Observation data measured at Ieodo Ocean Research Station (IORS) have been utilized in oceanographic and atmospheric studies since 2003. Sea level data observed at the IORS have not been paid attention as compared with many other variables such as aerosol, radiation, turbulent flux, wind, wave, fog, temperature, and salinity. Total sea level rises at the IORS (5.6 mm yr−1 ) from both satellite and tide-gauge observations were higher than those in the northeast Asian marginal seas (5.4 mm yr−1 ) and the world (4.6 mm yr−1 ) from satellite observation from 2009 to 2018. The rates of thermosteric, halosteric, and steric sea level rises were 2.7-4.8, −0.7-2.6, 2.3-7.4 mm yr−1 from four different calculating methods using observations. The rising rate of the steric sea level was higher than that of the total sea level in the case with additional data quality control. Calculating the non-steric sea level was not found to yield meaningful results, despite the ability to calculate non-steric sea level by simply subtracting the steric sea level from total sea level. This uncertainty did not arise from the data analysis but from a lack of good data, even though tide, temperature, and salinity data were quality controlled two times by Korea Hydrographic and Oceanography Agency. The status of the IORS data suggests that the maintenance management of observation systems, equipment, and data quality control should be improved to facilitate data use from the IORS.

The aim of this study was to identify strain KCOM 1265 isolated from subgingival plaque at the species level by comparing 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rDNA) and genome sequences. The whole genome of strain KCOM 1265 was extracted using the phenol–chloroform extraction method. 16S rDNA was amplified using polymerase chain reaction and sequenced using the dideoxy chain termination method. Pairwise genome comparison was performed using average nucleotide identity (ANI) and genome-to-genome distance (GGD) analyses. The data showed that the percent similarity of 16S rDNA sequence of strain KCOM 1265 was 99.6% as compared with those of Fusobacterium polymorphum ATCC 10953T and Fusobacterium hwasookii KCOM 1249T. The ANI values of strain KCOM 1265 with F. polymorphum ATCC 10953T and F. hwasookii KCOM 1249T were 95.8% and 93.0%, respectively. The GGD values of strain KCOM 1265 with F. polymorphum ATCC 10953T and F. hwasookii KCOM 1249T were 63.9% and 49.6%, respectively. These results indicate that strain KCOM 1265 belongs to F. polymorphum.

This study was conducted to figure out the productivity of Italian ryegrass(IRG) and leaching water characteristics based on horse manure compost level in Jeju. This study was conducted for about six months. Six treatments were established : non-fertilizer(NF), chemical fertilizer 100%(CF), horse manure compost 50% and chemical fertilizer 50% combination(Combination), horse manure compost with 50% of nitrogen (50%), 100% of nitrogen(100%), 150% of nitrogen(150%). The highest amount of dry matter yield of IRG was revealed in CF(11,965± 564 kg/ha), and both 150% and Combination were second(p<0.05). Nitrate leaching tended to increase until the third analysis and then decreased. There were not significantly differences among mean nitrate concentrations. The findings of the study suggest that horse manure compost with 50% of nitrogen be applied for IRG as basal fertilization and then 50% of chemical fertilizer be applied as top fertilization.

