In the “Zi Yi”子儀chapter of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips清華簡 (six), the character “Zhi” appears twice. For the first time, it is written “ ” and the second time is written “ ”, which has the component “Si”糸 in the left and the component “Ma”馬 is omitted. The editor of this text has indicated that the character “Zhi” should be the character “Zhi”馽 in the Shuo Wen 說文. According to the character “Ji”𦌭 is written variously as “Ji” , this paper adds conclusive evidence which proves the character “Zhi” should be the character “Zhi”馽. In the Warring States Qin Zongyiwashu宗邑瓦書, the character “Ji” is written as which is the variant character of “Ji”𦌭. This shows the character “Zhi”馽 which is the Xiaozhuan小篆 writing is simplified by the components “Si”糸written on the horse’s foot. The character “Ji”𦌭 in the “Mati”馬蹄 chapter of the “Zhuangzi”莊子 is written variously as the character “Xu”𦄼. There is no reasonable explanation about the relationship between the two characters. This paper argues that the writing of the character “Xu”𦄼 should be changed from the writing of the character “Zhi” . The reason is the character “Xu”須 has a very similar writing with the word “Ma”馬 which appears in the ancient writing of the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, both the variant writing of the character “Zhi”馽and “Xu”𦄼 should be changed from the writing of the character “Zhi” . This situation may occur in Qin Dynasty or during the change of Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty.

The variants of references in dictionary reflect many characteristics of particular regions and era. These variants are also the key points to the research of characters’ dissemination and application. This paper based on the Access of xinzidian, reorganized all the references to Liji, and then made a comparison between the references and Liji. As a result, we found 100 variants, and summarized them as five types.　Then on this basis, we attempt to discuss the features and laws of Korea’s characters.

『논어』는 유가 경전 문헌 중 하나이며, 현재의 『논어』는 전래되어 온 것과 출토된 것으로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 본문은 평양 정백동 364호 고분에서 출토된 거의 완전한 형태인 39조각의 『논어』를 연구 범위로 하여, 출토된 『논어』와 전래된 『논어』의 경문 상의 차이 현상을 비교하였다. 서로 다른 글자가 쓰여진 현상은 동원통용자나 동음차용자, 쓰기 중에 일어난 와자(訛字), 이체자, 서로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있는 동의사와 자구의 증감 등 여러 현상을 포함하고 있다. 『정주한묘죽간(定州漢墓竹簡) 논어』와 서로 다른 글자를 비교 한 이후에 이 두 다른 지역에서 출토된 『논어』의 수록 자형 상의 차이에 대해 논의하였다. 평양 정백동에서 출토된 죽간 『논어』와 정주 한묘 출토 죽간 『논어』는 시대적으로 비교적 가까우나, 그 글자 상에 있어 완전히 일치하지는 차이를 보이고 있어, 아마도 서로 다른 경로로 전래되었을 수도 있다는 것을 알려준다. 본문은 출토와 전래된 『논어』에서 서로 다른 글자가 발생하게 되는 여러 원인을 분석하였다. 현재, 동아시아 고등교육 교재 중, 예를 들어 한국의 한문교과서서에서도 『논어』는 중요한 교육 내용이기에 『논어』에 대한 언어문자적 연구는 세계 한자한문교육에 도움이 되리라 기대 한다.

동한(東漢) 비각에는 적지 않은 『시경(詩經)』의 내용이 인용되어 있으나, 직금 전해지는『시경(詩經)』과는 다른 이문(異文)을 형성하고 있다. 이문의 유형은 통 자가, 고금자, 이체자, 동의환용(同義換用), 탈문(脫文) 등이다. 동한 시기의 비문 은 주로 “삼가시(三家詩)”를 인용하고 있는 것이다.

東漢碑刻引用了不少《詩經》成句，與今本《詩經》形成異文。異文類型有通假字、古今字、異體字、同義換用、脫文等。本文擬對這些異文進行較為全面的整理研究，研究目的主要有兩個：第一，漢碑作為實物文字資料，保留了當時的用字情況，對於這些用字方面的差異進行研究，可以從一個角度揭示當時社會的具體用字情況。第二，通過與已有其他《詩經》版本的比較，可以從一個方面瞭解當時社會使用《詩經》版本的情況。 示例：《校官碑》：“布政優優。” 《詩經·商頌·長髮》：“敷政優優。” 按：《韓詩外傳》引《詩》同今本《詩經》。《春秋左傳·成公二年》、《春秋左傳·昭公二十年》、《春秋繁露·偱天之道》、大徐本《說文解字》“憂”下、《孔子家語·正論解》等引《詩》均作“布政優優”，與東漢碑刻相同。《史記》引《尚書》“敷”字多作“布”。“布”與“敷”通。《山海經·海內經》：“禹、鯀是始布土定九州。”郭注：“布猶敷也。《書》曰堯敷土，定高山大川。”

