This study aimed to analyze the periodic prevalence of the vegetables during the Joseon era with JoseonWangjoSilrok as a reference. The JoseonWangjoSilrok articles were collected from the Guksapyeonchanwewonhwe site, using web-crawling techniques to extract the relevant information. Out of 384,582 search results, 9,560 articles with vegetable-related keywords were found. According to the annual average vegetable recordings during the regimes of various kings, there were two peaking curves in the 15th and 18th centuryJoseon. The found was: 2,750 in the 18th century, 2,529 in the 15th century, 1,424 in the 16th century, and 1,018 in the 19th century. A Variable Interest Index was designed to ascertain the interestin vegetables of the 27 Joseon kings. The king most interested in vegetables was the 19th king Sookjong. The second most interested king was Youngjo. There were 5,105 vegetable-related findings within the JoseonWangjoSilrok related to specific species and categories of vegetables. Among the words found: 1,194 were stem-leaves vegetables (23.39%), 1,017 were root vegetables (19.92%), 1,148 were flower-fruit vegetables (22.49%), 1,144 were spice vegetables (22.41%), 95 were mushrooms (1.86%), and 507 were seaweeds (9.93%). Statistical analysis using ANOVA revealed the chronological factors that affected the vegetables’ prevalence index.

이 논문에서는 우리나라 선박안전법상 벌칙 규정의 적정성을 확인하기 위하여 한·일 양국의 관련 법령 간 공시적·통시적 비교법 연구를 수행하였다. 우리 나라의 제 해사법, 특히 선박안전법의 벌칙규정 형량이 과도하다는 것은 누차 지적되어 왔다. 이를 보다 선명하게 드러내기 위하여 본 논문에서는 국내 선박 안전법-형법 간 비교, 일본 선박안전법-형법 간 비교, 그리고 양국 법령 간 비교를 통하여 다차원적 분석을 시도할 것이며, 관계 법령의 통시적 변화를 추적하도록 하겠다. 이 논문의 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국의 선박안전법을 위시한 해사법에서는 중형주의와 상징형법적 문제가 드러나고 있다, 이 문제의 인식에 대한 이해를 증진하고 제도 개선의 발판을 마련하기 위해서는 법령 간 단순 비교가 아닌 법령에 반영된 사회상의 심층적 분석을 수반하는 비교법적 방법론의 도입이 필요하다. 둘째, 우리나라의 현행 선박안전법과 형법, 그리고 일본의 현행 선박안전법과 형법을 공시적으로 비교한 결과, 우리나라의 선박안전법 벌칙 규정은 위반의 구성요건이 불명확하며 자체적으로 정합하지 않을뿐더러 형법 규정과의 형량이 불균형하다. 일본의 경우와 비교하여도 중형주의 경향이 드러난다. 셋째, 한국과 일본의 선박안전법이 최초 제정 이후 변천해온 양상을 양국의 주요 해난사고 발생과 연관하여 통시적으로 분석한 결과, 최근의 한국 선박안 전법 벌칙 규정에서 상징형법적 경향이 뚜렷하였다. 특히 상징주의적 입법경향의 실제적 효과가 미미함 또한 확인된다. 넷째, 이상에서 확인된 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 한국 선박안전법 벌칙 규정의 전체적인 개정작업이 불가피함을 제언한다.

영상매체가 등장하기 전까지 실재를 관객에게 전달하는 유일한 매체였던 연극은 라디오, 영 화, TV 등 미디어 기술이 발달하면서 새로운 매체와의 상호작용 속에서 공존하게 되었으며, 여 러 층위의 상호매체적 관계를 통해 매체 생산⋅수용의 양식과 관습, 콘텐츠를 지속적으로 공유 해왔다. 이렇듯 매체의 양식과 문법이 혼재된 미디어 환경 속에서 매체성 개념은 매체 간 관계, 텍스트의 생산과 수용의 양식, 새로운 미디어의 매체성을 이해하는 데 있어 유용한 이론적 기반 을 제공한다. 따라서 연구자는 그 동안 논의되어온 다양한 매체성 개념의 층위와 내용을 정리하 여 매체조합, 매체전이, 매체참조라는 세 가지 상호매체적 관계의 유형을 분류함으로써 공연과 영화, TV의 상호관계를 이해하는 이론적 기틀을 제안한다. 그리고 이러한 맥락 안에서 관찰되는 세 미디어의 상호매체적 발전의 양상과 미디어 산물의 양식을 분석함으로써 공연과 영상매체의 상호작용과 매체성의 구성을 심층적으로 연구하였다. 본 연구는 미디어의 경계가 점차 모호해지 는 매체 환경에서 공연을 미디어의 영역으로 포함하여 공연과 영상매체의 상호관계를 통시적으 로 조망함으로써 미디어 연구의 이론적 외연을 확장한다. 이러한 접근은 향후 더욱 다양한 양상 으로 전개될 미디어의 상호매체적 발전을 탐구하는 데 있어 중요한 이론적 초석을 제공할 것이 다.

