본 연구의 목적은 국립무용단에서 발표한 정기공연 제1회부터 제92회까지 총92회를 재고찰하여 역사사회학적 관점에서 분석함으로서 국립무용단의 미래 작품방향성 발전에 기초 자료를 제공하 고자 한다. 연구방법은 귀납적 형태의 종설연구인 문헌고찰이다. 연구 자료는 국립극장 60년사를 위주로 수집하였으며, 수집된 자료는 국립극장 50년사(2000)와 장현수(2011)의 국립무용단 역사 구 분 및 단장에 따른 예술적 특징변화를 바탕으로 1기부터 4기까지 구분하고, 해당 작품의 신문기 사 발췌와 비평가들의 비평을 중심으로 분석하였다. 정기공연 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 1기(1962-1969) 정기공연은 발레와 한국무용 구분이 정립된 시기로, 전통문화유산 발굴 및 한국무용의 춤 소품들도 새롭게 정립되었다. 또한 무용음악의 창 작 시도와 코리안 발레의 수립은 이 시기의 가장 큰 업적이라 할 수 있다. 단 대극장 규모의 장 편작품은 없었다. 2기(1973-1986) 정기공연은 발레적인 무용극에서 탈피하여 한국적 무용극의 기 틀이 마련됐고, 서구 무용기법과 음악을 차용해 한국무용의 표현영역을 확대하기 시작했다. 86아 시안 게임개최는 한국문화와 무용에 대한 세계인들의 관심을 증폭시키는 계기가 되었다. 반면에 국립무용단 정기공연이 연이은 재공연으로 대치되는 문제점이 나타났다. 3기(1987-1999) 정기공연 은 작품이 스토리 중심의 무용극에서 춤예술 중심의 무용극으로 발전하였다. 또한 역사인식의 작 품들이 등장하면서 소품수준으로 머물고 있었던 민속춤이 예술춤의 영역으로 상승되었다. 한편, 88서울올림픽을 계기로 한국무용의 세계화 작업이 본격적으로 시도되었으며, 국제교류에 있어서 도 주최국으로서 해외문화를 주도하는 형태로 진일보한다. 4기(2000~) 정기공연은 한국무용극에서 벗어나 예술성 측면에서 한층 진화하였다. 더욱이 2002월드컵을 계기로 외국의 현지기획 혹은 직 접 제작투자가 되면서 진정한 의미의 한국무용 세계화가 실현되기 시작했다. 한편, 국립무용단 정기공연에 외부 20, 30, 40대 안무가들의 참여라는 국립무용단 기획 안무자 선정에 대폭적인 개 방화와 혁신이 있었다. 관객 관람형태도 초대공연에서 유료공연으로 변화하여 2000년대부터는 시 장 경제논리가 적용되었다. 이에 국립무용단은 우리 민족의 정체성과 국민성을 강조하는 작품에 서 나아가 작품의 독창적인 예술성과 함께 수준높은 완성도 및 시장성 그리고 국민과 세계인의 오감과 상상력을 뛰어 넘는 작품제작과 기획력으로 거듭 발전해 나아가야 할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this research is to analyse the changes of ground level of Sungnyemun, the South Gate of Seoul City, and the principles of arch scale through the investigation based on the old records in Joseon dynasty. The result of this research is as follows: 1) The ground level of Sungnyemun, refers the level of foundation stone which was confirmed as original which is verified through the excavation conducted in 2005, maintained 1m's elevated level in 15～16 century and its elevated date presumed in King Sejong's reign(1418～1450). 2) The ground level of Sungnyemun is closely related with the royal funeral ceremony. 3) The width and height scale of Sungnyemun arch is about the ratio of 1 to 1. 4) During the Joseeon dynasty, Sungnyemun was referred as standard of other city wall gate. And it has similar architectural characteristics with Heunginjimun (or East Gate) of Seoul and Hwaseong Janganmun.

