This study examines options to revitalize a B2B textile trading platform, exploring user satisfaction and perceptions of the importance of several website features. Between June 8 and June 21, 2023, fashion studies majors and domestic fashion brand product planners were asked to use the website of an open B2B textile platform for 30 minutes and then evaluate its features by responding to a survey. The final sample for analysis wad comprised of 150 questionnaires. To analyze the key textile website features, a paired t-test, Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), and multiple regression analysis were utilized. The analysis classified the key textile website features related to user importance and satisfaction into the following categories: convenience, appearance, product information, and uniqueness. An analysis investigation of the differences in importance and satisfaction for each website evaluation attribute found significant differences in 12 attributes. The IPA analysis revealed that attributes such as product reliability, quality, a convenient search function, and convenient page movement are highly important to users and garner high user satisfaction; these findings demonstrate the importance of maintaining these elements. Images on the main screen, the latest trend information, and product prominence attributes also garner high importance ratings, but result in low user satisfaction, which signifies extensive revision is required. Finally, user evaluation of the convenience, appearance, and product information of the website was found to affect user recommendation intention.

In countries without strong biosecurity systems, Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium poses a continuing threat to agriculture. Even when quarantine laws exist, the risk is greater if one of the world's most serious pests becomes introduced to imported stored grain. The rate of Khapra beetles introduced is rising sharply with increased transport, trade, travel, and tourism between countries and continents. Species identification is usually the key to success in Khapra beetle control programs. Countries that export/import grains, such as Australia, Canada, Russia, Korea and USA, must ensure that their ports, grain storage facilities, and transportation systems are free of khapra beetle. Researchers so far developed effective quarantine treatments and eradication strategies to deal with khapra beetle infestations that occur upon import at inland port. Khapra beetle introductions are likely to be impacted by a variety of factors, including trade flow and quarantine laws. In this study, we provide an overview of the current global quarantine laws, invasions of khapra beetle, and its control strategies.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is widely used as an environmentally friendly insecticide compared to chemical insecticides. However, challenges such as difficulty in direct practical application, limited efficacy duration, and stability have been identified. To solve these issues, formulation-based research is being extensively conducted. In this study, the high insecticidal activity strain Bt IMBL-B9, identified in previous research, was subjected to large-scale cultivation using a fermentor. Subsequently, various formulations were developed through formulation processes. and characteristics such as their wettability, suspensibility and particle size were assessed to select the optimized formulation.

한반도 남부지역에서 점토대토기문화는 청동기시대 후기에 중국 요령지역으로부터 유입된 문화로 유구와 유물에서 재지의 송국리문화와는 이질적이고 단절된 문화상을 보인다. 그러나 점토대토기문화 에서 확인되는 석기를 송국리문화의 석기군과 비교하면 유사점과 차이점을 모두 보이고 있어‘점토대 토기문화의 석기’에 대한 정체성은 명확하게 정의되지 않고 있다. 본고는 점토대토기문화 유적에서 출토된 석기 전반을 검토하고, 재지문화인 송국리문화와의 비교 분석을 통해 점토대토기문화 석기의 범주와 특징을 살펴보았다. 점토대토기문화의 석기는 송국리문화 에서 보이지 않던 새로운 기종의 출현은 확인되지 않지만, 새로운 형식의 출현은 확인되었다. 이러한 새로운 형식을‘점토대토기문화의 석기’로 설정하였다. 점토대토기문화의 석기상은 세 유형으로 분류하였다. Ⅰ유형은 자체적으로 고안한 형식으로, 무경 식석검, 삼각형석촉, 소형 편평양인석부, 단면 장방형의 석제 방추차 등이 있다. Ⅱ유형은 재지문화의 석기를 독창적으로 변형한 형식으로 구하부 직선의 유구석부, 편평유경촉 등이 있다. Ⅲ유형은 재지 문화의 석기를 그대로 수용한 것으로 합인석부, 편평편인석부, 구하부 사선의 유구석부 등이 있다. 이 세 유형은 점토대토기문화 집단이 새로운 환경에 적응하며 발현된 석기상으로 이를 통해 당시 환경에 적응ㆍ정착하는 과정을 유추할 수 있다. 석기상으로 볼 때, 점토대토기문화는 수렵에 비중을 둔 사회였음을 추정할 수 있다.

