The cherry tree borer, Synanthedon bicingulata (Staudinger, 1887), is considered as a tree boring pest boring into cambium layer and weakens the tree. Cherry trees, the host species of S. bicingulata, are the most abundant ornamental trees in South Korea. However, there has been insufficient study conducted on ornamental trees compared to orchards. The study aimed to investigate the injury patterns caused by their larvae based on height and direction they faced. Since life cycle of S. bicingulata in Gangwon province had not been surveyed, occurrence pattern was also investigated using sex attractant. Injury patterns of 253 cherry trees in Chuncheon, were surveyed in April 2023. As a result, the injury occuring under 1 m in height was 2.61 times more extensive than injury between 1m and 2m in height of trunk. Also, the injury on the south-faced trunks was 2.68 times larger than on the north-faced trunks.

수입된 관상용 부추속 종과 야생 부추속 종을 교배하고 새로운 품종을 얻기 위해서는 한국에 자생하는 부추속 종의 개화생리의 이해가 필요하다. 본 연구는 일장처리를 통해 자생 부추속 4종의 화아발달 및 생육특성을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 실험은 국립수목원 유용식물증식센터의 Phyto-Garden System에서 실시되었으며, 온도는 25℃, 습도는 70%로 유지 되었다. 꽃눈이 각 1개씩 출현한 개체를 이용하여, 2019년 6월 28일에 장일(LD, 16hours), 단일(SD, 9hours), 외부환경으로 나누어 실험하였다. LD와 SD처리에서 8:00~17:00(9h)까지 는 296±13μmol･m-2 ･s-1의 광도 하에서 실험하였다. 이후의 추가되는 시간은 형광등을 이용해 약 5μmol･m-2 ･s-1로 일장연장 (day extension, DE)처리를 하였다. 생육조사는 생장특성으로 초장, 초폭, 엽수, 엽장을, 개화특성으로는 꽃의 수와 개화소 요일수를 조사하였다. 실험결과, 한라부추의 단일처리에서 엽수를 제외한 초장, 초폭, 엽장, 엽폭이 장일처리 및 외부환경 보다 높게 측정되어, 4종의 부추속 식물 중 한라부추가 추대 이후 단일처리에서 가장 생장이 왕성한 것으로 확인하였다. 또한, 단일처리에서 개화소요일수는 각각 강부추 51.8일, 둥근 산부추 46.5일, 선부추 43.7일 그리고, 한라부추 52일로 나타 났다. 반면 장일처리의 개체들은 실험종료일까지 전혀 개화하지 않았다. 외부 환경조건에서는 부추속 4종이 평균적으로 97.2일째에 개화하였다. 본 실험은 자생 부추속 4종이 단일처리에서 외부환경보다 화아발달이 촉진되는 결과를 나타냈다.

In the Anzunbaengi (Triticum aestivum) whole wheat flour mixture group, some herbs (A [white], B [yellow], C [black], D [blue], and E [red]) were added. The physicochemical properties were compared to the strong flour and whole wheat flour mixture groups. The dry gluten content of the control group (strong flour) was 13.5±0.4%, and the content in the whole wheat flour test group was slightly lower in value than the control group. The final viscosity, breakdown, and setback values of the dough were 248.4±0.8, 104.8±0.9, and 103.1±2.9 RVU, respectively. The breakdown was significantly different in the control and whole wheat flour groups. The setback value of the dough was increased by 30 RVU in the whole wheat flour test group compared to the control group by 103.1±2.9 RVU, but there was no significant difference between the test group samples. The consistency of the control dough was 500±10 FU, and the whole wheat flour test group was significantly increased to 585±10~599±10 FU, respectively. The absorption rate was about 2% higher in the whole flour test group than in the control group (66.2±0.3%). The pH of the control paste gradually decreased with fermentation time, and the results of whole wheat flour test group were similar (5.78±0.12~5.88±0.12). As the fermentation time increased, the volume of dough was increased and the result was slightly lower in the whole wheat flour test group than in the control group.

Distillers dried grain (DDG) and makgeolli spent grain (MSG) are agricultural by-product to produce alcoholic beverage. However, they are known to contain enough nutrients. Mealworm is a promising insect resource for an animal feed ingredient as well as alternative human food. With low cost, DDG and MSG were investigated as a feed ingredient for rearing high quality mealworms. DDG and MSG were mixed with wheat bran and compared to control feed (only wheat bran) for its effects on larval survivorship, larval weight, duration for larval development, pupation rate, and pupal weight. Adding DDG on wheat bran showed positive results for larval weight, duration for larval developmental period, and pupation rate. However, adding MSG made longer duration for larval development, but it also improved larval weight, pupal weight with more than 90% pupation rate. We confirmed that adding 30～50% of DDG or MSG to conventional wheat bran have a strong potential to replace the conventional wheat bran insect feed for quality insect production.