韓愈的詩歌在中國文學史上占有很重要的地位, 這種地位的確立與他 “以文爲詩”創作傾向息息相關。他以“不詩爲詩”擴大了詩歌題材範圍, 促進 了詩歌的散文化。在表現手法上融入了散文的淸新筆調, 表現出“以文爲詩” 的創作傾向, 使其詩爲“唐詩之一大變”, 這對宋詩及宋以後的詩産生很大的 影響。本文分析對韓愈以文爲詩的諸家評而把握其實體之後, 揭示他表現出 的以文爲詩的具體樣相,幷考察這對宋詩及宋以後的詩産生的影響。 他體現的以文爲詩手法有以賦體手法爲詩、以議論爲詩、以古文章法爲 詩、以古文句法爲詩、以古文字法爲詩。 所謂韓詩多賦體的賦有兩個意義,一個是一種直接敍事的作詩手法,另 一個則是一種基本定型了的文學體裁。韓詩多賦體是爲韓詩多敍事詩所決定 了的。說韓愈以文爲詩“純用賦”的,就是指文學體裁的賦。 以文爲詩採用屬於散文範疇的議論,韓詩中常有議論。詩中的議論,常 常爲詩的內容所決定而不得不發。韓詩的議論有失有得。 韓愈以古文章法爲詩,主要表現是以古文謀篇、布局、結構之法來運營 詩歌。除了此外, 還表現在他將古文善于描繪事件、刻畵人物、模寫物象的 長處用在詩裏。 韓愈以古文句法爲詩,有幾個突出的表現;就是屛除對句、律句,打亂 詩的一般音節,使用長短句等。 韓愈古文字法上的以文爲詩的特徵是多用當時方言、口語、俚俗語,使 用經典語,多用虛詞。這些都是韓愈詩歌言語上變革的表現,不僅令人耳目 一新,同時也豊富了詩歌題材。 韓愈以文爲詩創作傾向給予宋詩以重大影響。北宋中期以歐陽修爲中心 形成了宋詩的新氣象。歐陽修、梅堯臣、蘇舜欽採用韓愈的古文理論創作以文爲詩的作品, 而提唱古文運動和詩歌革新。北宋後期蘇軾和黃庭堅用和以 前不同的新方式作詩,開拓以文爲詩的領域。

韓愈的詩歌在中國文學史上占有很重要的地位, 這種地位的確立與他 “以文爲詩”創作傾向息息相關。他以“不詩爲詩”擴大了詩歌題材範圍, 促進 了詩歌的散文化。在表現手法上融入了散文的淸新筆調, 表現出“以文爲詩” 的創作傾向, 使其詩爲“唐詩之一大變”, 這對宋詩及宋以後的詩産生很大的 影響。本文分析對韓愈以文爲詩的諸家評而把握其實體之後, 揭示他表現出 的以文爲詩的具體樣相,幷考察這對宋詩及宋以後的詩産生的影響。 他體現的以文爲詩手法有以賦體手法爲詩、以議論爲詩、以古文章法爲 詩、以古文句法爲詩、以古文字法爲詩。 所謂韓詩多賦體的賦有兩個意義,一個是一種直接敍事的作詩手法,另 一個則是一種基本定型了的文學體裁。韓詩多賦體是爲韓詩多敍事詩所決定 了的。說韓愈以文爲詩“純用賦”的,就是指文學體裁的賦。 以文爲詩採用屬於散文範疇的議論,韓詩中常有議論。詩中的議論,常 常爲詩的內容所決定而不得不發。韓詩的議論有失有得。 韓愈以古文章法爲詩,主要表現是以古文謀篇、布局、結構之法來運營 詩歌。除了此外, 還表現在他將古文善于描繪事件、刻畵人物、模寫物象的 長處用在詩裏。 韓愈以古文句法爲詩,有幾個突出的表現;就是屛除對句、律句,打亂 詩的一般音節,使用長短句等。 韓愈古文字法上的以文爲詩的特徵是多用當時方言、口語、俚俗語,使 用經典語,多用虛詞。這些都是韓愈詩歌言語上變革的表現,不僅令人耳目 一新,同時也豊富了詩歌題材。 韓愈以文爲詩創作傾向給予宋詩以重大影響。北宋中期以歐陽修爲中心 形成了宋詩的新氣象。歐陽修、梅堯臣、蘇舜欽採用韓愈的古文理論創作以文爲詩的作品, 而提唱古文運動和詩歌革新。北宋後期蘇軾和黃庭堅用和以 前不同的新方式作詩,開拓以文爲詩的領域。

Seoul has been watched at its symbolic image which is the capital of one nation. since then Joseon was established. So, most of study about Seoul placed too much emphasis on like next; urban organization, palace, government office and public establishment. On the other hand, it is lacking in study of the individual building, the residential district, the change of building-lot. This study is to make up a deficiency from study of Gaokdohyung(家屋圖形site and floor plan). Gaokdohyung(家屋圖形) is drawings of building lots & houses existed in Hanseongbu漢城府(modem Seoul). It is possessed in Jangseogak and all 24 sheets. It is merely 24sheets but has many urban information in that. Housing of number 116 expressed in Gaokdohyung are consist on the house of Sadaebu士天王(noble class) Joongin中人(middle class) Sangmin常民(commoner), Villa(Byeolseo別墅) and connecting stores etc. Houses in Gaokdohyung has characteristic that most building lot is very specious and owners are variety of social position. The study of Gaokdohyung will progress through analyzing diachronic change of individual building lot & house. In the event, results of this study will help to find out change of urban tissue & architecture. So, i intend to seek for entity of urban tissue and urban house in Joseon Period differ from now, and to study out those have been changed continuously forward now.