Formulation of the finite element method(FEM) for dynamic interaction between a pantograph and contact wire, including non-linear formulation associated with contact wire stagger in the railway overhead contact line is presented. Penalty method is chosen for modelling contact between a pantograph and contact wire. The formulation is validated by comparing the simulated contact forces with measurements taken from 300 km/h KTX operation.

이 연구에서는 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용하는 지반-구조물 상호작용계의 비선형 지진응답 해석을 수행한다. 비선형 거동 이 예상되는 구조물과 지반의 근역은 비선형 유한요소에 의해 모형을 구성한다. 기하학적 형상과 재료 성질이 균일하고 선 형 거동을 가정하는 원역지반은 무한 영역으로의 에너지 방사를 정확히 고려할 수 있는 3차원 perfectly matched discrete layer에 의해 수치 모형을 구성한다. 이와 같은 지반-구조물 상호작용계의 수치모형을 사용하여 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용 하는 비선형 지진-구조물 상호작용계의 지진응답해석을 수행한다. 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용하는 경우에는 입력 지반운동의 특성에 따라 시스템의 응답이 우세하게 발현되는 방향이 존재하고 그 수준 또한 정밀한 지진응답해석을 통해 산정하여야 한 다. 이 연구의 해석기법은 구조물과 지반의 재료 비선형 거동, 기초와 지반 경계면에서의 경계 비선형 거동 등 다양한 비선 형 지반-구조물 상호작용 해석에 확장 적용할 수 있을 것이다.

이 연구에서는 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용하는 지반-구조물 상호작용계의 비선형 지진응답 해석을 수행한다. 비선형 거동이 예상되는 구조물과 지반의 근역은 비선형 유한요소에 의해 모형을 구성한다. 기하학적 형상과 재료 성질이 균일하고 선형 거동을 가정하는 원역지반은 무한 영역으로의 에너지 방사를 정확히 고려할 수 있는 3차원 perfectly matched discrete layer에 의해 수치 모형을 구성한다. 이와 같은 지반-구조물 상호작용계의 수치모형을 사용하여 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용하는 비선형 지진-구조물 상호작용계의 지진응답해석을 수행한다. 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용하는 경우에는 입력 지반운동의 특성에 따라 시스템의 응답이 우세하게 발현되는 방향이 존재하고 그 수준 또한 정밀한 지진응답해석을 통해 산정하여야 한다. 이 연구의 해석기법은 구조물과 지반의 재료 비선형 거동, 기초와 지반 경계면에서의 경계 비선형 거동 등 다양한 비선형 지반-구조물 상호작용 해석에 확장 적용할 수 있을 것이다.

Businesses today are looking for new ways to acquire and retain customers, by delivering innovative products and services, which serve each customer's individual demands. Fo- cusing on individual customer needs and addressing each request individually with a ser- vice or product that is perceived as being customized has become the focal point of Inter- action Orientation (IO), a firm-level strategic orientation developed by Ramani and Kumar (2008). Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) is also a firm-level strategic construct, which reflects the "processes, practices, and decision-making activities" that firms use to identify and exploit new business opportunities (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996, p.136). As op- posed to IO, EO is a well-established concept, being one of the most examined topics in entrepreneurship research. However, most studies have focused on cross-sectional de- signs to assess the relationship to firm performance, leading to numerous research calls focusing on the need for more dynamic investigations (Saeed, Yousafzai, & Engelen, 2014). Based on our analysis including 247 S&P500 firms from a variety of industries over a period of three years, this longitudinal study is one of the first to assess the short-term and long-term effects of IO and EO. To establish the firm's levels of IO and EO, we ana- lyze the content of Letters to Shareholders (LtS), as LtS have been widely used to assess different strategic orientations - Market Orientation, Learning Orientation - including EO (Noble et al., 2002; Short, Broberg, Cogliser, & Brigham, 2010; Zachary, McKenny, Short, & Payne, 2011). We relied on multisource secondary data for performance indica- tors and included several control variables: past performance of the firm, firm age, firm size, as well as industry specific effects. Our results confirm that each orientation has a positive impact on the firm's financial suc- cess in the long-term but a combined IO-EO strategy reveals a negative effect on firm performance in the long-term. This study investigates the synergies between IO and EO in a longitudinal setting and using objective financial performance indicators, establish- ing the advantages and disadvantages of implementing a single or combined strategy.

We argue that a novel dark personality trait—the focal firm’s desire for control—may drive key decisions pertaining to how to monitor strategic alliances, which in turn can deter performance outcomes. Our conceptual model was tested based on a survey of 197 international strategic alliances. Results demonstrate that the firm’s use of process monitoring to oversee the counterpart drives its performance outcomes only if there is a low level of information exchange between alliance partners; as such, information exchange norms substitute for process monitoring. Whereas, the focal firm’s use of outcome monitoring enhances its performance outcomes only if it is reinforced by a high level of information exchange; that is, these two monitoring mechanisms complement each other in alliances.

