Based on the study of rapid construction method for concrete tower for offshore wind farms, it was found that the precast concrete segment was effective to achieve short term construction on bad weather condition. Also 20m length of segment was selected for tower installation to use same crane carrying nacelle.

Connexin (Cx) is a complex which allows direct communication between neighboring cells via exchange of signaling molecules and eventually leads to functional harmony of cells in a tissue. The initial segment (IS) is an excurrent duct of male reproductive tract and expression of numerous genes in the IS are controlled by androgens and estrogens. The effects of these steroid hormones on gene expression in the IS during postnatal development have not extensively examined. The present research investigated expressional modulation of Cx isoforms in the IS by exogenous exposure to estrogen agonist, estradiol benzoate (EB), or androgen antagonist, flutamide (Flu), at weaning age. Two different doses of EB or Flu were subcutaneously administrated in 21-day old of male rats, and expressional changes of Cx isoforms in the adult IS were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Treatment of a low-dose EB (0.015 μg/kg body weight) resulted in an increased expression of Cx31 gene and a decreased expression of Cx37 gene. A high-dose EB (1.5 μg/kg body weight) treatment caused an increase of Cx31 gene expression. Increased levels of Cx30.3 and Cx40 transcripts were observed with a low-dose Flu (500 μg/kg body weight) treatment. Treatment of high-dose Flu (50 mg/kg body weight) led to expressional increases of Cx30.3, 40, and 43 genes. Our previous and present findings suggest differential responsiveness on gene expression of Cx isoforms in the IS by androgens and estrogens at different postnatal ages.

Direct cell-cell communication through connexin (Cx) complexes is a way to achieve functional accordance of cells within a tissue or an organ. The initial segment (IS), a part of the epididymis, plays important roles in sperm maturation. Steroid hormones influence on expression of a number of genes in the IS of adult animals. However, developmental effect of sex hormones on the gene expression in the IS has not been examined. In this study, estradiol benzoate (EB, an estrogen agonist) or flutamide (Flu, an androgen antagonist) was exogenously administrated at 1 week of postnatal age, and expressional changes of Cx genes in the IS were determined at 4 months of age by a quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Treatment of EB at 0.015 mg/kg body weight (BW) increased expression of Cx30.3, 31.1, and 43 genes. However, treatment of 1.5 mg EB/kg BW resulted in expressional decreases of Cx31, 32, and 45 genes and caused increases of Cx30.3 and 43 gene expression. Significant decreases of Cx31, 31.1, 32, 37, and 45 gene expression were detected with a treatment of 500 mg Flu/kg BW, while expression of Cx43 gene was significantly increased with a treatment of 500 mg Flu/kg BW. A treatment of 50 mg Flu/kg BW led to significant increases of Cx30.3, 32, 37, 40, and 43 gene expression. These findings imply that exogenous exposure of steroidal hormones during the early developmental period would result in aberrant expression of Cx genes in the adult IS.

국화 ‘백마’의 잎 절편체로부터 신초 기관형성을 통한 식물체 재분화 기술을 개발하고자 배지조성과 배양기간을 달리하여 실험을 실시하였다. 잎 절편체를 식물생장조절제와 AgNO3의 농도를 달리 한 11가지 배지에서 배양하였을 때 bud는 형성되었으나 신초로의 발달은 이루어지지 않았다. Bud 유도 이후 신초 형성을 유도하고자, 서로 다른 식물생장조절제 조성을 가진 배지를 이용한 2단계의 실험을 수행하였다. Bud유도배지(BA 0.2 mg/L, IAA 1.0mg/L, 2,4-D 1.0mg/L를 첨가한 MS 배지)에서 1-4주간 배양한 후 신초 형성배지(식물생장조절제 무첨가, BA 1.0 mg/L, IBA 1.5 mg/L와 AgNO3 5.0 mg/L 또는 BA 1.0 mg/L, NAA 1.0 mg/L와 AgNO3 5.0 mg/L를 각각 첨가한 MS 배지)로 옮겨 배양하였다. Bud 유도에 이어 신초 형성을 위해서는 bud 유도 배지에서 3주 이상의 배양기간이 필요하였으며, bud 유도배지에서 4주간 배양한 후 BA 1.0 mg/L, IBA 1.5 mg/L와 AgNO3 5.0 mg/L를 첨가한 신초 형성배지로 옮겨 4주간 배양한 처리에서 신초 형성율은 50.0%, 절편체당 신초 수는 1.6개로 가장 양호한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 재생된 신초는 신초 형성배지에서 8주간 배양 후 신장하였으며, 1 cm 이상 신장된 신초를 분리하여 발근을 유도한 후 활착시켜 온실에서 재배하였을 때 식물체는 정상적인 표현형을 보여주었다.