본 연구는 자신을 위한 선물 구매 상황과 타인을 위한 선물 구매 상황에서 선호하는 재화 유형(물질재 또는 경험재)의 차이를 탐색하고, 이 차이에 대한 개인의 감정적 단절 수준의 조절 효과를 검증하기 위하여 실시되었다. 이를 위해 Amazon Mechanical Turk를 통해 온라인 설문 방식으로 연구 1과 연구 2를 수행하였으며 각각의 연구에 성인 100명이 참가하였다. 해석수준 이론을 바탕으로 할 때, 심리적 거리가 가까운 대상에 대한 의사결정 상황에서는 제품의 구체적 속성에 초점을 맞추고, 심리적 거리가 먼 대상에 대해서는 제품의 추상적 속성에 주목한다. 연구 1에서 자신을 위한 선물로는 추상적인 경험재에 비해 구체적인 물질재를 선호하고, 타인을 위한 선물로는 물질재에 비해 경험재를 선호할 것이라는 가설 1을 확인하였다. 이어 연구 2에서는 감정적 단절 수준의 조절적 역할을 확인하였다. 가설 2와 일치하게, 감정적 단절 수준이 높을수록 자신을 위한 선물로는 물질재를, 타인을 위한 선물로는 경험재를 선호하는 경향성이 강해졌다. 본 연구는 선물을 받는 대상에게 느끼는 심리적 거리가 선호하는 선물 재화의 유형에 영향을 끼친다는 사실을 제안함으로써 선물 구매 행동에 대한 이론적, 실무적 의의를 갖는다. 본 연구에 대한 추가적인 논의와 한계, 가능한 추후 연구도 함께 논의하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 사회공포증 수준에 따른 정서지각 편향성의 변화와 이 변화에 기여하는 시공간 주의배분능력에 대해 탐구하는 것이다. 이를 위해, 본 연구에서는 사회공포증 수준을 측정하기 위해 한국형 자기보고식 설문 검사인 사회공포증 검사(Korean version of social avoidance and distress, K-SAD)를 사용하였으며, 정서지각 편향성과 시공간 주의배분능력을 측정하기 위해 정서지각 과제(emotional perception task)와 UFOV 과제(useful field of view task)를 사용하였다. 본 연구에는 118명의 연구참가자가 참여하였고 응답을 성실하게 하지 않은 연구참가자들을 제외하여 107명(남: 94명, 여: 13명)의 자료가 분석되었다. 연구참가자들은 K-SAD 점수에 따라 세 집단으로 나뉘어졌다. 연구 결과, 정서지각과제에서 긍정적 정서지각 편향성은 사회공포증 수준이 높을수록 더 크게 나타났으며 UFOV 과제에서는 사회 공포증 수준이 높을수록 저하된 시공간 주의배분능력이 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 사회공포증 수준의 증가에 따라 나타나는 저하된 시공간 주의배분능력이 긍정적 정서지각 편향성에 부분적으로 기여할 가능성이 있다는 것을 시사한다.

본 연구는 우리나라의 대표적인 난대 상록활엽수종 중의 하나인 가시나무의 고품질 용기묘 생산을 위한 적정 시비수준을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 용기는 임업시설양묘용 플라스틱 용기(350 ㎖/구)를 사용하였고, 시비처리는 무시비구와 함께 수용성 복합비료인 Multifeed 19 (N:P:K =19:19:19, v/v)를 1000 ㎎․L-1, 2000 ㎎․L-1, 3000 ㎎․L-1로 조절하여 시비하였다. 실험결과, 수고와 근원경 생장은 시비수준이 높아짐에 따라 높은 생장값으로 나타났다. 건물생산량도 전체적으로 수고 및 근원경 생장 결과와 유사한 경향으로 나타났다. 뿌리발달은 2000 ㎎․L-1 시비구에서 가장 왕성하였다. 묘목의 품질을 나타내는 지수인 QI (Quality Index)도 2000 ㎎․L-1 시비구에서 가장 높았다. 연구결과를 종합하면, 가시나무 용기묘의 우량한 묘목생산을 위한 적정 시비수준은 2000 ㎎․L-1 시비구로 판단된다.

Sea-level rise (SLR) is considered one of the most serious consequences of climate change. The risk of SLR compels legal consideration of this phenomenon related to many interrelated domains including the Law of the Sea. The Western Pacific region contains the most low-lying coastal countries and small island States seriously affected by SLR in the world. This research has been carried out as a contribution paper on the State practice in the Western Pacific region to the topic of “Sea-level rise in relation to international law” conducted by the Study Group of the United Nations International Law Commission in the period of 2020-2021. It aims to summarize the consequences of SLR for the Western Pacific States and outline their legal positions in relation to the sea-level rise. It also discusses specific issues, challenges and opportunities facing the Western Pacific States in supporting the maintenance of maritime baselines and limits notwithstanding physical changes caused by SLR.

