The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of joint mobilization with respiratory muscle taping on pulmonary function and chest expansion ability in patients with chronic stroke. Thirty subjects (n=30) were randomly divided into three groups: a joint mobilization group (n=10), a respiratory muscle-taping group (n=10), and a joint mobilization with respiratory muscle-taping group (n=10). Measurements for pulmonary function and chest expansion were performed to assess its effectiveness. A spirometer was used to measure the pulmonary function, and a tape measure was used to assess the chest expansion. In the joint mobilization group, peak expiratory flow (PEF) was increased. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and upper and lower chest expansion were also increased. All of variables of respiratory muscle-taping group also were increased. FEV1 and FVC were significantly different between joint mobilization with respiratory muscle-taping and respiratory muscle-taping group. The results of the present study suggest that mobilization with respiratory muscle taping increase the pulmonary function and chest expansion.

Because English grammar consists of a long list of features, it is impractical to include all of them in a single grammar test. It would be useful to identify among all those features the best indicators of students’ grammatical knowledge and ability so that we could focus on what were the most representative knowledge and skills and simplify grammar assessment. This study is a preliminary, small-scale attempt to do just that. It surveyed 72 high school teachers and 129 Grade 12 students on their opinions of which features of grammar best represented grammatical knowledge and ability. They were asked to choose five indicators, including the best one, and provide reasons for thinking so. The relative pronoun was selected most frequently as the best indicator of grammatical knowledge and ability, followed by subject-verb agreement, the subjunctive, to-infinitives, and participles. This paper does not claim these five features to definitively represent the best indicators; further research should be conducted.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference of basic learning ability according to departments of college students. For this, MANOVA was performed. In order to reflect the difference between major fields, the norm was calculated considering the mean and standard deviation of the whole sample. The raw score was converted into the standard score T and used for the analysis. First, to understand the basic learning ability of college students, participants were classified according to major fields, and the average scores of major courses were checked for sub-areas of basic learning ability. As a result, the average scores varied depending on their major fields. The aeronautics, natural sciences, and health sciences majors, which have overlapping academic fields that emphasize a scientific approach, are ranked higher in the math ability as well as in overall scores. The Arts and Physics departments showed high scores in areas requiring humanistic literacy such as Literacy and Common Sense. Second, the differences in the division of college majors are analyzed by dependent variables. Literacy, Math, Common Sense, and IT were statistically significant (P = .000). Math was estimated at 65%, Literacy at 54%, Common Sense at 46%, and IT at 38%. In other words, students' majors affect the level of basic learning ability, and Math has the greatest influence among basic learning abilities. The results of this study are expected to provide useful information as theoretical and empirical data, to help us understand why the basic learning ability of college students is deteriorating, and set up appropriate educational treatment plan.

귤나무속 과수의 주요 해충인 귤응애의 방제효과 극대화를 위해 괭이밥의 천적유지식물 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 괭이밥을 지피식물로 조성한 처리구에서 일반 초생재배구에 비해 포식성 응애류 밀도가 평균 3배 이상 높게 나타났으며, 제초구에 비해 3.7배 낮은 귤응애 발생 밀도를 확인 할 수 있었다. 칠레이리응애는 괭이밥응애 알과 성충을 포식하지 못하였고, 사막이리응애는 일일 평균 괭이밥응애 알 1.96개와 암컷 성충 1.93개를 포식하였다. 온도 23 ± 1℃, 습도 70 ± 5%, 광조건 16L : 8D로 설정된 사육실에서 괭이밥응애 알에서 성충까지 17.4일이 소요되었으 며 77.5%의 부화율과 84.8%의 유충생존율을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study was to effects of hippotherapy on functional ability of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Fifty-seven children with CP participated were randomly divided into two groups. All of the groups received thirty minutes of conventional physical therapy program for three times a week per twelve weeks, however experimental group received additional fifteen minutes of the hippotherapy. Gross Motor Function Measure(GMFM) was used to compare the effects of hippotherapy. The results were as followings: GMFM score in dimensions A and B significantly increased in the control group after intervention. All dimensions of GMFM was significantly increased in experimental group after intervention. All dimensions of GMFM were significantly different between experimental group and control group. These results suggest that hippotherapy can be considered as a therapeutic method for physical therapy for the children with CP to improve the functional movements.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of core muscle training on balance ability. Forty subjects in their 20s participated in a 6 week core muscle training program. Balance ability before and after the intervention were assessed and analyzed using the Romberg test, which was conducted on the floor, pedalo, and balancefit. The differences between the measurement methods of balance ability using varied platforms was also compared and analyzed. After the 6-week core exercise training program, the training group represented statistically significant increases in all 3 methods for static balance ability. In the control group, all 3 methods represented no statistically significant increases. Upon comparing the different methods of the Romberg test, there were no notable differences between conducting the test on varying platforms for both groups. This study suggests that the core muscle exercise training program increased the balance ability.