This paper introduces a dual-arm robot painter system which is capable of sketching a camera-captured image with short line segments. To express various curved edges in the image by combining line segments, we first apply edge detection algorithm to the entire image, split the edged image into small boxed pieces, and then apply Hough Transformation to each piece so that the edges inside the piece can be approximated with short line segments. To draw the picture within a reasonable time, we designed a simple dual-arm robot system and controlled both arms concurrently according to linear interpolation algorithm. From the experiments, we could verify that simple linear motions can describe various images effectively with a unique brush style.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic endocrine disrupter. However, depending on a way of treatment, the harmful effects of BPA have not been confirmed. Also, trans-generational effects of BPA on male reproduction are still controversial. Because the reabsorption of testicular fluid in the efferent ductules (ED) and initial segment (IS) is important for sperm maturation, the present study was designed to determine trans-generational effect of BPA administrated orally on expression of water transport-related molecules in the mouse ED and IS. Ethanol-dissolved BPA was diluted in water to be 100 ng (low), 10 ㎍ (medium), and 1 ㎎/㎖ water (high). BPA-containing water was provided for two generations. Expression of ion transporters and water channels in the ED and IS were measured by relative real-time PCR analysis. In the ED, BPA treatment caused expressional increases of carbonic anhydrase II, cystic fibrosis ransmembrane regulator, Na+/K+ ATPase α1 subunit, and aquaporin (AQP) 1. No change of Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) 3 expression was detected. BPA treatment at medium dose resulted in an increase of AQP9 expression. In the IS, the highest expressional levels of all molecules tested were observed in medium-dose BPA treatment. Generally, high-dose BPA treatment resulted in a decrease or no change of gene expression. Fluctuation of NHE3 gene expression by BPA treatment at different concentrations was detected. These findings suggest that trans-generational exposure to BPA, even at low dose, could affect gene expression of water-transport related molecules. However, such effects of BPA would be differentially occurred in the ED and IS.

상수관망에서 관파괴가 발생할 경우 제수밸브의 차폐를 통하여 일정 부분의 상수관망이 다른 부분으로부터 격리되게 된다. 이러한 영역을 segment라고 정의하고 이에 대한 다양한 연구가 진행되었다. segment에 포함되는 상수관은 물흐름이 차단되기 때문에 단수가 발생하게 된다. 또한 segment의 차폐에 의해서 추가적으로 단수가 되는 영역이 발생할 수 있고 이러한 영역을 unintended isolation(UI)으로 정의된다. 상수관망을 운영하는 측면에서 관파괴는 피할 수 없는 문제이기 때문에 관파괴가 발생할 경우 단수에 의한 피해를 최소화하는 것이 중요하다. 이를 위해서는 대규모 피해를 야기하는 대규모 segment가 발생하지 않도록 해야 한다. 그러나 대규모 segment는 상수관망의 구조(water supply network topology)와 제수밸브의 배치에 따라 발생한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 대규모 segment를 파악하고 적절한 위치에 제수밸브를 추가하여 대규모 segment를 분할하는 방안을 제시하여 관파괴에 따른 상수관망의 피해를 최소화하는 방안을 제시하였다. 대규모 segment 분할을 위한 모형은 네가지 모듈로 구성되어 있다. 첫 번째는 상수관망에 존재하는 모든 segment를 정의하고 segment와 연관된 UI를 정의하는 모듈이다. 두 번째 모듈은 정의된 segment별로 단수피해를 정량화하여 segment별 등급을 부여하는 모듈이다. 세 번째는 단수피해기준 대규모 segment별로 분할을 위한 제수밸브 위치 결정 모듈이다. 네 번째 모듈은 추가된 제수밸브에 의한 상수관망 피해 저감효과를 분석하는 상수관망 신뢰도 산정 모듈이다. 세 번째 모듈의 경우 수학적인 방법이 아닌 상수관망 운영주체가 직접 적용할 수 있도록 다섯 가지 기준을 제시하여 적정 제수밸브 위치를 결정하도록 하였다. 제안된 모형을 이스라엘의 실제 상수관망에 적용하여 적용성을 검증하였다.