Insect is an important player in the ecosystem as a prey for animals. Moreover, they are a valuable candidate food source for rearing animal. Tenebrio molitor (Coeloptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae are known as a good food source with high protein, unsaturated fatty acid, minerals. Therefore, it has strong potential to substitute the conventional meat consumption. To utilize T. molitor as a feed, the standard mass-rearing protocol is required. To make standard mass-rearing protocol, we tested different temperature(17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30°C) conditions for egg, larvae, pupae and adult T. molitor to identify the optimal rearing condition. Hatching was occurred within 15~32.5°C range. However, 17.5~27.5°C was required to get more than 70 % hatching rete. When the eggs were treated in 22.5~27.5°C, all eggs were hatched within 10 days. As larval development, shorter developmental period, higher pupation and eclosion rates were observed within 25~27.5°C temperature range. In addition, we compared the number of egg, oviposition duration and time required to start egg-laying. The minimum egg-laying(258.40±10.86) was observed at 17.5°C, but the maximum(749.10±7.45) was at 27.5°C. The maximum oviposition duration (137.00±12.73 day (mean±S.D.)) was achieved at 27.5°C, but the minimum (87.50±3.54 day (mean±S.D.)) was at 30°C. The time required to start egg-laying was less than 10 days at 17.5, 27.5, and 30°C. To consider all the factors, we concluded that the optimal temperature is 27.5 °C.

본 연구에서는 심지층 처분장 부지선정 시에 고려되는 요소를 지질, 수리지질, 지화학 등으로 분류하고 그 첫 번째 단계로 지질분야의 세부 항목을 지형, 토양층, 암종, 구조지질, 역학적 안정성, 지질학적사건으로 분류하였으며, 이들 항목에 대한 국외 기준분석을 수행하였다. 부지선정요소(Siting factor)에 대한 기준(Criteria)은 각 국가의 처한 지질환경에 따라 다른 조건혹은 값을 제시하고 있다. 화산 및 지진활동이 빈번한 일본에서는 이에 대한 기준을 상대적으로 자세히 기술하고 있으며, 빙하작용이 예상되는 스웨덴에서는 빙하작용에 의한 지반 융기·침식에 대한 영향을 상세히 분석하였다. 따라서, 본 논문 결과는 향후 국내의 심지층 처분장 부지선정 기준 수립시에 중요한 참고자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to comparatively analyze the active stability of shoulder joints according to the frequency of overhead motions, such as serving and spiking, engaged in by female professional volleyball athletes who play different positions, and to provide the results as the basic data for developing exercise programs to prevent shoulder joint injuries. The subjects of this study were 50 Korean female professional volleyball players and positions were as follows: left and right attackers, centers, setters, and liberos. The external rotation and internal rotation muscle strength and muscle strength ratios of the dominant and non-dominant arms of all subjects were measured using Biodex. The results of this study are as follows: Frist, no significant differences were found in the internal and external rotation muscle strength of the dominant and non-dominant arms between positions. Second, for the shoulder joint muscle strength ratio of the dominant arm, by position, the setter showed significantly greater stability compared to the other positions. Third, for the shoulder joint muscle strength ratio of the non-dominant arm, by position, no significant difference in stability between positions was found. Fourth, it was found that the dominant arm had significantly greater instability of the shoulder joint than the non-dominant arm for attackers and centers, but no significant difference was found for setters and liberos. This study comparatively analyzed the muscle strength ratios of the external/internal rotations and dominant/non-dominant arms, which can determine the stability of the shoulder joints between female professional volleyball playing positions that engage in jumps and spikes using only the dominant hand and positions that do not.

The purpose of this study is to examine the possibilities of use as a factor of the water landscape in modern urban spaces such as parks and, apartments, through a case study of the concept, functions, and culture of moats in the East and West from ancient times to the Middle Ages. This study aimed to examine the concept, origin, and function of the moat as a theoretical consideration. Asian castles with moats, including those in Korea, China and Japan, and Western castles with moats in Britain, France, Belgium, and Germany were investigated and analyzed. By reflecting on these cultures and the functions of the moat in modern urban spaces and converting the environment damaged due to industrialization and urbanization into an eco-friendly and environment symbiotic city the quality of life can be improved, and sustainable development can be achieved. This study was conducted through a literature survey and field investigation.

