Four estrus-induced Himalayan tahrs (Hemitragus jemlahicus) were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen by laparoscopic or transcervical insemination techniques with no regard to the site of ovulation in non-breeding season. In June and July, 2009, estrus was synchronized by Eazi-Breed (Controlled internal drug release; Pfizer Animal Health, New Zealand) insertion for 16 days and PG 600 (PMSG 400IU, hCG 200 IU; Intervet, Netherlands) injection (IM) a day before removing . Forty eight hours later, laparoscopic or transcervical insemination was done to each of two tahrs under anesthetic condition inducted by ketamine (1.5 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.09 mg/kg). For examination of estradiol and progesterone, blood was collected right before insertion, PG 600 injection, removal and insemination. Estradiol levels of four tahrs (No. 1, 2, 3, 4) before insertion and insemination were 13.3, 8.8, 14.3, 12 pg/ml and 23.5, 25.5, 21.1, 11.5 pg/ml, respectively. Progesterone levels of four tahrs (No. 1, 2, 3, 4) before insertion and insemination were 1.8, 0.05, 0.63, 0.61 ng/ml and 1.03, 0.37, 1.48, 2.12 ng/ml. Except for No. 4 tahr, cervices showed cervical mucus and opened enough to penetrate with embryo transfer gun sheet usually used for cows. Therefore, No.4 was laparoscopically inseminated together with No. 1. In conclusion, none of four Himalayan tahrs was pregnant. However, we proved that estrus could be induced by CIDR and PG 600 injection in non-breeding season, and laparoscopic or transcervical insemination with frozen-thawed semen could be one of assisted reproductive techniques in Himalayan Tahr.

We report herein the successful results of estrus induction, sperm cryopreservation and kids born by transcervical insemination of frozen-thawed semen in a Saanen goat. Flugestone acetate (FGA: 60 mg) was inserted into vagina for 15 days. The goat was intramuscularly injected with 400 IU PMSG and 200 IU hCG (: Intervet, Korea) a day before withdrawal of the FGA sponge. Follicles and corpora lutea were identified on both ovaries by laparoscopy. Artificial insemination was performed 46 hours after removal of FGA sponge. The concentration of frozen-thawed semen was and 0.5 ml of frozen-thawed semen was transcervically inseminated into uterine body under anesthesia. Three kids, all females, were born 144 days after artificial insemination. This is the first report producing kids by transcervical insemination of frozen-thawed semen in a Saanen goat of which the estrus was induced by FGA sponges, PMSG and hCG during non-breeding season in Korea.

Since deteriorated bridge increases each year in Korea and Japan, the study was conducted for the direction of improving reinforcement and conservation for RC deck t because common facts in damaged RC deck is that crack was found in direction 1 and direction 2 that the crack leads to compound damage.

This study has intended to evaluate the subjective landscape of rural region using additive integration index calculation model in Seondong region, Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. This study consists of the following three steps. First, this study defmed the rural landscape using survey and developed the estimating equation for rural landscape assessment index. Second, this study set up assessment units and assessment indicators, then estimated mean of representative landscape adjectives in accordance with them through residents-participatory evaluation. Third, this study calculated rural landscape assessment index using additive integration index calculation model, and evaluated subjective landscape of rural region in accordance with space types and landscape fields through mapping methodology. The results of this study can be described as follows: 1) satisfaction level for landscape in accordance with village (urban area and residential area) was very high; 2) satisfaction level was very high in both Ye-Jeon reservoir and Hakwon farm, representative landscape resources of the study area.

This study has intended to elicit the definition of rural landscape, to classify rural landscape type, and to develop the evaluation indicators of rural landscape, meeting the definition through delphi expert survey method. The survey was performed five times for 80 days by 20 experts. The delphi expert survey asked experts as follows: 1) to fill out open-ended questions regarding the definition of rural landscape, and classification of rural landscape types, and evaluation indicators; 2) to provide their own feasibility evaluation regarding the results of the previous answer; and 3) to reevaluate the feasibility of the definition, types, and indicators. Based on the survey results, this study has found the appropriate definition of rural landscape like the comprehensive complex of physical (objective) and nonphysical (subjective) factors characterizing natural and/or artificial scenary of rural village itself Also, this study has developed the evaluation indicators of rural landscape in accordance with space types and landscape units classified. The developed indicators included areal ratio, the degree of green naturality, the building coverage ratio for physical landscape field, and skyline, landscape adjectives, color landscape, semantic scale.