Bangladeshi medicinal plants (BMP) have a history of traditional use in treating chronic inflammatory diseases, but a BMP bark’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects remain largely unexplored. This study assessed methanolic extracts’ antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties from the bark of 15 medicinal plant species native to Bangladesh. The methanol extracts of BMP bark were evaluated for their total antioxidant activity and ability to counteract inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Among the 15 bark extracts from BMP, Albizia odoratissima (A. odoratissima), Engelhardia spicata (E. spicata), and Shorea robusta (S. robusta) showed the highest total phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity by effectively scavenging free radicals. In particular, these three bark extracts significantly reduced the mRNA expression of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and enzymes inducible by inflammation in macrophages. Also, the mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase 2 was significantly suppressed by the three bark extracts in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results suggest that out of the 15 bark extracts obtained from medicinal plants in Bangladesh, the extracts from A. odoratissima, E. spicata, and S. robusta exhibit substantial total antioxidant capacity by efficiently scavenging free radicals and also inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in macrophages.

KORAD (Korea Radioactive Waste Agency, http://www.korad.or.kr) has stored slightly contaminated ascon (asphalt coated concrete mixture) that was introduced to Gyeongju repository about a decade ago waiting for a final disposal. It is believed to be mainly contaminated by radioisotope 137Cs due to impurities introduced from the outside during the ascon manufacturing process. We studied characteristics of the radioactive waste to see whether this material would be proper enough to be disposed in Gyeongju LILW repository or be other ways to reduce the disposal volume including self-disposal before its final disposal otherwise. KORAD looked into the properness of characteristics of ascon in terms of WAC (Waste Acceptance Criteria) documented by KORAD that includes general chemical and physical properties of asphalt, density, size of grains, content of organic material and possibility of existence of chelate materials that qualitatively limited to be disposed by the criteria. And other associated characteristics such as gas generation and bio degradation were also investigated. Based on the data obtained from the study, we proposed various plausible solutions in associated with operational and disposal safety and economic view points. This study will be used for KORAD’s decision on how to control and safely dispose the spent ascon within a reasonable time period. And also those experiences may be applied for other LILW issues that require treatment or conditioning of radioactive wastes in the future.

Understanding the dispersion of xenon isotopes following a nuclear test is critical for global security and falls within the remit of both the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) and the International Noble Gas Experiment (INGE). This paper aims to show if it is possible to discriminate the source of xenon releases based on the atmospheric dispersion of xenon isotopes using HYSPLIT. Using ORIGEN and SERPENT simulations, four released scenarios are defined with four different fractionation times (i.e., 1 hour, 1 day, 10 days, and 30 days) after a 1kt TNT equivalent 235U explosion event. These time-delayed release scenarios were selected to certify the possibility of mis-determining xenon release source. We use the Lagrangian dispersion model for atmospheric dispersion to predict the concentration distribution of xenon isotopes under each scenario. The model allows us to better understand how these isotopes would distribute over time and space, offering valuable data for real-world detection efforts. To our knowledge, there have been no researches on the analysis of xenon isotopic ratios considering atmospheric dispersion. In this work, we focused on the atmospheric dispersion using HYSPLIT to characterize the xenon isotopic ratios from nuclear tests. In addition, we compared the xenon isotopic ratios obtained from the atmospheric dispersion with those from ORIGEN calculations, which would be helpful to discriminate the source of the xenon releases.

This study was conducted to investigate optimal conditions for cutting propagation of the strawberry cultivar “Sulhyang” through the collection methods of cuttings (runners tips), leaf number of cuttings, and cutting time. Cuttings were collected from the mother plant in the nursery bed (MP) and plants after fruit harvest (HP); the leaf number of cuttings was 0, 1, and 2, and the cutting time was at one-week intervals from June 4 to July 9. The survival rates for MP and HP cuttings were notably high, reaching 99.5% and 98.7%, respectively, but no significant difference was found. The number of roots were higher in MP cuttings, and there was no significant difference in crown and leaf growth. The fruit yields were 419.2 and 428.4 g, for MP and HP cuttings, respectively. The survival rates according to leaf number of cuttings were 98.1% and 98.3% for 1 and 2 remaining leaves, respectively, and remarkably lower at 25.3% for no remaining leaves. The root numbers were 26.0 and 26.3 for 1 and 2 remaining leaves, respectively, compared with 23.5 for no remaining leaves, with no significant differences in crown and leaf growth. The fruit yields were 424.4 and 421.5 g for 1 and 2 remaining leaves, respectively, and 396.7 g for no remaining leaves. The survival rates according to cutting time was over 97.2% in all cutting time without any difference in each treatment. The root, shoot, and crown of the nursery plant before planting showed the best growth in the cuttings on June 4 and 11, resulting in the highest fruit yields of 433.3 and 426.4 g, respectively, with the lowest yields at 384.5 g for cutting time on July 9. Both MP and HP materials proved suitable for strawberry cuttings. The optimal leaf number for cuttings was at least 1, and the optimal cutting time in Gyeongnam area was evaluated as around June 4-11.