목적 : 폭주부족안과 정상안의 컬러렌즈 착용 전과 후의 시기능과 읽기능력을 측정하여 컬러렌즈 착용이 폭주부족안에게 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 색각이상이 없고 안질환이 없는 39명을 대상으로 CISS 설문을 실시하여 폭주부족군과 대조군을 분 류하였다. 굴절검사를 실시하여 최대교정시력이 1.0 이상으로 완전교정을 한 후, 시기능 검사와 Intuitive Colorimeter Mk.3을 이용하여 근거리 독서 시 선호하는 컬러렌즈 색상을 선택한 후, 읽기능력을 검사하였다. 분석 방법은 SPSS 18.0 통계프로그램을 사용하였으며, 통계적으로 유의수준은 p<0.05을 기준으로 하였다. 결과 : CISS 점수는 폭주부족안이 정상안 보다 높았다. 폭주부족안의 근거리 외사위량이 더 크게 나타났 으며, 폭주근점도 더 길게 나타났다. 양성상대조절력과 조절래그값은 폭주부족안이 정상안보다 더 큰 값을 보였으며, 조절용이성은 정상안보다 속도가 느렸다. 폭주부족안은 컬러렌즈를 사용했을 때의 맞은 단어의 개수와 읽기 속도가 증가하였다. 반면, 정상안에서는 컬러렌즈의 사용 전과 후의 읽기 능력 변화에 큰 차이 를 나타내지 않았다. 결론 : 본 연구 결과, 컬러렌즈가 폭주부족안의 근거리 읽기 능력에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것을 확인하였 다. 추후 컬러렌즈 착용 후의 자각증상에 대한 설문과 폭주 및 조절 검사의 결과를 추가적으로 진행한다면 더 다양한 결과로 분석할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

치자(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus, GJE) 씨에서의 70% 에탄올, CM (chloroform: methanol, 부피 비 2:1(CM)) 및 노르말 부탄올 추출 용매별 flavonoid 함량 및 항산화 능, 금속 킬레이 트 능력 측정을 통하여 치자 씨의 기능성 식품 소재로서의 가치를 검토한 결과, 치자 씨의 proanthocyanidin 함량은 건조 무게(g) 중 카테킨(catechin) 당량으로 계산하여 70.035±0.772 mg으로 나타났으며, 추출 수율은 CM (36.39%), 70% 에탄올(27.32%), 노르말 부탄올(26.23%) 순으로 나타났 다. 추출 용매별 항산화 능은 농도(0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL)가 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였으며 (p<0.05), 양성대조군으로 사용된 ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), ethylenediamnetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 보다는 낮은 활성이 확인되었다. Flavonoid 함량(mg)은 시료 g 당 케르세틴(quercetin) 당량으로 계산하여 70% 에탄올(0.830), CM (0.752), 노르말 부탄올(0.105) 순 으로 확인되었으며, 항산화 능 분석 실험과 금속 킬레이트 능력 실험에서도 이와 유사한 양상으로 동정 되어 모든 분석에서 70% 에탄올과 CM 추출물이 강한 생리활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 치자 씨의 용매 별 flavonoid 함량에 따라 항산화 능 및 금속 킬레이트 능력이 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이에, 치자 씨는 proanthocyanidin과 flavonoid 화합물을 다량 함유하고 있으며, 높은 항산화 능 과 생리활성을 가 지고 있어 기능성 식품 및 천연 항산화제로서의 가치가 있을 것으로 추정된다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of simulation training using video debriefing on the self-efficacy, problem solving ability, and learning satisfaction of nursing students. Method: The study design was control group pre-and post-test non-synchronized experimental design. The sample included two teams of 138 nursing students. The experimental group provided feedback after the simulation was run, and then the team was debriefed through the video recorded video in the debriefing room, and the control group performed the oral debriefing. This study was conducted from November 10, 2015 to December 10, 2015, using descriptive statistics, χ²-test and t-test. Results: The scores of the self-efficacy, problem- solving process performance, and learning satisfaction were higher than those of the group who received the video debriefing (experimental group) than those who received the oral debriefing training (control group). Conclusion: It has been found that debriefing using video in the simulation training has a positive effect on self-efficacy, ability to perform problem solving process and improvement of learning satisfaction, so it can be utilized as an effective teaching and learning strategy and also helps strengthen nursing capacity.