Background: There is an opinion that improper postures of the head and cervical spine are associated with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (TMDs). Objects: The aim of this study was to investigate the proportions among the cervical kyphotic angle, physical symptoms including the pain intensity level of the TMJ, and severity of TMD disability in patients diagnosed with TMD. Methods: Sixty-two subjects participated in the study. The evaluation tools included measurements of the cervical kyphotic angle based on the Ishihara index, pressure pain threshold (PPT) on the TMJ, maximal mouth opening (MMO) without pain, current pain intensity level of the TMJ measured using the Quadruple Visual Analogue Scale (QVAS), Korean TMD (KTMD) disability index, KTMD Symptom Frequency/Intensity Scales (SFS/SIS), and Korean Headache Impact Test-6. Correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the correlations between the cervical kyphotic angle and parameters related to TMJ symptoms. Results: Variables that were significantly correlated with the cervical kyphotic angle were the PPT around the TMJ (r = 0.259, p < 0.05), current pain intensity level of the TMJ based on the QVAS (r = –0.601, p< 0.01), and usual pain intensity level based on the SIS (r = –0.379, p < 0.01). The level of TMD functional disability was significantly correlated with the degree of headache (r = 0.551, p < 0.01), level of PPT of the TMJ (r = –0.383, p < 0.01), pain-free MMO (r = –0.515, p < 0.01), pain intensity level of the TMJ based on the QVAS (r = 0.393, p < 0.01), TMD symptom frequency (r = 0.739, p < 0.01), usual pain intensity of the TMJ (r = 0.624, p < 0.01), and most severe pain intensity of the TMJ (r = 0.757, p < 0.01). Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between the cervical kyphotic angle and PPT and a negative correlation between the current and usual pain intensity levels of the TMJ. The cervical kyphotic angle was a predictor of the pain level, tenderness threshold, and intensity of pain in the TMJ.

본고는 교과의 하나인 한문과의 정의・의미・특징을 바탕으로, 교사 차원의 한문 수업 교육목표 및 교육내용 설계에의 시사점을 발견하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 교과 한문과의 정의와 의미를 살펴보고, 이를 바탕으로 교육적 보편성 및 교과적 특수성・맥락의존적・유동적・목적지향적・가치지향적인 특징을 유추하였다. 이를 바탕으로 한문 수업의 교육목표 및 교육내용 설계에의 시사점을 다음과 같이 발견하였다. 첫째, 교육적 보편성과 교과적 특수성을 동시에 고려하여야 한다. 둘째, 학교 교육이라는 구체적 맥락에 존재하는 사회, 학습자의 요구에도 관심을 가져야 한다. 셋째, 기존에 선정된 교육목표 및 교육내용에 대한 검토가 필요하다. 넷째, 핵심 교육목표의 설정이 필요하다. 다섯째, 교육내용에 있어서는 핵심 지식에 대한 구명이 필요하다.

This study was conducted to compare differences in dietary habits and snack consumption behaviors according to level of job stress among 20- to 30-year-old office workers. Subjects were 205 office workers working in companies located in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Self-administered questionnaires written by the subjects were statistically analyzed by the SPSS 20.0 program. Subjects were classified into a high-risk job stress group (n=102, High-RSG) or low-risk job stress group (n=103, Low-RSG) by level of job stress. For dietary habits, the duration of meal time before suffering from job stress in High-RSG was significantly faster compared to Low-RSG. Appetite after suffering from job stress in High-RSG was significantly higher compared to Low-RSG. For snack consumption behaviors, the reason for snack intake was ‘job stress’ for 42.2% in High-RSG and ‘hunger’ for 31.1% in Low-RSG (p<0.05). Energy intake in the form of chocolates, castellacakesmuffins, and flavored milk during working hours was significantly higher in High-RSG compared to Low-RSG (p<0.05). Therefore, this study suggests that dietary guidelines to ameliorate job stress should be developed in order to manage and improve dietary habits caused by suffering from job stress among young office workers at companies.