Daily deals sites function as an effective promotional tool for low-budget offline retailers. In particular, social interaction helps increasing sales because it not only clarifies product information but also increase product awareness. This study investigates two forms of social interaction, public discussion (posting on the within-platform deal board) and social sharing (sharing the deal information on an external SNS platform). In addition to the innate attractiveness of the deal, we hypothesize that the online and offline contexts affect the amount of social interaction. That is, (1) number of deals that are present along with the focal deal in the online platform and (2) the retail environment of the service offered in the deal affect the degree to which users participate in social interaction. An empirical analysis of deal-level data shows that the contextual factors, along with the deal attractiveness, affect the amount of social interaction. However, the effects are distinct for public discussion and social sharing. When there is a larger number of similar deals on the platform, less public discussion takes place while social sharing proliferates. Offline retail environment only affects public discussion; larger retailer revenue in the area that the deal provider is located results in greater social interaction. The innate attractiveness of the deal, defined as the past performance of deals of the same category in the same region, has contrasting effect on the two types; high attractiveness results in more public discussion but less social share. The results suggest that small offline retailers can better manage social interaction by understanding the influence of contextual factors when promoting their service products on an online platform.

Interaction Orientation (IO), a firm-level strategic orientation developed by Ramani and Kumar (2008), consists of four dimensions: (1) Customer concept - a firm-wide belief that sees the individual customer level as the examination unit and starting point of all company’s activities; (2) Interaction response capacity - the firm’s competency to respond to different customers using multiple means in a timely manner; (3) Customer empowerment - the extent to which a firm encourages customers to share information with the firm or with other customers; and (4) Customer value management - the capacity to keep an overview of how much revenue each customer generates, facilitating an efficient resource allocation. Current research states that IO represents a source of competitive advantage and leads to higher financial and non-financial performance. Past studies have only focused on cross-sectional data. However, a strategic orientation is a deeply embedded and gradually progressing organizational characteristic and, in order to establish a cause-effect relationship with performance, a longitudinal design is needed (Noble, Sinha, & Kumar, 2002). This study is the first to analyze the effects of IO longitudinally, including 247 S&P 500 firms from a variety of industries over a period of three years. To establish the firm's level of IO, we analyze the content of Letters to Shareholders (LtS). LtS are widely used to assess different strategic orientations, such as Entrepreneurial Orientation, Market Orientation or Learning Orientation (Noble et al., 2002; Short, Broberg, Cogliser, & Brigham, 2010; Zachary, McKenny, Short, & Payne, 2011). A sentence-by-sentence coding procedure was implemented (Keusch, Bollen, & Hassink, 2012;), where each sentence was examined for evidence of the four IO dimensions. We relied on multisource secondary data for performance indicators and on the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ASCI) for measuring customer satisfaction. We included the effects of competitive intensity and market turbulence, as well as several control variables: past performance of the firm, firm age, firm size, as well as industry specific effects. The results confirm the short and long term benefits of implementing IO, including higher financial performance and increased customer satisfaction, especially in a turbulent market. This study lays the foundation of a new approach for measuring IO in a longitudinal setting and using objective financial performance indicators.

Action recognition technology has many application fields including gaming, human-computer interaction, security, virtual reality, etc. The technology has recently advanced and simplified by the introduction of real time depth cameras. The most famous depth camera, Kinect, has shown its success in human action recognitions by supervised learning methods. However, those method require a large number of motion capture data as the ground truth of each skeleton points. This paper proposes a human skeleton extraction method without using reference data. The method extracts the minimum number of articulation points instead of full skeleton data. The articulation points are used as an real-time interface for 3D interaction games.

본 연구의 목적은 유아에게 가장 의미 있는 타자인 교사와 어머니의 상호작용 기술을 향상 시키기 위해 TREASURE Talk 코칭모델을 활용하여 교육·훈련하고 그 효과를 확인함으로써 동일한 대상과 방법으로 수행한 선행연구의 결과를 재확인하는데 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하 기 위해 두 가지 연구 문제, 즉 첫째, 유아기 교사를 대상으로 한 TREASURE Talk 교육·훈련 효과를 확인하고 둘째, 유아기 어머니를 대상으로 한 TREASURE Talk 교육·훈련 효과를 확 인하는 것으로 설정하였으며, 다음과 같은 방법과 절차에 따라 연구를 진행하였다. 선행연구 효과의 재확인은 유아기 교사 14명과 유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니 16명을 대상으로 실시하였으며, 동일한 방법으로 「관찰을 통한 아동-성인 상호작용 코칭척도(CICAIO)」를 사 용하여 t-검증에 의한 사전사후 검사를 실시하여 효과성을 검증하였다. 연구결과, 유아기 교사 와 유아기 어머니 두 집단이 질문 전 상호작용과 질문 후 상호작용 모두에서 교육훈련효과가 있는 것으로 나타나 선행연구와 동일한 효과가 나타났음을 재확인 할 수 있었다. 따라서 TREASURE Talk 코칭모델의 활용은 유아기 교사와 어머니의 상호작용 기술을 향상시키는 데 효과가 있는 도구로서 범용성을 지닌다고 결론내릴 수 있다.