Urban areas in watersheds increase the impervious surface, and agricultural areas deteriorate the water quality of rivers due to the use of fertilizers. As such, anthropogenic land use affects the type, intensity and quantity of land use and is closely related to the amount of substances and nutrients discharged to nearby streams. Riparian vegetation reduce the concentration of pollutants entering the watershed and mitigate the negative impacts of land use on rivers. This study analyzes the data through correlation analysis and regression analysis through point data measured twice a year in spring and autumn in 21 selected damaged tributary rivers within the Han River area, and then uses a structural equation model to determine the area land use. In the negative impact on water quality, the mitigation effect of riparian vegetation was estimated. As a result of the correlation analysis, the correlation between the agricultural area and water quality was stronger than that of the urban area, and the area ratio of riparian vegetation showed a negative correlation with water quality. As a result of the regression analysis, it was found that agricultural areas had a negative effect on water quality in all models, but the results were not statistically significant in the case of urban areas. As a result of the model estimated through the structural equation, BOD, COD, TN, and TP showed a mitigation effect due to the accumulation effect of river water quality through riparian vegetation in agricultural areas, but the effect of riparian vegetation through riparian vegetation was found in urban areas. There was no These results were interpreted as having a fairly low distribution rate in urban areas, and in the case of the study area, there was no impact due to riparian forests due to the form of scattered and distributed settlements rather than high-density urbanized areas. The results of this study were judged to be unreasonable to generalize by analyzing the rivers where most of the agricultural areas are distributed, and a follow-up to establish a structural equation model by expanding the watershed variables in urban areas and encompassing the variables of various factors affecting water quality research is required.

해충방제용 미생물 선발을 위해 2018년도에 공원·산림·유기농 근권 토양 87지점을 수집하여 갈색거저리를 이용한 insect-bait법 및 자연조건에서의 감염사충으로부터 곤충병원성 곰팡이를 132균주 분리하였다. 분리된 균주는 점박이응 애, 복숭아혹진딧물에 대한 살충활성 스크리닝을 통하여 각 해충별 살충활성을 보이는 56균주를 선발하였다. 선발된 균주들은 rDNA의 ITS영역을 이용하여 분류동정 하였다. 추가 적용범위 확대를 위해 무잎벌(종령 유충), 거세미나방류 (3~6령 유충)와 같은 지하부 이동성 해충의 방제 가능성을 탐색하기 위해 선발 곤층병원성 곰팡이의 포자 현탁액의 관주처리 방법으로 살충활성을 검정 중이다.

This study aimed to examine the effects of different degrees of defoliation during harvest season on hydroponically cultured ‘Seolhyang’ strawberry's fruit characteristics, plant growth, and changes in nonstructural carbohydrates, and find an effective defoliation method. On November 29, 2013, some of the ‘Seolhyang’ leaves were nondefoliated and the others were defoliated remaining 9 and 5 leaves. The number of fruits and fruit weight were not significantly different in the first flower cluster but in the second, third, and fourth flower clusters decreased as the level of defoliation increased. The soluble solids content and acidity of fruits decreased in all the clusters as the level of defoliation increased. The leaf area and leaf dry weight of strawberry plant in all the treatment groups decreased from January to March and root dry weight sharply decreased during February. Thereafter, during April, the growth of plant increased. As defoliation increased, the dry weight of fruits, flower clusters, crowns, and roots decreased, and during late growing period, difference in dry weight according to the degree of defoliation was considerable. The content of carbohydrate was greater in the leaves than the fruits excepting January 30 and February 28, 2014 and in the case of strawberry plant that continuously produce fruits, the content of carbohydrate decreased in the leaves and roots. As defoliation increased, the content of carbohydrate in fruits, flower clusters, crowns, and roots decreased. Defoliation for strawberry plants is carefully done during harvest season. Twelve leaves during December and 14 leaves from January to March should be maintained, and in April when the number of leaves increases, old leaves should be defoliated.

The turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae is one of the main pests that damage the leaves of cabbage, radish and other cruciferous crops. The developmental biology and morphological characteristics of the immature stages of Athalia rosae were studied in the laboratory using host plant, Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa var. glabra. A. rosae can be mass reared in laboratory throughout the year under RH 60~70%, 16L:8D and 25±1℃. This species has six larval stages in the female and five larval stages in the male. The developmental period is about 28~29 days. Ovipositional periods and larval developmental periods were 6, 9 days, respectively. The pupal period was about 14 days. Illustrations and descriptions of the various immature stages and their behaviors are provided.

