본 실험은 펄라이트의 물리성, 화학성 및 배수 특성을 구명하고 이를 근거로 배지내 적정 수분관리를 시도해 보고자 수행하였다. 입자 분포를 5단계로 분류하였고, very-coarse 이상의 입자들이 98.5%를 점유하였다. 물리적인 특성은 very-coarse 이상의 입자들이 coarse 이하의 입자들보다 기상 비율은 각각 76.7%와 87.5%로 낮았지만, 고상 비율은 각각 13.2%와 7.0%, 액상 비율은 각각 10.2%와 5.5%로 높았다 양이온치환용량은 fine 입자가 1.867 me.100g-1로 크게 나타났다. 배수 면적이 클록 배수량이 많았으며, 관수 후 5분 이내에 관수량의 65~70% 정도가 배수되었다. 배지 깊이에 비례해서 배지내 수분량의 차이가 있었으며, 배수 후 펄라이트의 수분량은 약 2mL.cm-2.cm-1 / 정도로 추정된다. 시간이 경과됨에 따라 pF 수치는 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 배지내 수분함량과 pF치간의 관계는 고도로 유의한 부의 상관(R2＝0.997)이 있었다. 펄라이트 배지의 배수 특성을 파악하여 배지내 적정 수분함량을 조절할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

Most of chemical plant are using toxic and dangerous materials, inflammable and poisonous. There are many accidental dangers by escaping of fire, explosive and poisonous materials in case of high temperature and pressure. The accidents lead to taking employer's and local people's life and environmental contamination. Therefore, 27 small-medium chemical plant, which size is 30∼200 employees out of safety management agent in the area of A was selected in this study. The problems of safety management and several countermeasures at the chemical plants was indicated through the analyzed data. Prior to this analysis, top managers' concerns, equipment maintenance for the safety management are needed. For the future, calamity prevention countermeasures by industrial disaster analysis are needed and active safety management programs are investigated for the industrial disaster prevention and productivity enhancement at the chemical plant.

열증착기(thermal evaporator)로 증착시킨 Cu를 상온에서 3.5M CuCl2+0.5M HCI+0.5MKCI 용액을 사용하여 습식각하고 2일간 대기중 노출시킨 후 X-선 광전자 분광기를 이용하여 표면의 결합상태를 관찰하였다. 그 결과 습식식각된 Cu 표면에서는 C, O, Ci 및 Cu가 존재함을 알 수 있었다. 표면원소에 대한 오제이 전자 스펙트라(Auger electron spectra)와 광전자 스펙트라(photoelectron spectra)의 정량적인 비교를 통하여 표면의 모든 결합상태를 확인할 수 있었고 그 상대적인 양까지도 얻어낼 수 있었다. 식각된 Cu의 표면에는 Cu-Cu, 2Cu-O, Cu-Ci, Cu-2(OH), 및 Cu-2Cl의 결합상태가 존재함을 알 수 있었고, CuLMMAuger line spectrum의 관찰을 통하여 계산된 각 결합의 정량적인 비교를 검증할 수 있었다. 따라서 chemical shift가 거의 관찰되지 않아 결합상태 분리가 불가능한 식각된 구리표면의 정량적 결합상태는 각 결합상태의 상대적 비교를 통하여 얻어질 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

Cu(hfac)2,(Cu(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate)를 프리커서로 하는 구리 화학증착에 대해 자유에너지 최소화법으로 열역학적 평형조성 계산을 수행하였다. Cu(hfac)2-Ar계의 경우Cu(hfac)2 프리커서 자체의 열분해로부터 모든 공정조건에서 증착박막내로의 탄소 출입이 관찰되었다. Cu(hfac)2-H2,계에서는 Cu(hfac)2-Ar계보다 낮은 온도에서 구리박막이 증착되며, H2입력비 및 반응온도의 증가에 따라 응축상의 석출형태는 C(s)+CuF(s)로부터 C(s)+CuF(s)+Cu(s), C(s)+Cu(s), Cu(s), C(s)의 순으로 변화되는 것으로 나타났다.

지표에 노출된 암석은 지속적으로 풍화를 받게 되고 이러한 영향으로 암석의 공학적 안정성이 약해 지게 된다. 특히 풍화가 진행되면서 암석의 표면은 풍화에 의해서 변화를 일으키고 이러한 표면 변화는 암석 으로 구성된 지반의 공학적 안전성에 영향을 미치게 된다. 또한, 풍화를 받은 암석에서 생성되는 화학종은 주 변환경에 직접적인 영향을 미치거나 구조물에 영향을 미치게 된다. 광산지역과 같이 암석이 노출된 지역에서 는 풍화에 의해 생성된 화학종이 주변 자연환경에 심각한 영향을 미치기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 관점 에서 동결/융해 실험을 활용한 풍화가속 실험을 이미 풍화를 받은 암석과 신선한 암석을 대상으로 실시하고 각 암석의 표면 변화를 다초점 레이저 현미경으로 관찰하고 IC/ICP-MS를 활용하여 화학종 생성에 대한 분 석을 실시하였다. 풍화가 진행됨에 따라 표면의 거칠기는 완화되는 것을 확인하였고 주변환경에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 화학종은 풍화를 받는동안 양이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과는 암석이 노출된 지역에서 의 공학적/환경학적 안전성을 평가하는 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

If deposits occur around the dam, it is possible to suspect the erosion of the internal material of the dam. Piping can occur if the dam internal material is eroded, and such piping can be a serious safety hazard for the dam. XRD and XRF were performed on the investigated sediments and dam core materials. XRD and XRF were carried out to confirm the constituent minerals and chemical composition of the samples. This method can be applied to detect the possibility of erosion of the material constituting the dam.