본 논문은 우리나라 청소년들의 금융 이해력을 연구하기 위해 총 10회에 걸쳐 시 행된 경제금융이해력인증시험의 측정결과를 분석한 것이다. 분석결과 국내 고등학교 청소년들의 금융이해력은 2학년이 1학년에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났 으나 2학년과 3학년의 차이는 유의하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 주제별로는 복리 이자 계산, 주식시세표 해석과 같은 실생활에 필요한 금융 해결능력을 검증하는 문 제의 정답률은 낮았다. 반면 금융 상품의 종류를 분류하고 그 특성을 묻는 전형적 인 이론 문제의 정답률은 높았다. 문제 유형별 정답률은 계산형과 도표 해석형 문 제의 정답률은 평균보다 낮았으며, 상황분석형과 단순지식형 문제의 정답률은 평균 보다 높았다. 이와 같은 연구 결과는 현재 청소년들의 금융 이해력을 증진시키기 위해서는 실생활과 밀접한 금융 개념 및 관련 사고력에 대한 추가적인 교육이 필요 함을 보여주고 있다.

The mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) has been investigated as a source of stem cell therapy to replace and treat damaged cells. Human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells was isolated from hysterectomy tissue and the direct evidence of stem/progenitor cells in the human endometrium was identified. Endometrium derived stem cells (EnMSCs) are known to have a high proliferative ability, genetic stability, lack of tumorigenicity and low immnunogenicity during long-term cultivation. Here, we aimed to identify MSC in canine endometrium and characterize its potential to differentiate into decidua cells. EnMSCs were isolated from thrown-away spayed uterus of adult canine depending on their estrus cycle, and identified by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry with MSC specific markers. We then characterized the ability of EnMSCs by the doubling-time analysis, colony-forming units and MSC differentiation assays. Isolated EnMSCs expressed stem cell specific genes (Sox2, Oct4, Nanog, MCAM, Endoglin, Susd2 and IGTB) and MSC surface markers (CD90, CD44 and CD117). EnMSCs are also differentiated into adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic cells morphologically under modified conditions with the expression of lineage specific genetic markers. EnMSCs showed higher proliferation ability than canine amniotic fluid derived MSCs which were used as a positive control. EnMSCs were cultured at low density (10, 20, cells/cm2) and initiated to form small colonies of loosely-arranged cells and gradually formed large colonies of densely-packed cells which underwent self-renewal with high proliferative potential which is similar to the clonogenicity feature of human endometrium-derived stem cells. EnMSCs were then induced to differentiate into decidua cells with 0.5 mM dbcAMP. After 14 days, EnMSCs changed their morphology into the elongated and rounded shape. The induced decidual cells expressed PRL and IGFBP1 which are typically expressed in decidua cells. In conclusion, we successfully isolated and characterized MSC in the canine endometrium which differentiated into decidua cells. These results showed that endometrium may be a promising source of stem cells, and furthermore raise the possibility of canine EnMSCs as a novel hypothetical decidualisation model of infertility associated with decidualisation insufficiency and implantation failure.