In previous researches[2,3] , the self-stability was studied for the spring-mass model and the two segment leg model. In these researches, it was presented that the spring-mass model has the self-stable region at relatively high speed running and the two segment leg model has the self-stable region at relatively low speed running. If the model was run in the self-stable region, the cost of transport[1] is zero ideally. That is, actually, only the energy loss is needed to compensate for running. This means that the energy efficiency is high, running in the self-stable region. We want to have high energy efficiency at low and high speed running. So, in this paper, we propose the design direction of the three segment leg having the self-stable region at low and high speed running. And

This study presents the optimization design process of a segment ball valve that involves the reduction of the flow resistance coefficient and the satisfaction of the strength requirement. Numerical analysis of fluid flow and structural analysis have been performed to predict the flow resistance coefficient and the maximum stress of a segment ball valve. In this study, a segment ball valve incorporating the advantages of a ball valve and a butterfly valve has been devised. In general, ball valves are installed in a pipe system where tight shut off is required. Butterfly valves having smaller end-to-end dimension than ball valve can be installed in narrow spaces in a pipe system. The metamodels for the shape design of a segment ball valve are built by the response surface method and the Kriging interpolation model.

본 연구는 연속적인 두 분절 움직임에서 두 번째 목표물의 난이도 변화에 따른 하지 동작의 제어 특성에 대하여 규명하였다. 시작지점에서 출발하여 첫 번째 분절 움직임을 완성한 후 곧 바로 두 번째 분절 움직임을 실시하는 순서로 연결하여 동작을 수행하도록 지시하였다. 첫 번째 목표물은 고정시킨 반면 두 번째 목표물의 크기와 거리에 변화를 주어 분절간 움직임의 형태를 동작 시간과 속도, 그리고 영점교차 등의 운동학적 측정을 통하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 두 번째 목표물의 거리 조건은 첫 번째 분절 움직임 수행에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 맥락-의존 효과가 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 동작의 상대적인 순서에 대한 제어가 운동 수행을 담당하는 효과기(effector)와는 무관하게 상위 제어체계에서 조직화되고 실행된다는 것을 시사한다. 반면 목표물의 크기 조건은 하지 동작의 움직임 계획과 실행에는 크게 관여하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 과제-특수적 운동 환경과 하지 동작의 제어 형태에 기인한다고 볼 수 있다.

Chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), in which each line carries a single or a few defined chromosome segment of donor genome and has a pure genetic background from a recurrent genotype, is a fundamental approach to conduct the QTL mapping in order to improve the mapping precision. In the present study, variety ‘ZM36’ (Gossypium. hirsutum) and ‘Hai1’ (Gossypium. Barbadense) were used as recurrent and donor parent to produce a segment substitution lines populations, respectively. The results indicated that most of fiber quality traits, yield-related traits and verticillium wilt traits fit the normal distribution in the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In 133 lines of BC4S2:3 generation fiber length longer the recurrent parent has 37, micronaire lower than the recurrent parent has 58, Fiber strength over than the recurrent parent has 34. In 199 individuals of BC4S2:4 generation fiber length longer the recurrent parent has 37, micronaire lower than the recurrent parent has 36, Fiber strength over than the recurrent parent has 49. Fiber length had significantly positive correlation with fiber strength and negative correlation with micronaire, seed index had significantly positive correlation with boll weight and negative correlation with lint percentage, lint percentage had negative correlation with fiber length and strength.

Most traits of crop are quantitative, which are controlled by polygenes. Finely mapping ofquantitative trait loci (QTLs) is very important for cotton genetic improvement. Chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) containing only one or a few segments of donor chromosome introgressed into a recipient genetic background can be used for QTL fine mapping and map-based cloning. In this study, the Gossypium. hirsutum variety ‘ZM36’ and Gossypium. barbadense ‘Hai1’ were respectively used as recurrent and donor parent to produce a segment substitution lines populations, including the BC4F2:3 and BC4S2:4 generations, by using microsatellite marker-assisted selection (MAS). We obtained 283 SSR marks by taking about the average 5 cM distance selection marks on this map, and these marks were carried to the molecular examination with to two populations. The results showedthat recurrent parent genetic background already to restore the very high degree through the high generation of backcross.