This study mainly inquired characteristics and changes of 'Chang-aelgool' through 38 cases(with 161 Ssang-chang) of annex and pavillion buildings in Yeong-nam region which are built during the Chosun dynasty. The method of inquiry included actual survey of windows along with bibliographical research, and the results are as below. First, through the discovery of the term 'Chang-aelgool' as an indication of the window-forming frame in 'YeongGeonUiGwe'(1680 A.D), it is apparent that the term 'Chang-aelgool' was widely used in Korea from the late 17th century. Second, the 'Chang-aelgool' of study objects are classified into 4 categories. Type Ⅰ and Ⅱ are comprised of mitre-joints which cover the 4 corners of 'Chang-aelgool' and mainly used in building annex and pavillion buildings during the early period of the Chosun dynasty. Type Ⅲ was widely used during the early and middle period of the Chosun dynasty and drastically dropped in number during the late period of the dynasty. Type Ⅳ is comprised of mitre-joint of the upper-half, tenon-jointing of the lower-half and widely used in annex and pavillion building during the late period of the Chosun dynasty. Third, the form of 'Chang-aelgool' has changed from rectangular form with longer width during the early period of Chosun dynasty to square form during the middle period and eventually ended up as a rectangular form with longer height during the late period of the dynasty. Fourth, it is considered that while mullion which is located in the center of 'Chang-aelgool' was mainly used around the main floored room during the early period of the Chosun dynasty, became commonly used in main floored room and 'ondol' rooms during the middle period and drastically dropped in number from then and ended up being not in use after the mid 18th century.

아파트 단지의 문주는 외부영역과 단지 내의 영역을 연결시켜주는 전이공간으로써 아파트 단지의 이미지를 형성하고 상징성을 내포하는 공간이다. 따라서 본 연구는 현재 평택시 남부지역에 건설된 아파트 단지를 중심으로 1980년대(도입단계),1990년대(발전단계), 2000년대(성숙단계)로 구분하여 추출된 단지를 대상으로 사람들이 느끼는 각 아파트 문주에 대한이미지를 분석해 보고자 하였다.18개 형용사에 대한 요인분석 결과 ‘특이성’, ‘쾌적성’, ‘친숙함’, ‘개방감’의 4가지 요인으로 명명될 수 있었고 T.V(%)값은 68.784%로 비교적 높은 설명력을 나타내고 있었다. 시각적 선호도는 시대별 흐름에 따라 대체적으로 증가하는추세를 보였고 선호도와 형용사 이미지간의 회귀분석 결과로는 1980년대의 이미지 특성에서는 ‘쾌적성’이 가장 큰 영향력을미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 1990년대에는 ‘특이성’이, 2000년대에는 ‘특이성, 쾌적성’이 높은 유의성을 보였다.

This is a study concerning about the definition of the concept of industrial heritage being mentioned often lately, and considering the term's origin and changing process aiming at clarifying and improving its undertone and understanding. Especially, it's a basic study to make people understand fundamentally what industrial heritage means and differences in Korea in where any innovative affair such as industrial revolution has never occurred. Looking into the origin and changing process of the industrial archaeology & industrial heritage terms, their concepts appear ambiguously defined due to their generational, phenomenal and terminological reason. but it's detectable that their subjects and timing range have been extended. Korea, China and Japan, the Asian nations also have gone through mainly phenomenal and terminological mess in accepting the terms. Korean industrial heritage can define from the definition of industrial heritage in Nyzni Tagil charter. It, however, have to redefine about period of industrialization. This study suggest the 4 steps of modern industrialization in Korea and insist that we have to conserve industrial heritages not only in colonial period but also in 1960-80 industrialization in korea.

The bracket sets which are supporting the weight of the roof, has to meet both requirements which are structural functions and act as an ornamental element. Therefore the bracket sets differ in many types from time and space and has done an important role in the history of architecture with many studies being presented. The first form of the bracket set has been found in the bronze table relics in zhōng shān wáng líng (中山王陵). Through the Eastern Han dynasty (A.D. 25-220) it became more specific in the shique (石闕) and huaxiangshi (畵像石) in the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220). Afterwards, as Buddhism was introduced to China, the bracket construction techniques shown in the Mogao Caves, Yungang Grottoes, and Longmen Grottoes has given much help for understanding the building techniques of wooden architecture. Especially the Xia-ang structure seen in the Mogao caves shows a vast development in wooden structure and a typical building would be the main hall of Fo Guang Shan monastery in Mt. Wutaishan from the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907). This accumulated techniques is inscribed in the 'Ying Zao Fa Shi (營造法式)' wooden structure designs which was published during the Northern Song dynasty (A.D. 960-1127) and many buildings were constructed following this technique after the publication. During this period, it is assumed that Baek-jae (B.C.18-A.D.660) in the Korean peninsula also used the Xia-ang technique, but there havn't been many studies on this field. In this thesis it is introducing the development of the building techniques and structural features of the Xia-ang wooden architecture during the Tang and Song dynasty.