In the Present-Day English adjectives and participles are often followed by a preposition plus V-ing (hereafter called PG construction). However, some adjectives and participles can be immediately followed by V-ing without an intermediate preposition (hereafter NG). Therefore, such adjectives/participles can have both NG and PG constructions. This article investigates 13 such predicates (happy, comfortable, bored, tired, fed up; busy, engaged, occupied; late, quick, slow, done, finished) in the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) and examines the frequency changes of their NG vs PG structures in American English from 1820 to 2009. The findings of this study are as follows: (i) NG is a more recent structure than PG, (ii) the frequency of NG has gradually increased over time with most predicates, (iii) except engaged, the percentage of NG to PG was higher in the late 1900 than the early 1800, and with some predicates NG is more preferred than PG in the Present-Day English, (iv) as shown by the fact that some predicates were more resistant to the change, a linguistic innovation does not apply simultaneously but spread gradually across the relevant lexical items/structures.

Hyeree Kim. 2016. A Corpus-Based Study in the Diachronic Change of the Adjective/Participle+V-ing Construction. Studies in Modern Grammar 90, 1-30. In the Present-Day English adjectives and participles are often followed by a preposition plus V-ing (hereafter called PG construction). However, some adjectives and participles can be immediately followed by V-ing without an intermediate preposition (hereafter NG). Therefore, such adjectives/participles can have both NG and PG constructions. This article investigates 13 such predicates (happy, comfortable, bored, tired, fed up; busy, engaged, occupied; late, quick, slow, done, finished) in the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) and examines the frequency changes of their NG vs PG structures in American English from 1820 to 2009. The findings of this study are as follows: (i) NG is a more recent structure than PG, (ii) the frequency of NG has gradually increased over time with most predicates, (iii) except engaged, the percentage of NG to PG was higher in the late 1900 than the early 1800, and with some predicates NG is more preferred than PG in the Present-Day English, (iv) as shown by the fact that some predicates were more resistant to the change, a linguistic innovation does not apply simultaneously but spread gradually across the relevant lexical items/structures.

To understand the traditional knowledge of botanical taxa in Jeju Island, a diachronic study was carried out by comparing the archaic and modern names of the native plants in Jeju Island. To identify the archaic names of the plants, five old documents (Sejongshillokchiriji, Shinjŭngdonggukyŏjisŭngnam, T'amnaji, Namhwanbangmul and Jejugyerok) that were written during the Joseon Dynasty between the 15 th and 19 th centuries were closely examined. A total of 131 taxa (65 families, 112 genera, 118 species and 13 varieties), 7.3% of the native plants known to be currently present in Jeju Island, was identified. Out of these, 21.4% was the plants found in the southern area. Among the five old documents analyzed for this study, Namhwanbangmul recorded the largest number of plants, 89 taxa. We closely examined the consistency between the modern and archaic names of each plant, and discussed the problems in matching the names of some plants analyzed in this study.