The National Environmental Specimen Bank (NESB) has been sampling and cryogenically preserving various wildlife specimens to monitor bio-accumulations of chemical pollutants since 2010. Recently, the NESB set up a plan to develop reference materials at their facility to assure the analytical quality of and validate the analytical methods for their monitoring samples. One of the crucial characteristics of reference materials is intra- and inter-bottle homogeneity. In this study, we used ANOVA for total mercury concentrations in some samples to validate their homogeneities after milling and homogenization. We examined the intra- and inter-bottle homogeneities of two cryogenically-milled samples (Korean mussel (Mytilus coruscus) and black-tailed gull’s egg (Larus crassirostris). The variations in the total mercury concentrations were not significantly different intra- and inter-bottle (mussel: F=0.74, p=0.67; gull egg: F=1.96, p=0.10). Additionally, the relative standard deviations of the total mercury concentrations showed low values (mussel: 2.02%, gull egg: 1.78%). Therefore, the cryogenic-milling process statistically proves the homogeneity of the materials of mussels and sea gull eggs for chemical analysis for total mercury.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. In previous study, we isolated five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. In this study, we confirmed the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in leaves of O. elatus by different cultivation environment. Methods and Results : We analyzed three types of O. elatus in different cultivation environment (in vitro plant, in vivo plant and wild plant). We detected five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) in three types of plants by using HPLC. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the different cultivation environment. Syringin and adenosine were detected on all plants and showed different contents, respectively. We compared antioxidant activities such as total phenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH and reducing power assay. The values of antioxidant activities (DPPH and reducing power) in leaves of in vitro plants were higher than other plants. Also TPC and TFC in leaves of in vitro plants showed the highest contents. Conclusion : These results could be basic data for cultivation methods about enhancement of syringin and adenosine compounds contents in leaves of O. elatus.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. It is traditionally used to treat asthma, depressive states, chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, and wounds. In this study, the evaluation of several factors affecting the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in stem of O. elatus. Methods and Results : Five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) were isolated from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. We extracted stems of them with hot water by different temperature (85 and 100℃) and times (1, 4, and 7 hrs.) and analyzed contents of five compounds by HPLC and antioxidant activity such as DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assay. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the extraction time and extraction temperature, the contents of uracil and protocatechuic acid in extracts of stems reduced with times. However, there is no difference the amount of variation in chemical constituents in stems of O. elatus. The antioxidant free radical scavenging activities of its stem extracts in 85℃ water (IC50 = 34.56 ± 0.8 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) showed more activity than extracts in 100℃ water (IC50 = 39.58 ± 1.6 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) in ABTS assay. Conclusion : In conclusion, the contents of five compounds were not significantly affected by extraction time and extraction temperature. Therefore, these results could be basic data for the quality management of five compounds in stems of O. elatus extracted with hot water.

원전 주변의 농경지에서 생산되는 농산물은 방사능 오염으로 인해 체내 방사능 오염을 유발할 가능성을 가질 수 있다. 이에 원전 주변에서 채취된 농산물을 건조 처리하여 섭취에 의한 내부피폭선량 평가를 위해 90Sr의 방사능 농도의 한계치를 알아보고자 하였다. 감마동위원소 분석결과 모든 시료에서 인공핵종은 검출 되지 않았으며, 쌀에서 < 0.0166~0.0336 Bq/kg-fresh, 배추에서 <0.00586~0.0421 Bq/kg-fresh, 열무에서 <0.013 5 ~0.106 Bq/kg-fresh, 배에서 0.0114 ~ 0.0901 Bq/kg-fresh 로서 평상변동범위 수준이었다. 일반인에 대한 연간 선량한도인 1.0 mSv 대비 쌀, 배추, 열무의 90Sr에 대해 각각 0.0177%, 0.0222%, 0.0376%, 0.00243%가 나 왔으며, 이 값은 일반인에 대한 법적 기준치 1 mSv/yr∙man 비해 0.1 % 미만의 값이 나타났다. 따라서 식생활에서 음식 섭취량 또는 연령을 고려하여 어린이, 어른이 섭취하는 식품에 대한 폭넓은 평가가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Background : F. fomentarius extracts have been recently reported to process immune-stimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we evaluated the anti-mutagenic effect of F. fomentarius ethanol extracts and the effective chemical components from the extract were analyzed by LC-Q-TOF. Methods and Results : F. fomentarius was extracted with 70% ethanol yielding a crude extract 6.8%. The crude extract was fractionated sequentially to diethyl ether, chloroform, dichloromethane, butanol and water with a yield of 43.9%, 2.958%, 6.8%, 21.6% and 25.5.%, respectively. The anti-mutagenic effect of F. fomentarius extract and its fractions was tested in Ames test by two type of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100). Among the five fractions, diethyl ether has shown the highest and significant anti-mutagenic effect (98.3%, at 3,000 ㎍/plate concentration). Moreover, we investigated the chemical constituents of the extract using UPLC-Q-TOF. A total of 10 compounds such as flavonoids (velutin, 3, 4′,5-Trihydroxy-3′,7-dimethoxyflavanone) and fatty acids (γ-linoleic acid, stearic acid) and deterpenoid (kirenol) were tentatively identified with an accurate mass within 10 ppm mass error. Also, flavonoids and fatty acids were detected with higher rate than other compounds based on obtained chromatograms. Conclusion : We demonstrated that F. fomentarius extract and fractions have anti-mutagenic activity through Ames test. Furthermore, we will carry out isolation of each components from its fraction and use them to conduct additional anti-mutagenic test.