In case of underground construction affected by groundwater, CIP (Cast-In-Place Pile) method is generally used to resolve the geo-hydraulic problem. However, as this method has poor connectivity between piles, an auxiliary method for cut-off is needed in many cases. In this study, a new concept earth retaining wall method (H-CIP) with no auxiliary method, by using surfactant grout (Hi-FA) which improves antiwashout and infiltration ability, is introduced, and its field applicability is evaluated. CIP and H-CIP piles were installed with same ground conditions, and field permeability tests were conducted to verify the performance. As results, newly contrived H-CIP method shows higher antiwashout performance for cut-off than conventional CIP method.

In the age of sexual maturity of queen, mating occurred at 6.7% immediately after eclosion and it was the highest as 85.0% at 10 days after emergence. However, a remarkable decrease was occurred at 20 days after the emergence. With regard to oviposition rate, the highest rate was observed as 81.3-81.8% at 6 to 10 days of eclosion. The rate of colony foundation and progeny-queen production were the highest as 43.8% and 37.5%, respectively, at 8 days of eclosion. In the age of sexual maturity of male, mating rate was as high as 38.3% immediately after the eclosion, the highest as 80.0% at 25 days of eclosion, and 76.6% at 8 days of eclosion. The oviposition rate was the highest as 76.9% at 6 days of eclosion, and decreased to 75.0% at 8 days and 72.7% at 10 days of eclosion. Summarized, our results indicate that sexual maturity for mating of B. terrestris is most favorable 6-8 days after eclosion for queen and 6-10 days after for male.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been used as important part of integrated pest management program to control aphid. In particular, Beauveria bassiana was distributed throughout the world including temperate and tropical area, various habitats from alpine soil, desert soil to running water and both insect and plant. Especially the fungus has also been isolated from the surface and the interior of plants and act as natural control agent. Viability of fungi on the plant surface may be influenced by temperature, humidity, sunlight and plant type as well as fungal isolate. Persistence of treated fungal control agent on phylloplane and control efficacy may differ from environmental conditions and isolates. In this study, we investigated the persistence of an B. bassiana which is developing as prototype wettable powder to control cotton aphid, and the residual efficacy of the prototype on cucumber under three different greenhouse conditions.

This study investigated the effects of indirectly applying proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) to the scapular adductor muscles of stroke patients on their scapular movements and walking ability. Five patients who were diagnosed with stroke participated in this study as a single group. PNF patterns were applied to the scapulae anterior elevation and posterior depression patterns and upper limbs patterns of the patients in side lying and sitting positions together. The data were analyzed with a paired t-test in order to identify within-group differences in the measurements before and after the intervention. The scapular movements of the upper and lower parts, weight bearing and walking speed were significantly improved in the stroke patients after the application of PNF (p<0.05). These results suggest that PNF training effective in improving the scapular movements and walking ability in patients with stroke.

The present study aims to investigate the direct and indirect contributions of Korean EFL college students’ L2 receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge to their L2 writing performances by using a structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis with a goal to explore the pathways of vocabulary knowledge to writing. Data from 178 students were collected through tests of receptive and productive vocabulary breadth and depth, a writing test and a reading test. In testing a hypothesized model on the roles of receptive and productive vocabulary in writing, the results of the SEM analysis reveal the direct role of productive vocabulary in writing. The indirect role of receptive vocabulary on writing was observed through the mediating role of productive vocabulary or reading ability due to the direct contribution of receptive vocabulary to both productive vocabulary and reading and that of productive vocabulary and reading to writing. Findings from the study shed light on the relations of L2 receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge with L2 writing abilities, suggesting potential benefits of both receptive and productive vocabulary learning for L2 writing.