This paper analyzes the diachronic change of complement form from the that-clause into the to- infinitive clause, which is headed by a deontic predicative adjective. The rise of to-infinitive clauses and the decline of that-clauses from ME seemed to be caused by analogy and assimilation between verbal and adjectival mandative constructions. The analogical change was triggered by language internal factors such as the loss of inflections, word order reanalysis and the development of control construction as well as the principle of event integration and clause union, complexity principle and accessibility theory. In the deontic adjectival complement clause, the toinfinitive clause has been keeping roughly 3:1 to the that-clause from ModE up to PDE. In addition, adjectival complements with to-infinitives have shown less abrupt and more constrained than verbal complements with to-infinitives. Such developmental process is related to the constraint on the syntactic operation that substitutes to-infinitive clauses for that-clauses. In fact, the that-clause could be changed into the to-infinitive clause only if the thatclause functions as a logical subject in the deontic adjectival complement clause. Futhermore, deontic adjectives can't be merged with an animate subject since predicative adjectives of this type don't connote subject-oriented activity.

In the OE absolute participial clause, its subject was usually realized as inherent dative case in the CP‐oriented and focalized element‐prominent structure. During between LME and EModE, dative absolutes were changed into nominative absolutes, which was derived by the reanalysis of SOV as SVO and the change from the OE structure into the TPoriented and subject‐prominent structure. But nominative absolutes were substituted with accusative absolutes from LModE. Such a change as this was triggered by analogy and assimilation with verbal gerunds that became grammaticalized as C-fin-T+def in their internal structures. Nominal gerunds in OE and EME began to acquire verbal properties from LME and onwards. Verbal gerunds in PDE are composed of mixed projections [＋N,＋V] with functional category Gerund Phrase. The [＋N]‐feature selects a gerund's logical subject and the [＋V]‐feature licenses its verbal complement. The Gerund as functional head bears both an uninterpretable verbal feature [uV] that is checked against the interpretable feature of a verbal complement and an interpretable nominal feature [iN] that guarantees a gerund's logical subject. As for the case identification of a gerund's logical subject, it is spelled out either as genitive at the DP level when it is selected as the genitive form morphologically or as accusative when EPP attracts a nominal element as a clausal gerund's logical subject onto the CP-fin-TP+def level where the [FinP nonfiniteness] renders a default case feature to be accusative.

The objective of this article is to account for the late Modern English changes of BE to V from a more extensive diachronic perspective. This study examines frequency changes of various constructions involving BE to in COHA, a corpus of American English covering 1800 to 2009. It has been found that BE to V constructions are on the constant decline while the retroactive infinitive BE to blame is not. In order to know a fundamental motivation behind this decline, this study explores historical changes of BE to V from Old English to early Modern English and explains the whole span of changes as the results of reanalysis and grammaticalization.

호남지역 유학자들의 초기 箴 작품은 蘇沿(1390-1441)이 창작한 것으로부터 李恒(1499-1576)이 지은 것에 이르기까지 총 6편이 지어졌다. 그 가운데 2편이 中宗에게 올려진 官箴이다. 그리고 경전 구절을 해석한 것이 3편, 전대의 작품에 차운하여 계승한 것이 1편으로, 의리의 발현을 수사 기법으로 삼은 작품이 상당한 비율을 차지한다. 중기는 箴을 지은 유학자가 4명밖에 되지 않아 초기에 비해 인원수가 더욱 줄었지만, 작품의 수량은 7편으로 1편이 더 많이 늘어났다. 하지만 安邦俊(1573-1654)으로부터 黃胤錫(1729-1791)에 이르기까지 150년이 넘는 시기 동안 4명의 유학자가 7편의 작품을 지었다는 것은 초기와 마찬가지로 매우 영성한 상황이라고 밖에 말할 수 없다. 『中庸』 제1장의 ‘莫見乎隱’을 해석한 황위의 ｢莫見乎隱箴｣을 제외하고는 모두 생활 속에서 실천해야 할 수양의 덕목을 해설한 내용들이다. 다만 경계하는 대상이 자신에게 한정되느냐 아니면 자식이나 주변의 타인에게 확장되느냐의 차이가 있을 뿐, 개인적인 용도인 私箴의 범위를 벗어나는 작품은 없다. 후기는 초기 및 중기에 비해 거의 5~6배가 넘을 정도로 많은 분량의 箴 작품이 창작되었다. 그리고 경계의 내용과 방법이 이전과 달리 다양하게 확산되는 경향을 보인다. 奇正鎭(1798-1880)으로부터 柳永善(1893-1961)에 이르기까지 100년 동안 14명의 유학자에 의해 37편의 箴이 지어졌다. 이 시기는 이전보다 양적으로도 월등하게 많을 뿐만 아니라, 수사 기법도 다양한 양상으로 서술되었다. 그리고 무엇보다 타인을 경계한 작품이 큰 비중을 차지하고 있는데, 이것은 구한말의 절박한 시대적·역사적 상황 때문에 箴을 통해 同道의 사람들에게 권면하고자 하는 의식이 반영된 현상이라고 이해할 수 있다. 또한 자신 및 학파가 주창하는 성리설을 箴의 문체로 드러내어 밝히고자 한 것도 이전 시기에는 없는 하나의 특징이라고 말할 수 있다.