경기지역에 발생하는 돌발 및 남방계 해충의 발생실태 조사결과, 겨울철 경기지역 평균기온이 전년보다 3.7℃, 평년보다는 1.2℃ 낮게 경과함에 따라 포도 재배지 꽃매미 평균 월동난 부화율은 35.6%로 전년 대비 60% 감소하였음. 블루베리 재배지 갈색날개매미충의 평균 월동난 부화율은 26.9%로 전년 대비 50% 감소하였으며, 겨울철 피해가지 제거로 부화약충의 밀도는 매우 낮았음. 저온 적응성이 강한 미국선녀벌레의 경우 6월 중순 안성지역 평야 블루베리에서 약충이 가지당 최대 6.64마리 발견되었으나, 하절기 고온 등으로 성충의 밀도는 크게 감소되었음. 남방계 해충인 볼록총채벌레는 포도 재배지에서 5월 하순부터 발견되기 시작하여 7월 상순부터 급격히 증가하는 양상을 보인 가운데 지역별로는 남부지역(안성), 지대별로는 중산간지 > 산간지 > 평야지 순으로 높은 경향을 보였음.

종류가 다른 보광등과 난방등으로 보광을 해주었을 때, 절화 장미의 수확량, 절화수명, 엽색에 미치는 영향을 비교 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 보광등으로 LED등 (Light emitting diode lamp, LED), 메탈할라이드등 (Metal halide lamp, MH), 고압나트륨등 (High-pressure sodium lamp, HPS)과 난방등으로 나노탄소섬유 적외선 등 (Nano-carbon fiber infrared lamp, NCFI)을 절화장미 를 재배하고 있는 농가의 수경재배 베드 위에 설치하였다. 절화 장미 수확량과 판매 가능한 절화수는 HPS 처리에 의해 봄과 가을에 크게 증가하였다. 품질의 주요 기준이 되는 절화장은 봄철에는 전등처리에 의해 대조구 보다 길어졌으나, 겨울에는 오히려 감소하였다. 겨울에는 전등처리로 인해 개화가 촉진되어 영양생장기간이 상대적으로 짧아졌기 때문으로 생각된다. 절화수명은 전등 처리시간이 짧은 가을에는 처리간 차이가 보이지 않았으나, 겨울에는 HPS에서만 대조구에 비해 3일 정도 길어 졌다. 엽색은 가을철 보다는 겨울철에 전등처리의 영향 을 크게 받았으며, 모든 보광등(LED, MH, HPS)처리에서 엽색이 짙어진 반면, 난방등으로 이용되고 있는 NCFI에서는 대조구와 비슷한 밝기였다. 결론적으로, HPS는 절화장과 절화수명을 길게하며, 수확량도 증가시 키므로 매우 좋은 보광등이라고 판단되었다. NCFI는 발열양이 많기 때문에 난방등으로의 기능은 충분할지라도 판매 가능한 절화수가 감소하고 품질지수가 저하되기 때문에 보광등으로서의 역할은 미약할 것으로 판단되었다.

다육식물은 건조에 강하고 엽색이 계절마다 바뀌는 등 관상 가치가 높아 소비가 지속적으로 늘고 있다. 그러나 일부 다육 식물들은 분지 없이 초장만 너무 길어져 옆으로 쓰러지거나 특히, 개화시 화경이 너무 길어져 문제가 되는 종류들이 있다. 본 연구에서는 화제(Crassula americana cv. Flame), 적귀성 (Crassula capitella), 부용(Echeveria ‘Pulv-oliver’)을 대상으 로 생장억제제를 처리하여 초장이 짧고 관상가치가 높은 분 화의 생산이 가능한지를 알아보기 위해 실험을 수행하였다. 식물들을 직경 8cm 플라스틱분에서 재배하면서 paclobutrazol 5, 25, 100, 200mg･L-1, uniconazole 5, 20, 50, 100mg･L-1 용 액을 포트당 40mL씩 토양관주하였다. 처리 후 1개월 간격으 로 3개월까지 초장, 엽형, 엽색 등을 조사하였다. 3개월 후 초 장은 paclobutrazol과 uniconazole 5mg･L-1의 농도에서 대조 구에 비해 화제는 40~46%, 적귀성은 46~58%의 생장억제효 과가 나타나 적절한 크기의 분화가 되었다. 특히 적귀성은 대 조구에서는 개화가 되면서 화경이 너무 길어져 옆으로 쓰러졌 으나 생장억제제 처리구에서는 꽃대 신장과 개화가 크게 억제 되었다. 부용은 실험 중 개화가 진행되어 생육억제 효과가 크 게 나타나지 않았다. 생장억제제가 처리된 화제와 적귀성의 잎은 옆장이 짧아지고 엽폭이 크게 증가하여 도란형의 아름 다운 엽형이 되었다. 또한 엽색도 녹색에서 잎 주위가 적색으 로 물들었다. 결론적으로 화제와 적귀성의 경우 paclobutrazol 5mg･L-1이나 uniconazole 5mg･L-1를 관주 처리하면 초장이 짧아지고 엽형과 엽색이 아름다운 분화 생산이 가능할 것으로 생각되었다.