In this study, we introduce a novel TiN/Ag embedded TiO2/FTO resistive random-access memory (RRAM) device. This distinctive device was fabricated using an environmentally sustainable, solution-based thin film manufacturing process. Utilizing the peroxo titanium complex (PTC) method, we successfully incorporated Ag precursors into the device architecture, markedly enhancing its performance. This innovative approach effectively mitigates the random filament formation typically observed in RRAM devices, and leverages the seed effect to guide filament growth. As a result, the device demonstrates switching behavior at substantially reduced voltage and current levels, heralding a new era of low-power RRAM operation. The changes occurring within the insulator depending on Ag contents were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Additionally, we confirmed the correlation between Ag and oxygen vacancies (Vo). The current-voltage (I-V ) curves obtained suggest that as the Ag content increases there is a change in the operating mechanism, from the space charge limited conduction (SCLC) model to ionic conduction mechanism. We propose a new filament model based on changes in filament configuration and the change in conduction mechanisms. Further, we propose a novel filament model that encapsulates this shift in conduction behavior. This model illustrates how introducing Ag alters the filament configuration within the device, leading to a more efficient and controlled resistive switching process.

We analyzed the performance of hubless rim propellers based on the number of blades, maintaining a fixed pitch ratio and expanded area ratio, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Thrust coefficient, torque coefficient and efficiency according to the number of blades were analyzed. In addition, the pressure distribution on the discharge and suction sides of the blade was analyzed. As the advance ratio increases, the thrust coefficient decreases. The highest thrust was shown when the advance ratio was lowest. For the three, four, five and six-blades, the torque coefficient tended to decrease as the advance ratio increased. In the case of seven and eight-blades, the torque coefficient tended to increase as the advance ratio increased. The maximum efficiency was found when the advance ratio was 0.8. When the three-blade, it showed high efficiency at all advance ratios. A high pressure distribution was observed at the leading edge of the discharge blade, and a low pressure distribution was observed at the trailing edge. Applying a hubless rim-driven thruster with the three-blade can generate higher thrust and increase work efficiency.

The towing distance, which is speed over the ground, and the water flow quantity, which is speed through the water, were used when estimating the amount of Metapenaeus joyneri resources that rose to the surface at night using the swept area method in order to compare and analyze the difference. It was conducted using a shrimp dredge, trial fishing gear for catching Metapenaeus joyneri. Catch during the entire survey period was 188.9 kg. Monthly catch ranged from 3.1 to 109.2 kg, highest in June and lowest in September. The swept volume calculated using the speed over the ground was about 13% higher than using the speed through the water. Metapenaeus joyneri resources estimated using the towing distance ranged from 320.1 to 14,649.8 kg. Resources estimated using the water flow quantity ranged from 278.5 to 12,886.3 kg. Therefore, the amount of Metapenaeus joyneri resources estimated using the speed over the ground was about 14% higher than the method using the speed through the water, indicating that the amount of resources was overestimated.

Organic wastewater causes serious environmental pollution, and catalytic oxidation is promising technique for wastewater treatment. Developing green and effective catalysts is currently challenging. In this work, green synthesis of nano zerovalent iron loaded onto porous biochar derived from popcorn is conducted, and catalytic oxidation of Rhodamine B (RhB) is evaluated in the presence of H2O2. Effect of process factors is examined on catalytic performance for RhB removal. The mechanism of RhB removal is discussed by characterizations (Fourier transform infrared spectra and Raman) and UV–vis spectra. RhB removal is improved with high catalyst dosage, low initial RhB concentration, and high reaction temperature, while it is slightly influenced by carbonization temperature of biochar, H2O2 dosage and pH value. Under conditions of BC-250 1.0 g/L, H2O2 0.01 mol/L, pH 6.1, and temperature 30 °C, the removal rate of RhB is 92.27% at 50 min. Pseudo first-order kinetics is used to fitting experimental data, and the activation energy for RhB removal in BC-250/H2O2 system is 39 kJ/mol. RhB removal in BC-250/H2O2 system can be attributed to adsorption effect and catalytic oxidation with the dominant role of hydroxyl radical. This work gives insights into catalytic oxidation of organic wastewater using green catalyst.