Literature has been repeatedly recognized as an effective source of authentic materials in EFL classrooms. Literature exposes learners to coherent and expert writing which can enable them to write better and facilitates students’ creative writing skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate the teaching procedures of using short fiction in a Korean high school EFL course in which English writing and reading skills are integrated and to provide pedagogical suggestions for using authentic literature in EFL classrooms. First, this paper introduces a theoretical discussion of the advantages of using short fiction in an English writing instruction, and discusses reasons for selecting the Korean short novel Dongbackkot and the English short story “Araby” as resources for writing. After that pedagogical steps with practical classroom activities are described. We hope that the pedagogical suggestions provided here may inspire English teachers to design their teaching materials using appropriate literary texts to improve their students’ English essay writing and balanced communication skills.

While learners may have access to reference tools during second language (L2) writing, the latest developments in machine translation (MT), such as Google Translate requires examination as to how using the tool may factor into the second language learners’ writing products. To this end, the purpose of this study was to examine how MT may have an effect on L2 learners’ writing products relative to when writers wrote directly in L2, or translated a text to English from Korean. EFL university learners were asked to write for prompts that were counterbalanced for three writing modes and three writing topics. The learners’ writing products were analyzed with Coh-Metrix to provide information on text characteristics at the multilevel. The results indicate that MT could facilitate the learners to improve fluency and cohesion, produce syntactically complex sentences, and write concrete words to express their target messages. Pedagogical implications are provided for how MT can be used to improve the quality of the L2 learners’ writing products.

This study examined how teaching and learning activities in primary English textbooks include the components of creativity and character building. Three third and fourth grade level textbooks based on the 2015 revised curriculum were analyzed in order to find the proportions of the components of creativity and character building, and the types of learning activities that embody those components were analyzed by examining the teachers’ guides. The analysis revealed that all of the textbooks examined included diverse components that were intented to increase creativity, among which components stimulating divergent thinking and originality were a high proportion, while convergent thinking and dispositional aspects appeared less frequently. Among character building components, care-forgiveness and responsibility were two of the more popular components, while honesty and moral judgment were few and far between. From these findings, this study suggests that the components of creativity and character building should be more evenly distributed across textbook activities since they should be of equal importance in education.

Background: Stroke recovery is a long and complex process. Successful stroke recovery seems to be strongly associated with patients’ high motivation and committed participation. Patients’ motivation is a key determinant of successful rehabilitation outcomes, but it is difficult in defining and measuring. Patients’ participation is defined as the degree or extent to which subjects take part in rehabilitation activities and can be measured by observable behavior. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of patients’ level of participation in rehabilitation on functional outcomes in patients with stroke. Methods: Forty post-stroke inpatients participated in this study. The level of rehabilitation participation was measured by the Hopkins Rehabilitation Engagement Rating Scale (HRERS). Other measures used for the evaluation were the Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) and Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI). Overall measurements were made at early intervention and late intervention. Spearman correlation and multiple regression were used to measure the relationships between HRERS, RMI, and K-MBI. Results: The correlation found between HRERS total scores at early intervention and RMI total scores of late intervention was above moderate (r = 0.607, p < 0.01). RMI total scores at early intervention (p < 0.000), HRERS total scores at early intervention (p < 0.001), and disease duration (p < 0.003) were significant predictors of RMI total scores at late intervention. Conclusion: The level of participation at early intervention was associated with improvement in mobility. The level of mobility at early intervention, disease duration, and patients’ participation at early intervention were important determinants of functional outcome. These findings suggest that patients’ participation should be encouraged in order to achieve successful stroke recovery.