목적 : 본 연구는 자폐범주성장애(Autism Spectrum Disorder; ASD)아동의 모방기술 획득을 위한 중재방 법을 소개하고, 이차적 효과 분석을 통해 모방을 위한 중재를 제공하는 전문 인력으로서 작업치료사의 중요성과 작업치료 분야에서 연구의 필요성을 알리기 위하여 시행되었다. 연구방법 : 해외 전자 데이터베이스인 ProQuest, PubMed, MEDLINE과 Scopus 그리고 국내의 RISS, KISS, 국립중앙도서관을 사용하여 2006년부터 2016년까지의 논문을 검색하였다. 주요 검색용어는 “ASD AND Gesture imitation AND (Intervention OR Training)”를 사용하였다. 3차 분류를 통하여 최종적으로 13개의 연구를 분석대상으로 선정하였다. 결과 : 연구 결과 발달장애 특성상 단일대상설계를 이용한 연구가 많았고, 중재의 종류로는 상호모방훈련이 가장 많이 적용되었다. 광범위한 연령대에 중재가 적용되고 있었고, 이를 통한 모방기술의 향상이 아동 의 언어, 사회성기술, 문제행동, 놀이기술, 운동기술, 일상생활수행기술 등에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타 났다. 결론 : 본 고찰을 통하여 ASD아동의 모방기술은 새로운 것을 학습할 때 선행요소이자 다른 발달영역에도 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 추후에는 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 발달재활 전문가로서 작업치 료사가 직접 ASD아동에게 모방기술을 위한 중재전략을 적용하고 효과성을 입증하는 연구가 활발히 이 루어져야 할 것이다.

Activated carbon fiber (ACF) surfaces are modified using an electron beam under different aqueous solutions to improve the NO gas sensitivity of a gas sensor based on ACFs. The oxygen functional group on the ACF surface is changed, resulting in an increase of the number of non-carbonyl (-C-O-C-) groups from 32.5% for pristine ACFs to 39.53% and 41.75% for ACFs treated with hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide solutions, respectively. We discover that the NO gas sensitivity of the gas sensor fabricated using the modified ACFs as an electrode material is increased, although the specific surface area of the ACFs is decreased because of the recovery of their crystal structure. This is attributed to the static electric interaction between NO gas and the non-carbonyl groups introduced onto the ACF surfaces.

The purpose of this study is to design and develop integrated game system for experiential walking exercise. Existing walking exercise is performed outside, so it is influenced by external weather, temperature, time, place and other situation information. Therefore, it is necessary to have an experiential walking exercise game that can induce the recommended level of physical activity for the elderly who have a low interest in health care. The experiential exercise game requires a vision - based system to recognize motion and a smart mat that can recognize walking information. We also developed a walking exercise program to improve the sense of balance and cognitive ability of elderly people. There are 4 types of Walking Exercise Games: 5 levels for beginner, intermediate, and advanced difficulty levels.

본 연구는 일상생활에서 경제활동 도구로 쓰이는 ‘동전’을 활용하여 수학적 의미를 구성한 활동이 유아들의 수학적 태도와 수 연산 능력에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보는데 목적이 있 다. 본 연구대상은 경기도에 위치한 공립유치원 만5세 두 개 반을 선정하였고, 주간교육계획안 을 통하여 유아1인당, 500원짜리 동전 4개․100원짜리 동전 5개․50원짜리 5개․10원짜리 10 개 동전을 활용한 활동을 실험 집단 유아들에게 약 2개월 동안 주 2회씩 15개의 활동을 적용하 였고, 비교집단과 함께 사전․사후를 검사하여 결과를 도출하였다. 본 연구결과는 첫째, 동전 수학 활동을 실시한 실험집단의 유아들이 수·조작 영역에서 활동을 한 비교집단의 유아들보다 수학적 태도 향상에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나왔다. 둘째, 동전 수학 활동을 실시한 실험집단의 유아들이 수․조작 영역 활동을 한 비교집단의 유아들보다 수와 연산 이해에 유의 미한 영향을 미친 것으로 나왔다. 결론적으로 경제활동 도구인 ‘동전’을 활용한 수학 활동은 유아의 수학적 태도와, 수 연산 능력에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 경제활동에 꼭 필요한 ‘동전’이라는 도구는 유아들의 수학 태도와 수 연산 능력을 향상 시키기 위한 효과적인 교수-학습방법에서의 수학적 도구가 될 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.