가속도를 계측하여 부상력을 제어하는 것은 가장 기본적인 자기부상열차의 부상공극 제어기법이다. 이에 이 연구에서는 가속도 되먹임에 기반한 부상공극제어기법을 자기부상열차에 적용하고, 이를 고려한 자기부상열차-가이드웨이 상호작용계의 동적거동 해석기법을 개발한다. 개발된 해석기법을 사용하여 실제 자기부상열차-가이드웨이 상호작용계의 동적해석을 수행하였다. 해석 결과를 통해 가속도 되먹임에 기반한 부상공극제어기법을 적용하여도 현재까지 제안된 자기부상열차 설계 기준을 충분히 만족함을 확인하였다. 즉, 현재 제안된 자기부상열차 가이드웨이 구조물의 설계 기준을 보완하여 안전하면서도 경제적인 구조물의 건설이 가능해질 것으로 예상된다.

본 연구에서는 고체추진기관의 2차원 축대칭 FSI 해석에서 CSS 및 ISS 기법의 수치 안정성을 고찰하였다. 이를 위하여 CSS 및 ISS 기법을 2차원 축대칭 FSI 수치해석 알고리즘에 구현한 프로그램을 작성하고, 이를 ACM 및 BCM 고체추진기관의 복합거동 해석에 사용하였다. 해석 결과들을 비교 분석하여 ISS 기법이 고체추진기관 FSI 해석의 수치 안정성 개선에 효과적인지 검토하였다. 연구결과, ISS 기법을 적용한 FSI 해석은 시스템 시간간격이 작아질수록 수치적 수렴성을 보이며, CSS 기법과 다르게 시간이 진행되어도 수치해의 진동이 발산하지 않는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통하여 ISS 기법을 사용하면 ACM 및 BCM의 FSI 해석에 CSS 기법을 이용할 시 나타나는 수치 불안정성을 개선할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Most of the commercial vehicle steering system is hydraulic. In this system, Breakage and leakage of oil tank is the cause of serious problems to inhibiting the vehicle direction control of the driver. In this paper, FSI(Fluid-Structure Interaction) analysis was performed considering the sloshing of oil in the tank for structural safety evaluation of the power steering oil tank. Additionally, vibration analysis of simple and fast evaluation method was performed by assuming the fluid to mass. As a result, sloshing analysis of oil in the tank was confirmed from the FSI vibration analysis, and it could get the distribution of the flow pressure 8.2kPa～-5.5kPa. Second, stress change of the FSI vibration analysis results was greater in the 33.6MPa to 0.25MPa during the transitional period 2cycle, then it showed a stable result. Third, maximum stress of FSI vibration analysis considering sloshing of the oil was 2.22MPa. maximum stress of vibration analysis assuming the fluid to mass was 4.50MPa and 103% higher than the FSI vibration analysis, but the oil tank was safely evaluate structurally safety factor 14.1. Finally, without the FSI vibration analysis by applying a weight of 0.5 to the result of vibration analysis assumes fluid to mass, it could be obtained results similar to FSI vibration analysis.

Most of the commercial vehicle steering system is hydraulic. In this system, Breakage and leakage of oil tank is the cause of serious problems to inhibiting the vehicle direction control of the driver. In this paper, FSI(Fluid-Structure Interaction) analysis was performed considering the sloshing of oil in the tank for structural safety evaluation of the power steering oil tank. Additionally, vibration analysis of simple and fast evaluation method was performed by assuming the fluid to mass. As a result, sloshing analysis of oil in the tank was confirmed from the FSI vibration analysis, and it could get the distribution of the flow pressure 8.2kPa～-5.5kPa. Second, stress change of the FSI vibration analysis results was greater in the 33.6MPa to 0.25MPa during the transitional period 2cycle, then it showed a stable result. Third, maximum stress of FSI vibration analysis considering sloshing of the oil was 2.22MPa. maximum stress of vibration analysis assuming the fluid to mass was 4.50MPa and 103% higher than the FSI vibration analysis, but the oil tank was safely evaluate structurally safety factor 14.1. Finally, without the FSI vibration analysis by applying a weight of 0.5 to the result of vibration analysis assumes fluid to mass, it could be obtained results similar to FSI vibration analysis.