본 연구는 착과 정도가 ‘설향’ 딸기의 수량, 과실 품질 및 식물체 생육에 미치는 영향을 밝히고자 실시하였다. 1화방부터 4화방까지 과실수가 20, 25, 30이 되도록 착과량을 조절하였고 일부는 무적화 하였다. 주당 착과수가 많을수록 총 과실 생산량은 증가하나 상품성 과실 생산이 감소하고, 비상품과 생산이 증가하였다. 무적화한 대조구는 착과량을 조절한 처리구 보다 1화방과 2화방에서 과실 수량이 많았으나 3화방과 4화방에서 감소하는 경향이었다. 과실의 당도는 착과량이 낮을수록 증가하였다. 각 화방의 수확시기는 착과량이 낮을수록 빨랐다. 2화방과 4화방에서 착과량 20은 무적화한 대조구에 비해 10일 정도 수확이 빨랐다. 2012년 11월 24일 1화방에 적화 처리하였다. 2013년 3월 7일 2화방의 과실 건물중은 대조구에서 가장 많았다. 대조구와 착과량 30은 11월 24일보다 뿌리의 건물중이 감소하였다. 4 월 9일 3화방의 과실 건물중은 처리에 따른 유의적 차이가 없었으나 영양생장 기관인 잎, 뿌리, 크라운의 건물중은 착과량이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 5월 12일 착과량이 증가할수록 엽면적과 영양생장 기관의 건물중이 감소하였고, 생육 후기로 갈수록 착과 정도에 의한 차이가 현저하였다. ‘설향’ 딸기의 적정 착과량은 20에서 25 정도이며, 착과량을 조절하여 영양생장과 생식생장의 균형을 유지하는 것이 안정적인 과실생산을 위해 매우 중요하다.

Using whole cell current- and voltage-clamp recording we investigated the characteristics and pharmacology of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated responses in rat medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons. In current clamp conditions, activation of mGluR I by application of the group I mGluR agonist (R,S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) induced a direct excitation of MVN neurons that is characterized by depolarization and increased spontaneous firing frequency. To identify which of mGluR subtypes are responsible for the various actions of DHPG in MVN, we used two subtype-selective antagonists. (S)-(+)- alpha-amino-a-methylbenzeneacetic acid (LY367385) is a potent competitive antagonist that is selective for mGluR1, whereas 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) is a potent noncompetitive antagonist that is selective for mGluR5. In voltage clamp conditions, DHPG application increased the frequency of spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) but had no effect on amplitude distributions. Antagonism of the DHPG-induced increase of miniature IPSCs required the blockade of both mGluR1 and mGluR5. DHPG application induced an inward current, which can be enhanced under depolarized conditions. DHPG-induced current was blocked by LY367385, but not by MPEP. Both LY367385 and MPEP antagonized the DHPG-induced suppression of the calcium activated potassium current (IAHP). These data suggest that mGluR1 and mGluR5 have similar roles in the regulation of the excitability of MVN neurons, and show a little distinct. Furthermore, mGluR I, via pre- and postsynaptic actions, have the potential to modulate the functions of the MVN.

커피나무(Coffea arabica L. ‘Blue Mountain’)의 분화 관상식물로 개발할 목적으로 적정 용토와 액비농 도를 구명하기 위한 실험을 수행하였다. 분용토 선발을 위하여 토실이상토, 폐암면입자 + 일반상토, 폐암면입 자 + PUR(스펀지)입자, 폐암면입자 + 목재칩, 그리고 일반상토를 이용하여 약 3개월간 재배한 결과, 초장 및 수관폭 등 생육지표에서 폐암면입자 + 일반상토와 폐암면입자 + PUR입자가 가장 좋았다. 엽록소와 엽색 에서 토실이상토, 폐암면입자 + 일반상토, 그리고 폐암 면입자 + PUR입자에서는 진한 녹색으로 관상가치가 높았으나, 폐암면입자 + 목재칩과 일반상토구에서는 녹 색이 엷어져 상품성이 많이 떨어졌다. 적정 액비 농도 를 구명하기 위해 Hyponex를 2000, 1000, 500배 희석액으로 1회/주 살포한 결과, 1000배 희석액까지는 뚜렷한 차이가 보이지 않았으나 500배 희석액에서는 생육이 더 좋고 엽색도 진한 녹색으로 상품가치가 더 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 폐암면입자에 일반 상토나 PUR입자를 혼합하여 사용하고 Hyponex 500 배 희석액을 주 1회 관주하면 좋은 품질의 커피나무 분화를 생산할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.