This paper aims to examine the diachronic development of gerunds and analyze their internal structure and grammatical function. In OE and Early ME nominal gerunds behaved like nouns describing actions. From Late ME and onwards nominal gerunds began to acquire verbal properties. A verbal gerund in Present-Day English is composed of mixed projections [＋N,＋V]. The [＋N]-feature denoting nominal properties is related to licensing a gerund's logical subject. The [＋V]-feature denoting verbal properties is connected with licensing its verbal complement. So, it is necessary to stipulate a functional category Gerund Phrase in the internal projection of gerunds. Thus, the head Ger of the Gerund Phrase makes it possible to combine nominal and verbal features within the 'V＋ing'. The Ger bears the uninterpretable verbal feature [＋V] that is checked against the interpretable feature [V] of the verbal complement. It also bears the interpretable nominal feature [＋N] that functions as a nominalizer and guarantees a gerund's logical subject. As for the Case identification of a gerund's logical subject, it is spelled out as a genitive at the DP level when it is selected as the genitive form morphologically. But it is spelled out as an accusative when EPP attracts a nominal element as a clausal gerund's logical subject onto the FinP-TPdef level where the [FinP－finiteness] renders default Case feature to be accusative.

Park Sang-Soo. 1998. A Diachronic Analysis to the That-t Effect. Studies in Modern Grammar 13, 1-24. In Old English period paet(=that)-t constructions were grammatical because bxt was originated from the demonstrative pronoun that had Agreement and Case features and accordingly the grammatical function of paet was the same as that of the neuter singular nominative demonstrative. As the inflections came to be leveled in Middle English period, paet/pat(=that) was reanalyzed as an indeclinable word and the grammaticality of a pat-t construction was also changed. In Modern English period tiat-t constructions are ungrammatical because that is recognized as a pure function word and it checks off [+F](=finiteness) operator feature of a tensed clause as a clause indicator and [-Q] feature of a declarative sentence as a mood indicator. This paper suggests that that be taken to be not a complementizer but a C-checking function word of [+F] and [-Q] features to account for the that-t effect as well as the adverb-effect in a principle way.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the base-generated position of the negative element not in English negation and the movement of verbs across not. The theoretical background of the study is based on Rizzi`s Relativized Minimality and the range of researches is spanned from Old English(OE) to Modern English(ModE). The results obtained from the analysis are summarized as follows: 1. In the surface structure of OE negation, the negative element preceded the finite verb in both main and subordinate clauses. The surface word order of main clauses in OE negation was derived from the movement of the negative element from the specifier position of VP to that of CP and the raising of the finite verb to the verb-second position. The surface word order of subordinate clauses in OE negation manifested the underlying word order itself : the finite verb projected a preverbal negative element as its specifier. 2. Owing to the levelling of morphological inflections, the underlying word order of Middle English(=SIVO) wa reanalyzed from that of OE(=SIVO) through syntactic operations such as verb-raising, extraposition, decliticization, the establishment of the subject position in IP and the loss of the verb-second phenomenon. The grammatical category of the negative element was still analyzed as the specifier of VP. 3. In the early ModE period, do and auxiliaries underwent a diachronic reanalysis of the grammatical function and the base-generated position of the negative element not was reanalyzed as the head position of NEGP. Consequently the raising of a lexical verb to I, the head position of IP or C, the head position of CP comes to be impossible in a ModE negation construction. In that case, an inserted-do or a base-generated auxiliary in the head position of ModP raises to I or C in order to satisfy the morphological conditions in PF and LF. But aspectual be and have still shows the syntactic properties of OE.