Background: Stretch-oriented home exercise programs are often used as treatments for patients with adhesive capsulitis; however, there is lack of research on home exercise programs to strengthen rotator cuffs. Objects: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of home exercise programs for rotator cuff strengthening on pain, range of motion (ROM), disability level, and quality of life in patients with adhesive capsulitis. Methods: Twenty-two patients with adhesive capsulitis volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 11) and control group (n = 11). For the experimental group, manual therapy and home exercise programs for rotator cuff strengthening were applied for 6 weeks; for the control group, only manual therapy was applied for 6 weeks. Shoulder pain (quadruple visual analogue scale, QVAS), ROM, disability (shoulder pain and disability index-Korean version, SPADI), and quality of life (world health organization quality of life scale-Korean version, WHOQOL-BREF) were evaluated at baseline, after 3 weeks, and after 6 weeks of intervention. The changes in the measurement variables were analyzed by using repeated measure analysis of variance. Results: Significant differences were observed between the experimental group and control group in the QVAS; SPADI-pain scores; SPADI-disability scores; SPADI-total scores; flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation ROM of the glenohumeral joint; and WHOQOLBREF total, overall, physical health, and psychological scores. All groups displayed statistically significant improvements as observed in the QVAS, SPADI, flexion, abduction, external and internal rotation ROM of the glenohumeral joint, and WHOQOL-BREF. Conclusion: Home exercise programs for rotator cuff strengthening had a positive impact on shoulder pain, shoulder ROM, disability level, and quality of life in patients with adhesive capsulitis. Therefore, we propose the use of home exercise programs for rotator cuff strengthening in the exercise rehabilitation of patients with adhesive capsulitis.

목적 : 본 연구는 레베르 선천성 흑암시 영아에게 라이트박스 시각자극훈련을 적용하였을 때 놀이수준 발달에 미치는 긍정적인 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상자는 레베르 선천성 흑암시 진단을 받아 시각기능 저하를 동반하는 만1세 4개월의 여자 영아 1명이었다. 연구의 진행은 캐나다작업수행측정(Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: COPM)을 사용하여 시각기능과 관련된 세 가지 과제를 선정하고, 라이트박스 시각자극훈련을 일주일에 1회, 30분씩 총 16회를 4개월 동안 실시하였다. 중재효과는 훈련과제의 수행도, 만족도를 평가하였고, 녹스학령전기놀이척도(Knox Preschool Play Scale-Revised: KPPS-R)로 놀이발달 연령을 측정하였다. 또한 보호자 면담 보고를 통해 놀이의 질적인 변화를 알아보았다. 결과 : KPPS-R로 측정한 전반적인 놀이발달 수준은 12개월에서 21개월로 향상되었고 특히, 놀이감 운용 영역은 12개월에 서 22개월로 향상되었다. 훈련과제에 대한 수행도와 만족도는 세 가지 과제에서 2점 이상의 향상을 보여 임상적으로 유용한 결과를 나타냈다. 면담조사 결과, 보호자는 라이트박스 시각자극훈련을 적용하였을 때 놀이와 상호작용에서 긍정적인 변화가 나타났고, 대상자가 시각기능을 적극적으로 사용하게 되었다고 보고 하였다. 결론 : 라이트박스 시각자극훈련은 레베르 선천성 흑암시 영아의 놀이감 운용 발달에 효과적인 중재 방법임을 입증하였으며, 놀이과제의 수행도와 만족도를 향상시키고 놀이의 질적인 향상에도 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this research is to examine the mediating effect of enterprise competitiveness on the relationship between operational service quality management and customer perception level of freight forwarders’ services in East Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia. Data were collected from 106 customers of freight forwarders through accessible random sampling method. Usable data were analyzed through Partial Least-squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach using Smart PLS-SEM software version 3.2.8. The validity of the survey questionnaire was confirmed using content validity, structural validity and expert validity. The results revealed that operational service quality management influences customer perception toward service providers’ services. Meanwhile, enterprise competitive mediates the relationship between operational service quality management and customer perception on service providers’ services. The enterprise competitiveness was found to be a driver for better customer perception on freight forwarder service providers. Besides, it has a strong mediating effect which ultimately effect on both customer perception level of satisfaction and could enhance customer perception on operational service quality management through words of mouth. These findings would therefore offer the freight forwarders’ management teams a new perspective in developing a better operational service quality management strategies and practices with emphasis on enterprise competitiveness. It also demonstrates the significance of enterprise competitiveness in donimating towards consumer perception in service preference and future repurchase intension.