Insects, constituting a classification group with exceptionally high diversity, account for over half of all known species on Earth and over 80% of the animal kingdom, holding potential for diverse genetic resources. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the distribution of terrestrial insects in major surveyed areas, focusing on firefly habitats in Muju-gun and key locations such as Ilsadae, Pahoe, Sushimdae, and Naedori Riverside Park in Muju-gun, to acquire fundamental data for the exploration and management of natural resources. As result of survey, Total 12 order, 104 family, 314 species of insect has been confirmed.

본 조사는 2023년 국가생물다양성 기관연합 공동조사의 일환으로 제주도 곶자왈도립공원 및 선흘곶 동백동 산 일대의 곤충류 분포현황을 파악하고, 자연자원의 발굴 및 관리에 대한 기초자료를 확보하고자 수행되었다. 곤충류 현지조사는 주요 곤충류가 출현하는 시기인 2023년 5월 22~26일 및 8월 28일~9월 1일 총 2회에 걸쳐 채집 조사가 수행되었다. 조사방법으로는 조사지 주변에 깔때기 트랩을 설치하여 조사 마지막날 수거하였으며, 주간 에는 포충망을 이용하여 채어잡기, 쓸어잡기, 털어잡기, 직접찾기 및 사진촬영 등을 수행하였다. 야간에는 조사 시 식생이 양호한 지역을 선정하여 일몰 전에 유아등을 설치한 후 자정 이전까지 야간조사도 병행하였다. 현지조 사를 통하여 채집된 곤충은 연구실로 가져온 후 건조표본 및 액침표본으로 제작되었으며, 각 분류군별 도감을 참고하여 종 수준까지 분류 및 동정 작업을 수행하였다. 조사결과 총 10목 69과 264종의 곤충류가 조사되어 비교 적 다양한 분류군이 출현하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 금번조사 결과 멸종위기야생생물 Ⅱ급에 해당되는 애기 뿔소똥구리 1종이 확인되었으며, 국외반출 승인대상종 46종, 유용곤충 17종, 분포특이종 12종, 해충 9종, 고유종 5종 등을 포함하여 총 70종의 특정종이 확인되었다.

A colony of Solenopsis invicta was first intercepted on Gamman pier, Pusan port in Korea at September, 2017 by Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency. The mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) of workers was analyzed and compared with vary libraries of mt-DNA haplotypes to elucidate the origin of the introduced colony with the trade pattern of the Gamman pier. The mt-DNA fragment of 768 bp, which is part of the Cytochrome oxidae I gene, was amplified and sequenced. The results showed that the mt-DNA was in the clade of haplotype 5, which is endemic in southern USA, China, Taiwan, and Australia. More than 60% of containers are imported from China into Gamman pier, it may be possible to assume that the colony was inadvertently invaded through containers from China.

Recently a colony of Solenopsis invicta, the red imported fire ant (RIFA), was intercepted on Gamman pier, Pusan port in Korea by Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency. It has been generally known that RIFA has two social forms as monogyne and polygyne, which showing the behavioral differences between the two forms and dictated by a pheromone binding protein, Gp-9. The social forms of the RIFA colony was revealed as polygyne form, when the GP-9 gene was analyzed by three allelic discrimination assays including Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR), rh-Amp SNP Genotyping, and peptide nucleic acid probe-based RT-PCR in this study.

On the analysis of triacylglycerol (TG) from the kernels of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus by reversed phase-HPLC, it was separated into three main fractions of PN 44, 46 and 48, according to partition number (PN). On the contrary, it could be clearly classified into seven fractions of SMM, MMM, SMD, MMD, SDD, MDD and MDT by silver ion-HPLC by the number of double bond in the acyl chains of TG species. But resolution of so-called critical pairs of TG molecular species such as molecular pairs of PeLL [C18:1Ω12/(C18:2Ω6)2] and OLL [C18:1Ω9/(C18:2Ω6)2] and OOL [(C18:1Ω9)2/C18:2Ω6], and PePeL [(C18:2Ω12)2/C18:1Ω6] was not achieved (Pe; petroselinic acid, L; linoleic acid, O; oleic acid). On the other hand, TG extracted from Aralia continentalis kernels were also fractionated into seven groups of SSM, SMM, MMM, SMD, MMD, SDD and MDD (S; saturated acid, M; monoenoic acid, D; dienoic acid) by silver ion-HPLC, although it's were classified into three groups of PN 44, 46 and 48 by reversed phase-HPLC. The fractions of SMM, MMM, MMD and MDD were divided into two subfractions, respectively; the fractions of SMM, MMM, MMD and MDD were resolved into the subfraction of PPe/Pe and POO (critical pairs from each other), that of Pe/Pe/Pe and OOO, that of Pe/Pe/L and OOL, and that of Pe/L/L and OLL.

