using primers specifying different region of genome sequences. PCR analysis results have also confirmed the variation between previous and newly sequenced mitochondrial genome circles form. Thus, the results suggest new B. oleracea mitotype, including evolutionary events such as inheritance, rearrangement, genome compaction, and diversity

Next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches can also be useful tool for characterization of organelle genomes. We generated chloroplast (CP) genome sequences of two Korean ginseng cultivars, Chunpoong and Yunpoong, based on reference-guided assembly using whole genome NGS data. We used 0.5x of P. ginseng genome NGS reads to assemble CP genome. Of the NGS reads used, about 6% were mapped to the reference CP genome with mean coverage of 94x due to high copy number of CP genome in plant cell. CP genomes of the two cultivars were predicted to be 156,248 bp and 156,355 bp in length and showed about 0.1% differences at nucleotide level, compared to reference CP genome sequenced from P. ginseng (Acc.no. NC_006290), whereas difference between CP genomes of the two cultivars is very rare. In this study, we developed the molecular marker to perform taxon identification and also to elucidate phylogenetic relationship among Korean ginseng cultivars. Now, we are analyzing the CP genomes of other P. ginseng cultivars together with other Panax species including American ginseng and Panax related species.

Miniature inverted- repeat transposable elements are expected to play vital role in evolution of genes and genome of major eukaryotic organisms. However, there have been little reports on MITEs in B. rapa, a polyploidy model genome. We identified 13 novel MITE families in B. rapa genome by computational approach. Out of 13 MITEs families three, eight and two were classified under stowaway-like, tourist-like and hAT super families based on their unique structural characteristics. We characterized the members of 13 MITE families from the available 256 Mbp from whole genome draft sequences of B. rapa. We found ech MITE has high copiy number ranges from 14 to 977 which are distributed randomly along all the chromosomes. We also found more than 40% of the MITE members were associated with genes and gene rich regions. Furthermore, the polymorphism due to insertion and non-insertion of MITEs analysis suggest that MITEs are active in the genome. As, such the newly identified MITEs will provide a foundation for the further analysis of roles of MITEs in gene and genome evolution.

family in the Brassica genome sequences by computational approach. The MITE family showed a total of 264bp length including 36bp terminal inverted repeats and remained 2bp (TA) targets it eduplication by its insertion. By searching the genome database of Brassica species, 516, 227, and 15 members were identified from 470Mbp of Brassica oleraceae, 154Mbp of B.rapa and 15Mbp of B.napus, respectively, indicating that there are approximately 692, 760, 1235 copies in B.oleracea, B.rapa and B.napus genomes,respectively. A total of 225 relatively intact MITE members, 146,68, and 11 members, which showed >80% sequence similarity and sequence coverage were identified and retrieved for MITE analysis from B.oleracea, B.rapa and B.napus genomes, respectively. Out of 225 MITE family members 159 having full structure of MITE and 66 having the truncated end either in right TIR or left TIR. Insertion polymorphism due to insertion or non-insertion of MITEs showed high level of polymorphism among accessions intra and inter species of Brassica. The new MITE would provide abetter tool for study molecular breeding in Brassica species and also helpful to understand their contribution in evolution and diversification of the highly duplicated Brassica genome.

Perilla is a genus as a member of the mint family Lamiaceae which is known to contain lots of volatile metabolite. Perilla has been called as ‘deulkae’ indicating ‘wild sesame’ that means it has been maintained in Korea with long history. It has been very friendly used as edible oil and as fresh leaf vegetable. Perilla oil is valued for its medicinal benefit because it contains best amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, especially for the alpha-linolenic acid, known to omega-3 fatty acid, among all of the plant oils. It also include many beneficial phytochemicals. However, little study is conducted on their genetics. Here, we announce construction of well normalized and full length enriched-perilla cDNA library from a whole plant of one cultivar ‘Youngho-deulkae’ and their sequence characterization to provide useful resources for genetics, breeding and metabolite engineering. By sequencing of 5,760 cDNA clones, we 5,438 high quality EST sequences. Sequence trimming and assembly resulted 3,995 unigenes which consists 1,004 contigs and 2,991 singletones. Unigenes that showed little homology at the DNA sequence level with known genes in other plants even though they showed similarity at the protein domain level based on BLASTN, BLASTX, and TBLASTX. This study may provide good resources for initiation of further genomics, comparative genomics, functional genomics such as metabolic engineering and molecular breeding.