The primary therapeutic approach for Brucella species infections has mainly been based on antibiotic treatment. However, the development of vaccines for brucellosis control remains controversial. Furthermore, there is currently no licensed vaccine available for human brucellosis. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a combination of recombinant protein vaccines against Brucella (B.) abortus infection using a mouse model. Two B. abortus genes, namely dapB and gpm, were cloned and expressed in competent Escherichia (E.) coli DH5α using the pCold-TF vector. Successfully cloned vectors were subjected to PCR amplification using specific primer pairs. The apparent sizes of dapB and gpm were detected at 807 bp and 621 bp, respectively. Besides, the purified recombinant proteins dapB and gpm were detected using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis with correct sizes of 82.86 kDa and 87.61 kDa, respectively. These recombinant proteins were used to immunize mice as a combined subunit vaccine (CSV) to elicit host immunity against B. abortus infection. Mice immunized with CSV exhibited increased proliferation of CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells at week 7th and 9th before sacrifice, in comparison to the control group. Notably, CSV immunization showed a significant decrease in bacterial burden in the spleen compared to the control group. Altogether, CSV using dapB and gpm induced host adaptive immune response against Brucella infection, suggesting its potential as an effective new subunit vaccine candidate.

예이츠는 성실한 연구와 주변 철학자들과의 지적인 교류를 통하여 플라톤과 플로티누스에 대한 깊은 이해력을 키웠다. 특히 플로티누스의 철학 체계인 신플라톤주의가 그의 작품 전반에 걸쳐 널리 미치는 영향을 인식하는 것은 그의 작품을 이해하는데 필요한 귀중한 통찰력을 준다. 예이츠의 신비주의와 비교가 주목을 받아온 반면, 예이츠의 시에서 신플라톤주의는 상대적으로 충분히 탐구되지 않았다. 본 논문은 예이츠의 시, 특히, “The Tower”에 얽혀있는 이러한 주제들을 밝히고자 한다. 예이츠는 “The Tower”에서 풍부한 상징주의와 우화를 사용하여 이 시를 신플라톤주의를 탐구하기 위한 이상적인 장으로 만들었다. “The Tower”를 통하여, 영혼의 상승, 물질적 한계의 초월, 지상과 천상의 상호 작용이라는 신플라톤주의의 철학적 주제들이 탐구되어질 수 있다. 시 속의 탑은 신플라톤주의의 핵심인 더 높은 진리를 향한 영혼의 추구와 물리적 세계와 영적 세계 사이의 연결을 상징한다.

본 연구는 특화된 문화관광지이자 주제관광의 대상이기도 한 한방식물원 탐방객의 인식 분석을 통해 한방식물원의 설계와 관리 방향을 제시하고자 한 것이다. 중국 하북성 안국시의 약박원(藥博園)을 사 례로 지각된 가치가 탐방객의 정서 및 편익에 미치는 영향을 밝히고자 AHP-엔트로피 가중치를 통해 한방식물원 탐방객의 지각된 가치 지표의 가중치를 계산하는 한편 요인분석을 통해 요인과 지표의 관 계를 탐색하였다. 본 연구에서는 경관평가 연구에서 일반적으로 적용하는 지표 가중치 분석방법을 탐 방객의 지각된 가치 척도 도구로 활용하였다. 그 결과, 자극 내부요인반응(S-O-R)이론의 관계를 바탕으 로 ‘탐방객의 지각된 가치’, ‘정서’, ‘지각된 편익’ 간의 관계를 설명하는 구조 방정식 모델에서는 다른 요인과는 달리 ‘관리 서비스 지각가치’는 탐방객의 지각된 편익에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 AHP 계층분석법 및 엔트로피(Entropy) 가중치법을 통해 탐방객의 지각된 가치 지표에 관한 주·객관적 복합 가중치를 계산한 결과, ‘환경 지각 가치’의 가중치가 가장 높은데 반해 ‘관 리서비스 지각 가치’의 가중치는 가장 낮은 것으로 밝혀졌는데 이는 구조방정식의 상관관계 검정 결과 와 일치하는 것이다. 궁극적으로 한방식물원의 주변의 ‘환경’은 탐방객의 체험 향상에 가장 중요한 가 치임이 확인되었다.

This research investigated the immunoenhancing effect through the intracellular MAPKs and NF-B signaling pathways in macrophages activated by crude polysaccharides (YBP) of barley sprouts. YBP extracted from barley sprouts is composed of xylose (25.8%), arabinose (24.1%), galactose (23.4%), and galacturonic acid (11.7%). YBP did not affect the cytotoxicity and showed superior secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- by RAW264.7 cells. Also, YBP dose dependently increased IL-6, TNF-, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA gene expression. In the western blot, YBP strongly induced the phosphorylation of the p38, JNK, ERK, and IB pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. In the anti-pattern recognition receptor (anti-PRRs) assay, the effect of YBP on NO secretion strongly decreased toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and Dectin1 antibodies, whereas IL-6 and TNF- secretion by YBP mainly decreased SR and CD14. Therefore, we concluded that YBPinduced NO, IL-6, and TNF- were secreted via the MAPKs, while NF-B pathways through TLR4, Dectin1, SR, and CD14 receptors existed in a macrophage surface and were involved in the immunoenhancing effect.