Fatty acid compositions of the seed oils of P. schinseng, A. continentalis and A. sessiliflorus, were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a capillary column. A large unusual peak was observed just before the peak corresponding to oleic acid (cis-9-C18:1). This unknown fatty acid was isolated by silver ion chromatography and then derivatized into the picolinyl ester. The mass spectrum of the picolinyl ester showed molecular ion at m/z=373 with other diagnostic ions such as m/z=178, 218, 232, 246, 274, 288, 302 and 344. Characteristic absorption peaks at 720 cm-1, 1640 cm-1 and 3010 cm-1 in IR spectrum indicated the presence of cis-configurational double bond in the molecule. The 1H-NMR spectrum of this acid gave two quintets centered at δ1.638 (2H, C-3) and δ1.377 (2H, C-4), and two multiplets centered at δ2.022~2.047 (2H, C-5) and δ2.000~2.022 (2H, C-8), and multiplet signals of olefinic protons centered at δ5.3015~5.3426 (C-6, J=9.5 Hz) and δ 5.3465~5.3877 (C-7, J=9.5 Hz). The 13C-NMR spectrum showed 18 carbon resonance signals including an overlapped signal at δ29.7002 for C-12 and δ29.6520 for C-13 (or they can be reversed), and other highly resolved signals at δ33.950, δ24.558, δ26.773 and δ27.205 due to C-2, C-3, C-5 and C-8 of a δ6-octadecenoic acid, respectively. From analysis results this unknown fatty acid could be identified as cis-6-octadecenoic acid. The seed oils of P. schinseng and A. sessiliflorus contained petroselinic acid (59.7%, 56.0%), oleic acid (18.3%, 6.1%) and linoleic acid (16.2%, 30.4%) with small amount of palmitic acid (3.0%, 3.1%) while the seed oil of A. continentalis comprised mainly oleic acid (30.2%), petroselinic acid (29.0%), linoleic acid (24.1%) and palmitic acid (13.1%).

A mixture of methyl ester derivatives of fatty acids from the oils of pine nuts was well resolved to five fractions differing by degree of unsaturation by silver ion solid-phase extraction column chromatography (Ag+-SEC). Polyunsaturated fatty acid with non-methylene interrupted conjugated double bond (NMiDB) radical held more strongly to silver ions in the column than methylene interrupted conjugated double bond (MiDB) one when they had the same number of double bonds. Although both the picolinyl ester and DMOX derivative provided clear mass ion species powerful enough to elucidate the structure of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) with NMiDB and/or methylene interrupted conjugated double bond (MiDB) radical in the oils, the picolinyl ester of PUFA with NMiDB radical did not provide a cluster of mass ions neighboring diagnostic mass ions induced by the double bond in the proximal to the carboxyl group. However, the DMOX derivative of PUFA with NMiDB group as well as MiDB showed abundant mass ion species differing by gaps of 12 amu, which made it possible with greater ease to locate the double bonds in the molecule. The oil contained C18:2Ω6 (46.2 %) and C18:1Ω9 (25.4 %) as main components, and considerable amounts of PUFAs with NMiDB radical such as δ5. 9. 12-C18:3 (16.0 %), δ5. 9-C18:2 (2.3 %) and δ5. 11. 14-C20:3 (0.8 %).

Bowlesia incana Ruiz & Pav., a new invasive alien plant in Korea, was found in Ulju-gun, Ulsan Metropolitan City. This species is characterized as being similar to the genera Hydrocotyle Tourn. ex L. and Centella L. However, it differs morphologically from these two genera in leaves, flowers, and fruits, as well as stellate pubescence growing on the whole plant. In Korea, Bowlesia incana Ruiz & Pav. is recorded for the first time in this study. A morphological description, distribution map, and illustrations based on the Korean materials collected are presented.

Purpose – In this study, previous CSR researches was reviewed to help understand the CSR effects, and offer suggestions for future research directions. Research design, data, and methodology – To achieve the purpose of this study, previous CSR effects related researches were reviewed based on stakeholder perspectives. Results - After reviewing, some limitations were found. First, most of the CSR related studies in the management area have focused on CSR effects on individual stakeholders such as the shareholder, the employee, and the consumer. Second, it was difficult to find studies on the management aspect of CSR from both an effective and efficient perspective. Conclusions - To overcome these limitations of previous studies, several studies need to be conducted in the future. First, CSR research must be expanded into B-to-B businesses. Few studies try to figure out the effect of CSR on B-to-B businesses but only suggest the effect of CSR on B-to-B business conceptually. Therefore, empirical study needs to be conducted about CSR to show business performance in the B-to-B market. Second, the process of CSR must be developed on how to improve CSRs’ effectiveness and efficiency. Finally, a relationship between a company and individual stakeholders needs to be revised using stakeholders’ multiple identities.