Namhansanseong fortress (南漢山城) is not Eupchi (邑治) created for ages but the new settlement of public and military administration as Baedo (陪都) to defend capital territory. Namhansanseong has Jinsan (鎭山) that is named Cheongnyangsan (淸凉山) and its government office building was located in the main place, also a periodic five-day market was being held in the center of fortress. This study is find out the transition and its historical background of government office building on Namhansanseong by the relocation of Eupchi in the 17th century. The conclusion of analysis can be summarized as follows; The main change of government office in the late Choson dynasty is to move Yi-a, administrative complex (貳衙) around Yeonmugwan (演武館). Since 1795, the 19th year of King Jeongjo (正祖), this was fixed by the end of the Choson dynasty on the unification of Magistrate which is also Defense Commander. In the second place, the military office on Jungyeong (中營) that is Junggun's (中軍) place of work was abolished by the reform of Junggun system. Thirdly, transition of the end of the Choson dynasty is the abolition of Sueoyeong (守禦營) and the realignment of government offices. Namely, the administrative agency was moved to Haenggung (行宮) after the collapse of unification in 1895. Also former military offices was changed to police administration on Gwangju-bu (廣州府), Gwangju county level unit.

Since the establishment of Broadcasting Property Rights Institutions (BPRI), it constantly changing at different periods. The term "property" is used in economics and law but less so in the media industry. Therefore, there is a certain amount of academic space left to be discussed. South Korea constantly strengthens their broadcasting technology development, sets up the Broadcasting Act and the corresponding system of property rights, so Korean BPRI are original and native providing the realistic case for study. It is necessary to investigate the path of Korean BPRI development. Based on current research, we analyze and classify the value concept behind the regulation rules of Korean BPRI. Also we use the Managerial Grid Model (1964) developed by Robert R. Blake and Jane Mouton to construct "efficiency" and "fairness" as the ultimate goal of the Korean value system of BPRI. Through this value system of BPRI, we track the value changing path of Korean BPRI. The analysis' results showed that value changing of the Korean BPRI began from the establishment of private KORCAD (Korea Office RCA Distributor) HLKZ-TV in the 1950s. At that time, Korea paid more attention to the pursuit of efficiency, while the pursuit of fairness was very low. Second, since Korean BPRI’ reform in the 1980s, KBS, MBC totally changed to public owned institutions. So Korea was very concerned about the pursuit of fairness, while reducing the attention to efficiency. Again, after SBS was established in 1990, Korea began to strengthen the pursuit of efficiency again, and still paid attention to fairness. Last, entering 2000 with the rapid development of science and technology, digital technology and the Internet has been widely applied to the entire media field. Integration of radio and television’s phenomenon has become more evident and "fairness" and "efficiency" was become the highest pursuit of the values goal. Through studying the process of change of Korean BPRI's value goal, the Korean value lines throughout the entire frame from left and right sides on my research. It includes fully pursuit of the efficiency period, fully pursuit of fairness period, as well as both two sides at same period. From the whole development perspective, Korean government has always been pursuit of fairness in the effort, the fairness was taken cared in each stage of economic development. In the whole frame of Korean BPRI, the fairness and efficiency is the eternal absolute value goal. However, at different periods the understanding of the fairness and efficiency focuses on different points. At a deeper perspective of analysis, actually this changing process is constantly adjusted by fairness and efficiency, and is the result of the interaction effect. To balance them is not only very important to South Korea but also for the work towards the future for many other countries. When these two objectives are achieved at a high degree of unity, they will produce positive and infinite effects on the economy, the national welfare and social welfare benefits will also be enormous.