This study aimed to provide preliminary data for the improvement of the tree doctor qualification test (first written test), which was newly created by enforcing the Forest Protection Act on June 28, 2018., The high demand for system improvement accelerated this study. The results were analyzeds through literature and questionnaire surveys. Writing test questions and the license of the tree doctor qualification exam are currently managed by the Korea Forestry Research Institute, and it is deemed that the test should be entrusted to Human Resources Development Service of Korea for fair and transparent management. Additionally, the plan for the improvement of the subject-wise scope of examination questions writing, difficulty of test questions, and acceptance rate of the first test should be prepared after public hearings or seminars related to the examination questions.

Ascidian embryos have become an important model for embryological studies, offering a simple example for mechanisms of cytoplasmic components segregation. It is a well-known example that the asymmetric segregation of mitochondria into muscle lineage cells occurs during ascidian embryogenesis. However, it is still unclear which signaling pathway is involved in this process. To obtain molecular markers for studying mechanisms involved in the asymmetric distribution of mitochondria, we have produced monoclonal antibodies, Mito-1, Mito-2 and Mito-3, that specifically recognize mitochondriarich cytoplasm in cells of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi embryos. These antibodies stained cytoplasm like reticular structure in epidermis cells, except for nuclei, at the early tailbud stage. Similar pattern was observed in vital staining of mitochondria with DiOC2, a fluorescent probe of mitochondria. Immunostaining with these antibodies showed that mitochondria are evenly distributed in the animal hemisphere blastomeres at cleavage stages, whereas not in the vegetal hemisphere blastomeres. Mitochondria were transferred to the presumptive muscle and nerve cord lineage cells of the marginal zone in the vegetal hemisphere more than to the presumptive mesenchyme, notochord and endoderm lineage of the central zone. Therefore, it is suggested that these antibodies will be useful markers for studying mechanisms involved in the polarized distribution of mitochondria during ascidian embryogenesis.

Acinetobacter baumannii is usually considered an opportunistic pathogen that it responsible for a variety of nosocomial infections, such as, pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, meningitis, endocarditis, peritonitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and urinary tract infections. However, over the years, the organism has developed substantial antimicrobial resistance, and thus, the management of infections has become more difficult. The less common infective endocarditis is one of the more serious consequences of nosocomial bacteremia. Here, we report the successful treatment of the first case of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii endocarditis in a 33-year-old patient.

Herb extracts commercially used in Korea were screened for PPAR-γ agonist test and α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Total 16 herb plants had a PPAR-γ agonist activity. Specially, Alisma orientale Juz (108.41%), Ephedra sinica (98.22%), Sasa japonica Makino var. purpurascens Nakai (140.68%), Astragalus membranaceus Bunge (106.79%) and Cnidium officinale Makino (113.00%) showed high PPAR-γ agonist activity rate compared with rosiglitazone's (167.46%). And Cornus officinalis S. et Z. (90.3%), Cinnamomum cassia Blume (89.2%), Psoralea corylifolia L. (89.8%), Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe (92.4%) and Paeonia suffruticosa Andr (93.2%), showed high α-glucosidase inhibition rates. These results support previous reports of the efficacy of Oriental medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus.

Plant biomass is a huge carbon-complex that has potential as a nutrient. Therefore we extracted and separated useful materials for plant growth from tea leaf and stem. The pre-treatment process including high temperature (200 °C) and pressure (20-40 kgf/cm2) was treated for several minutes and extracted at 120 °C for 30-60 minutes. After that the chemical compositions and ingredients were analyzed from that plantnutrient. As a result of mineral contents, calcium and magnesium concentrations are higher than other minerals. Also the result of carbohydrates analyses has shown that the sugar oligomer consists of xylose(95.3%) and glucose(4.7%), and the sugar monomer consists in the order of xylose (52.7%) > manose (22.8%) > arabinose (10.8%) > galactose (10.2%) > glucose (3.5%). Before applied to field, in vitro plant growth system and formulation were examined. To evaluate the effect of the nutrients, both strawberry green-house and persimmon fields were used in this test. The treated persimmons were heavier than controls scored at 13-22%. In addition, the storageperiod was extended in the treated strawberries. Interestingly in the treated strawberry, the contents of polyphenols were increased (38-57%). These results suggest that the plant-nutrient can afford to help for plant growth and storage, and it can be substituted for other commercial nutrients. In conclusion, this plant-nutrient may help to extend eco-friendly or organic farming in Hadong-gun area.