슬라이딩 궤도는 콘크리트 궤도와 교량 바닥판 사이에 저마찰 슬라이드층을 두어 레일신축이음장치와 같은 특수 장치를 적용하지 않고도 궤도-교량 상호작용 효과를 효과적으로 저감시킬 수 있는 새로운 궤도 시스템으로 개발되고 있다. 이 논문에서는 장경간 교량에 슬라이딩 궤도와 레일신축이음장치를 각각 적용한 경우에 대하여 궤도-교량 상호작용해석을 수행하고 그 결과를 비교 검토하였다. 대상교량은 상호작용 효과를 극대화하기 위하여 9경간 연속 PSC교와 2경간 연속 강합성교를 포함하며, 총 연장 1,205m, 최대 고정지점간 거리 825m인 장경간 교량을 선정하였다. 해석결과 슬라이딩 궤도는 레일신축이음장치를 적용한 경우보다 레일 부가 축력이 더 작은 것은 물론, 지점부에 재하되는 수평 반력 또한 작게 나타나 궤도-교량 상호작용 저감 효과가 뛰어난 것으로 확인되었다. 반면 슬라이딩 궤도는 온도하중에 의해 높은 슬래브 축력이 발생되므로, 궤도 설계 시 슬래브 축력에 대한 단면 설계에 주의를 기울일 필요가 있다.

Global warming can seriously influence on the interaction between pest and natural enemy in the agroecosystem due to the differences in optimal temperature ranges. Two aphid-ladybug systems, Myzus persicae-Coccinella septempunctata (M-C) and Aphis gossypii-Coccinella septempunctata (A-C) in the pepper crop were simulated, respectively under four different temperature scenarios including crop development over 244 days with the assumption that the average temperature is higher by 1, 3, and 5 °C than that in Seoul in 2000. Temperature-dependent functions for each aphid-ladybug system were embedded in Rosenzweig-Macathur predator-prey model to explore their population dynamics, and then Dynamic Index was used to quantify the strengths of species interactions. The result shows that the predator-prey population cycles as well as species interactions are getting shorter and stronger in both systems as temperature increased. Especially, the excessively high temperature scenario in Aphis gossypii-Coccinella septempunctata system could result in the extreme species interaction. Therefore, the increasing temperature can facilitate the effectiveness of biological control because of growing crop plant development and much stronger species interaction, although there are increases of the frequency of pest occurrences.

The pea leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is an emerging pest in Korea. High population and heavy damage of this pest were observed from potato fields in the southern part of Korea in 2012. Morphological and genetic evidence confirmed the species as L. huidobrensis. The infestation was expanding throughout the country and a rich complex of parasitoid was recognized. From the exclusion study, high density infestation of leafminers reduced yield among potato varieties (Chubeak, Seohong, Goun, Dejima, and Sumi). Higher leaf damage was evident in the lower part of plants. In olfactory bioassay and feeding preference tests, leafminers choosed the Goun variety most. Given the six constant temperatures, the developmental time from egg to adult significantly decreased with increment of temperatures. From the insecticide toxicity tests, abamectin and lepimectin and spinetoram were found effective against immature stages, while cartap hydrochlorid (Neonicotinoid) was against adult insects. Overall, these studies help to pave the ways for managing this new invasive pest.

Confucianism and Taoism both played very important roles in the history of China. On the whole, such a trend can be found that when the nation is united and the society is stable, Confucianism would prevail and dominate the political orientation. However, Taoism would become the mainstream of social ideology and the main theme of thought together with Buddhism when the nation is in the state of war and there is social unrest. Therefore, it’s obviously necessary to figure out what the characteristics of the two schools are. Confucianism emphasizes on “Difference”, however “Equality” is an important part of Taoism. The refined two terms probably reflect the difference in expounding ideas and practicing theoretical path between them. Confucian politeness rule “being harmonious then respectful” (亲亲尊尊) standardizes Chinese millenarian civilization. Since the existence of Confucianism, it has great influence on each dynasty. It, meanwhile, explicitly specifies a class difference between the young and the old, and between the lower class and the upper class, which is also an equidifferent logic paradigm. On the other side, it appears that Chuang Tzu’s “On Leveling All Things”(齐物论) is unruly uninhibited. However, the “Equality” philosophy builds strong inner strength in a large context and it also has great soft influence on the social framework which is composed of Confucianism on the surface and legalism beneath the surface. Up to now, the intertexture between “Equality” and “Difference” can probably still contribute to the rebuilding of the Golden Rule by means of their distinctive characteristic of thought and profound historical accumulation.