식물의 이차 대사산물은 다양한 생물활성을 가지며 자외선은 이차 대사산물의 생성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 뽕나무는 다양한 종류의 유용 성분을 함유하여 활용가치가 높은 식물 중의 하나이다. 본 연구에서는, UV 조사에 따른 뽕나무 잎의 이차 대사산물의 변화를 조사하기 위하여, 뽕나무 잎을 LC-MS를 이용하여 무표적 분석법으로 분석하였으며, 무표적 분석으로 얻은 scan data를 bioinformatics 프로그램인 R의 XCMS package를 이용하여 profiling 한 결과, 적어도 35종 이상의 화합물에서 UV-C 조사에 따른 양적인 변화가 발견되었다. 이들 중 14종의 화합물은 분리 및 NMR spectrum 비교 또는 표적 분석을 통하여 종류를 확인하였으며, 종류가 확인된 성분에 대해 정량분석을 수행한 결과, morin(464배), oxyresveratrol(256배), 2,3-trans-dihydromorin(170배), 2",4",2,4-tetrahydroxychalcone(120배), catechin(84배), 4"-prenyloxyresveratrol(43배), moracin M(35배) 등의 함량이 현저하게 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 UV-C를 조사한 뽕나무 잎은 대조구에 비하여 항산화 활성이 2.1-2.4배, tyrosinase 억제 활성이 2.3배 증가한 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 조사 결과는 자외선의 조사가 뽕나무 잎의 기능성을 향상시켜 기능성 식품, 약용 또는 화장품 소재로서의 활용 가치를 향상시키는 유용한 수단이 될 수 있음을 보인다.

We conducted a total of 28 surveys from March to October 2016 in Gayasan National Park, to identify threatened plants for climate change, as well as for the effective management of biological organisms and resources against climate changes in Korea. Regarding threatened plants for climate change, we identified a total of 39 taxa, with 11 northern, 2 southern, and 26 taxa of concern. Among these taxa, 33 were identified as wild species. The species threatened by climate change located in the subalpine regions of Gayasan National Park were Abies holophylla Maxim., Abies koreana Wilson, Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., Betula ermanii Cham., Berberis amurensis Rupr., Rhododendron tschonoskii Maxim., Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum (Nakai) Kitam., Primula modesta var. hannasanensis T.Yamaz., Trientalis europaea var. arctica (Fisch.) Ledeb., Thymus quinquecostatus Celak., Parasenecio firmus (Kom.) Y.L.Chen, and Lilium cernuum Kom. These species are expected to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming, since they were confirmed to have a very narrow vertical distribution range. Moreover, although the following species are not included in the list of plants threatened by climate change, it is assumed that the endemic species that grow at the summit, and Grade V floristics special plants, such as Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus., Allium thunbergii var. deltoides (S.O.Yu, S.Lee & W.Lee) H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh, Heloniopsis tubiflora Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N. Tamura, Aletris glabra Bureau & Franch, and Gymnadenia cucullata (L.) Rich., will also be extremely vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, we believe that measures for the conservation of these species are urgently needed, and also that the definition of species threatened by climate change should be broadened to include more objective and valid taxa through the long-term monitoring of species distributed around the summit area.

This study was carried out to inventory the vascular plant flora in Deokjeokdo and its adjacent regions (Mungapdo, Soyado), Ongjin-gun, South Korea, from April to October 2014. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants in this area consisted of 108 families, 362 genera, 578 species, 5 subspecies, 66 varieties and 4 forms, totally 653 taxa. In the flora of this area, 5 taxa of Korean endemic plants were found distributed in the sites, including Hepatica insularis Nakai and Asarum glabrata (C.S.Yook & J.G.Kim) B.U.Oh. Korean rare and endangered plants found in this area were 1 taxa of Critical Endangered Species (CR) and 5 taxa of Vulnerable Species (VU). The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 67 taxa comprising 3 taxa of grade V, 2 taxa of grade IV, 12 taxa of grade III, 3 taxa of grade II and 47 taxa of grade I. Naturalized plants consisted of 67 taxa, such as Chenopodium album L. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. were recognized widely distributed in the area.

본 연구는 능경봉(평창군, 강릉시)지역에 대하여 2008년 8월 과 2013년 4월부터 동년 10월까지 총 7회에 걸쳐 관속식물 분포 를 조사하였다. 전체 조사된 분류군은 75과 261속 383종 4아종 48변종 5품종으로 총 440분류군이 자생하는 것으로 확인되었 다. 주요 식물로 한국특산식물이 15분류군, 산림청지정 희귀식 물 중 약관심종이 11분류군, 환경부 지정 식물구계학적 특정식 물 중 4등급이 11분류군, 3등급이 22분류군으로 확인되었다. 귀 화식물은 총 29분류군으로서 귀화율은 6.6%, 도시화지수 9.0% 로 나타났다. 그밖에 대한약전 및 대한약전외한약(생약)규격집 에 수재된 약용식물은 60분류군으로 조사되었다.

최근 건강에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 과일 가공제품의 소비가 급증하고 있다. 포도는 페놀화합물의 주요 급원의 하나로 포도주스는 항산화, 항염증, 항혈소판 작용 등의 기능을 가지는 다수의 플라보노이드를 포함하고 있다. 일반적으로 캠벨 포도는 농가에서 주스나 와인으로 가장 널리 가공되고 있으나 다양한 포도 품종을 이용하여 브렌딩한 포도주스에 대한 연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 캠벨과 타품종 포도주스를 종류 및 비율을 달리하여 브렌딩 한