자생식물은 관상용, 약용, 식량자원으로 활용될 수 있는 잠재력을 지닌 고유 유전자원이다. 돌부추(Allium koreanum H.J. Choi & B.U. Oh)는 우리나라 해안 암반지대에 분포하는 자생식물 중 하나로, 기후변화와 서식지 감 소로 인해 보전 가치가 높은 식물이다. 이번 연구는 온도와 과산화수소가 돌부추의 발아에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 종자를 무처리(대조군) 또는 1% 과산화수소(H2O2)로 90분간 처리한 종자를 준비해 15, 20, 25°C 로 설정된 식물 생장 챔버에 배치하였다. 그 결과, 파종 23일 후 15°C에서 42%인 발아율이 20°C와 25°C에서 각각 18%와 0%인 발아율보다 2배 이상 높았으며, H2O2 처리 여부와 관계없이 15°C에서 발아율이 42%로 가장 높았다. H2O2 처리와 관계없이 최종 발아율 50%(T50)에 도달하는 일수는 20°C에서 가장 짧았지만, 일평균 발아율(MDG)은 15°C에서 가장 높았다. 따라서 1%의 H2O2 처리는 돌부추의 발아율에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 15°C의 온도가 돌부추의 발아율을 높이는 데 최적인 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구 결과는 돌부추의 발아를 위한 기초 연구 자료로 활 용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In the genus Asobara Foester, 1863 (Braconidae: Alysiinae), two new species, Asobara rotundata sp. nov. is described and illustrated. In addition, the DNA barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were sequenced for the species. An identification key for the Asobara species officially recorded from Korea is provided.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is currently the most commonly used microbial pesticide. In the previous study, Bt IMBL-B9 known for its high toxicity against Spodoptera exigua, S. frugiperda and Plutella xylostella was characterized. To develop novel biopesticide, optimization of culture medium is required for the cost-effective mass production for toxin production of IMBL-B9. Through experimental design by Plackett-Burman design, ingredients that significantly influenced the production of IMBL-B9's toxin were selected. Using these results, the novel culture medium for IMBL-B9 was developed and the toxin yield of IMBL-B9 was significantly increased than conventional media by using this medium. These results could be useful for the development of biopesticides.

Stilbene-based fluorescent brighteners (FB) have been shown to enhance insecticidal activities of entomopathogenic viruses but little is known its effect on entomopathogenic bacteria. We investigated the effect of two FBs (FB 28 and FB 71) on the insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) as well as the Lymantria dispar multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) in Lymantria dispar asiatica. FB 28 increased the mortality at the combination with low concentration (1.6×102 IU/ml) of Btk, but FB 71 slightly reduced the mortality with middle and high concentrations (1.6×103 and 1.6×104 IU/ml) of Btk in comparison to Btk alone. Both FB 28 and FB 71 increased mortality in combination with LdMNPV at all concentrations (3×102, 3×104, and 3×106 POBs/ml) compared to LdMNPV alone. Our findings suggest that FBs enhanced pathogenic activities but depend on chemical nature of FBs.

Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) has been reported worldwide as a major pathogen associated with acute hemorrhagic enteritis. The disease is a major infectious cause of death, particularly in young dogs. The earliest type of CPV-2 was replaced with three main subspecies, CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, within a few years. Vaccination is carried out regularly, but the emergence of antigenic variants and the influence of maternal antibodies have limited the efficacy of commercial vaccines. New vaccines, such as the subunit vaccine, have been developed for alternative, safe, and effective vaccination. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is an excellent eukaryotic expression system with a high-level expression of foreign proteins and the ability of post-translational modification. Therefore, it is used widely to produce recombinant protein and subunit vaccines. In this study, the VP2 protein of CPV-2b cloned in the gateway vector system was generated using a baculovirus expression system in Spodoptera frugiperda (SF9) insect cells. Hemagglutination assay (HA) titers (24) were obtained, and the expression was detected in 6-His tagged VP2 and monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CPV-2 by western blotting. The VP2 protein of CPV-2b expressed in this study may provide a basis for a clinical diagnosis and vaccination applications for CPV-2.