Various non-destructive test have been developed to predict the setting time of concrete. Through the electrical resistivity method(Wenner’s four electrode method), the effect of chemical admixture(AE admixture and superplasticizer) added for setting time of concrete mixtures is confirmed. As a result, it is observed that AE admixture dose not affect to change of concrete microstructure but delaying on setting time, and superplasticizer is affected not delaying on setting time, but changing in concrete’s microstructure

Various non-destructive test have been developed to predict the setting time of concrete. Through the electrical resistivity method(Wenner’s four electrode method), the effect of chemical admixture(AE admixture and superplasticizer) added for setting time of concrete mixtures is confirmed. As a result, it is observed that AE admixture dose not affect to change of concrete microstructure but delaying on setting time, and superplasticizer is affected not delaying on setting time, but changing in concrete’s microstructure

In this study, the chemical flow of butadiene in the Korean chemical material industry was analyzed by chemical flow analysis. In addition, the atmospheric emissions estimation equation was calculated. The results of the product-specific material flow analysis showed that 1,450,076 tons of butadiene have been used in the domestic chemical material industry. Of that, 28.2% was used for SBR, 29% for BR, 21.2% for ABS, and 21.5% for the manufacture of other rubber products. In addition, butadiene has been used in the production of final products, such as automotive supplies and equipment, tires, shoes, and consumer electronics products. Among them, it was found that the major product at 39% in the production of tires. About 56.7 tons of butadiene found to have been emitted into the atmosphere by the calculated expression. The results of the regional analysis showed butadiene was treated in five cities and seven provinces, with the largest amount of butadiene used in Chungnam. The results of standard industrial classification showed that, among the 23 divisions of the standard industrial classification, butadiene flow in the manufacture of synthetic resins or other plastic materials was found to account for about 70% of the total.

East Asia is characterized by anthropogenic emissions resulting from the large population and fast economic growth of this region. Since the prevailing wind is westerly and northwesterly, emissions from Ul-jin can be expected to contribute to acidic deposition increase in downwind direction. Aerosols collected at the near coast site, Uljin geun, gyungbook and were analyzed for NH4 +, Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, SO4 2-, and NO3 - from Aug. 2012 to Feb. 2013. The seasonal averaged aerosol concentration showed the highest potassium and calcium ion in winter and the highest ammonium ion due to a meadow and high solar intensity in summer. Sodium and chloride ion showed the same ratio all seasons and sulfate and nitrate species showed the maximum value in winter Chemical components of aerosols collected at the near coast site, Uljin geun, gyungbook were lower by 16 to 73% than those collected at other similar environment site such as kanghwa, yangyang. Comparing air quality data at the near coast site, Uljin geun, gyungbook, There was found that Uljin coast site is less influenced by the sea salts(potassium, magnesium, calcium) and nss-SO4 2- percentage is 3~13% higher than similar condition site.

This research was performed to evaluate the recycling characteristics by physico-chemical analysis of the wasted andthe reclaimed rubbers. Two types of the powdered and the reclaimed rubbers were sampled and analyzed. Pb was detectedin the range of 2.55~194.00mg/kg for the powdered rubber product, of which some exceeded the rubber standard criteria(90mg/kg), while it was 0.05~50.80mg/kg for the reclaimed rubber. Zn showed the highest concentration of heavymetals in the rubber products, comparing to the other heavy metals. It ranged from 9,750mg/kg to 27,900mg/kg, and388mg/kg to 17,450mg/kg for the powdered and the reclaimed rubber products, respectively. Total PAHs concentrationsof the powdered and the reclaimed rubber products exceeded greatly the rubber standard criteria (10mg/kg) as221.7~18,842.8mg/kg and not-detected~14,248.0mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the managementplan and environmental criteria should be prepared for the recycled rubber product, considering the concentrations ofhazardous compounds such as Pb, Zn, and PAHs.