본 연구는 다섯 개의 분절간 각도가 다른 시각 정보에 대한 시간 타이밍의 지각과 동작의 제어 특성을 밝히는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 18명의 여자 성인을 대상으로 컴퓨터 모니터에 제시되는 시각정보를 보면서 J키와 F키를 이용하여 각 분절의 길이에 맞는 시간 타이밍 과제를 수행하였다. 분절간 각도는 10°, 30°, 60° 인 실험 조건에서 각 분절의 길이에 맞는 시간 타이밍의 지각적 특성과 실제 타이밍 반응의 결과를 살펴보았다. 지각적 특성은 제시되는 시각 정보를 어떻게 지각하였는지를 실제 반응 이후 설문을 통해 알아보았으며, 실제 타이밍 반응은 실제 반응 타이밍 시간과 분절의 길이에 따라 정해진 시간 값 간의 상대적 타이밍 오차와 절대적 타이밍 오차를 계산하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 각도 조건에 따라 각도 조건에 따른 시간 타이밍에 대한 지각이 전반적으로 다르게 나타나 시각적 착시가 일어났음을 확인하였다. 그러나 실제 동작은 각도 조건에 관계없이 동일한 타이밍 반응을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 지각과 동작의 처리과정의 분리적인 특성을 제시한 Milner와 Goodale(1995)의 지각-동작 가설과 동작 제어시 계획 단계와 다른 온라인 제어에 의한 동작 수정이 이루어진다는 Glover(2002)의 계획-제어 가설과의 관련 가능성을 찾을 수 있다.

본 연구에서는 실제 대형 상수관망에서 보다 효율적이면서도 정확한 신뢰도를 추정할 수 있는 segment를 기반으로 한 minimum cutset 방법을 제안하였다. 기존의 상수관망에서 minimum outset을 기반으로 한 모형은 상수관을 minimum outset의 최소단위로 다루어 상수관 파괴에 따른 피해영역을 과소산정할 수 있는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 제안된 신뢰도 추정 모형은 기존 신뢰도 추정 모형과 달리, 상수관 파괴에 따른 피해영역을

Mature embryo and leaf base segment of Korean oat were used as materials in an experiment to check plant regeneration efficiency. MS media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), kinetin, and picloram were used for callus induction from mature embryos and leaf base segments. Three mg/l of 2,4­D and 3 mg/l of picloram in callus induction medium showed high frequency for plant regeneration from mature embryos. Leaf base segments were transferred to callus induction medium and incubated at 25~circC in 16/8 hr light/dark cycle for 3 weeks. Callus induction from leaf base segments of Malgwiri showed high efficiency in medium containing 3 mg/l of 2,4-D and 1 mg/l of kinetin (91.8~%) . In case of Samhangwiri, the combinations of phytohormones did not show significant difference. Regeneration from leaf base segments showed high frequency in shoot medium containing 1 mg/l of antiauxin, tri-iodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and 1 mg/l of 6-benzyladenine (BA). Calli induced from leaf base segments of Samhangwiri and Malgwiri in media containing 3 mg/l of 2,4-D and 3 mg/l of picloram showed high regeneration frequency. It appears that the callus initiation medium may be an important factor for subsequent plant regeneration.

기내에서 삽목 배양중인 한라구절초[( Chrysanthemum zawadskii ssp. coreanum(Nakai) Y.N. Lee)]의 잎으로부터 효과적인 식물체 재생을 위한 NAA와 BA농도 및 배지고형물의 효과를 조사하였다. 0.2% Gelite를 고형물로 하였을 때 한라구절초의 잎 재분화에는 BA농도보다는 NAA 농도가 더 영향을 미쳤으며, NAA 농도가 1 mg/L 이상이면 모든 조직 에서 재분화를 보였다. 신초수는 NAA 단용 처리에서 많은 경향이었으며 NAA 1 mg/L 처리시가 가장 양호하였다. 배지고형물로 agar과 gelite를 가지고 재분화 효과를 조사한 결과, gelite 첨가시 잎절편 당 신초수가 많았으며 agar 첨가시에는 잎절편당 신초수가 적은 반면에 신초의 길이가 길게 나타났다. 한라구절초의 잎절편으로부터 재분화에는 MS에 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar와 NAA 1 mg/L를 첨가하여 25 ℃, 2,000 lux 정도에서 배양하는 것이 효과적이었다.

To analyze the effect of 1RS chromosome segment on anther culture efficiency in wheat, 44 cultivars released from several countries were evaluated. The cultivars applied for this investigation came from several regions and it was necessary to confirm cult

Transgenic plants from hypocotyl segments of buckwheat were produced with the Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harboring the binary vector pBI121 containing chimeric genes of neomycin phosphotransferase II (npt II) and β -glucuronidase (gus). Two weeks after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium, most of the hypocotyl segments gradually became brown and died on the selection medium containing 100mg/~ell of kanamycin. Plants regenerated from the hypocotyl explants grown on selection medium were GUS-positive in the leaf, stem and vascular tissues by histochemical assay, and varied in gus activity (440-2568 pmol, 4-MU/mg protein) by fluorimetry. The plants showing GUS activity were confirmed of containing GUS and NPT-II genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Within 3 months, transgenic buckwheat plants were able to obtained from the hypocotyl segments.