복령(Poria cocus)은 소나무의 뿌리에 기생 또는 부생생활을 하는 담자균의 일종으로 기주로는 대만적송, 리기다소나무, 귤나무류등이 보고되어있다. 복령은 심신의 보양, 이뇨증진, 건망증, 신체허약자등에 치료효과가 있는 것으로 알려져있으며, 인공재배기술은 중국에서 1957년 보고되어있다. 한국에서의 복령연구는 형태학적관찰 및 특징, 채집기, 재배방법(1975), 복령균의 배양학적기초연구 (1980), 1994년 농촌진흥청에서 복령의 인공재배법이 개발되면서 드링크제, 제빵제재등 식품화연구도 2000년대 초까지 진행되었다. 하지만 현재까지도 복령의 수요를 천연채집 및 수입에 의존하는등 실제 재배시 고품질, 다수확을 위한 인공재배방법은 개선할 여지가 많다. 최근에는 경북농업기술원, 신농버섯연구소 등에서 지상에서 재배법을 시도하기도하였다. 최근 복령의 주요수입국인 중국의 수출제한 때문에 지난 4년간 복령가격이 113% 인상되는등 복령의 국내공급량이 절대적으로 부족한 실정이다. 지상재배법과 지하재배법의 장점만을 선택한 새로운 방법의 복령인공재배기술의 확립이 요청된다.

본 연구는 임하호 유역에 위치하는 반변천, 길안천과 낙동강에 총 8개 정점을 선정하여 2008년 9월부터 2009년 6월까지 물리-화학적 요인과 부착규조 군집과의 관계를 조사하였다. 부착 규조류는 총 120종류로서 2목, 3아목, 7과, 22속, 108종 및 12변종으로 구성되어 있다. 부착 규조 군집의 우점종은 Achnanthes alteragracillima, A. convergens, A. minutissima와 Fragilaria construe

본 연구의 목적은 역사적인 관점에서 유럽과 한국에서 사용된 ‘독도’ 명칭과 새 한글 로마자 표기법에 따른 독도의 표기 문제를 살펴봄과 동시에 독도에 대한 한국의 영유권의 정당성을 증명하는데 있다. ‘독도’가 쓰이기 전까지 이 섬은 ‘우산도’, ‘석도’, ‘삼봉도’, ‘가지도’ 등 다양하게 쓰여졌다. 독도는 1849년 ‘리앙쿠르’ 포경선에 의해 최초로 발견되었고, 그로 인해 ‘리앙쿠르암’이라 불리게 되었다. 한국에서는 20세기에 들어서 역사적, 지리적으로 증명하기 위해 ‘독도’라 쓰여지게 된다. 본고에서는 ‘독도’의 남·북한 로마자 표기법을 적용하여 적절한 표기법에 대해 살펴보았다.

재산권의 근간인 토지 소유권의 변천과정은 시대와 국가의 정치·경제·사회질서의 반영이다. 고대사회에서 토지에 대한 소유권개념은 부락 주민 전체의 총유(總有)라는 관념으로 인식되었다. 이어 서양에서의 중세봉건제에는 관리처분권은 봉건 영주에게 귀속되고 소작농은 이용권을 갖고 지세나 소작료를 부담하였다. 동양에서는 토지의 소유는 왕에게 있고 일반 백성은 그 토지를 사용 수익하고 세금을 납부하는 형식을 취하였다.한국에서는 삼국시대와 통일신라, 고려, 조선시대의 토지소유권은 국가나 지방의 호족, 권세가가 가지고 대다수 농민들은 경작권 부여받고 경작료를 지불하였다.조선 시대에는 조세 수입원의 정확한 집계를 위하여 20년마다 실시한 토지 조사 사업으로 토지의 성격과 위치 등을 측량해 서류에 기록하는 양전(量田)사업이 있었으나 사정상 제대로 시행하지 못하였고 전국 규모의 양전은 1719년(肅宗45)에 실시된 것을 마지막으로 180년이나 중단되어 있었다. 1897년에 설립된 대한제국에 의해 전국적으로 양전사업이 1899년부터 1904년에 이루어졌다. 이미 조선에서의 사적 소유는 높은 수준으로 발전해 있었고 대한제국기에 토지조사 사업은 사적소유 관계를 명확히 하여 지세수취를 충실히 하고자하는 조사였다.토지조사를 바탕으로 국가경영의 기반을 마련하고 져 시도하였던 사업은 시대적 상황으로 인해 완성하지는 못하였지만 근대적인 부동산 공시제의 도입과 외국인의 토지소유를 금지하는 법조항을 만들어 열강의 국권침탈에 대응하는 방법상의 하나의 제도를 구축하였다는데 의미가 있다.1910년 한일합방 후 실시한 일제의 조선토지조사는 국권침탈의 수단으로 종합적 식민지 정책의 하나였다. 현재까지도 한국에서의 토지, 건물의 등기부 체제는 1912년 일제 강점기 토지 조사 사업을 기초로 만들어져 사용하고 있다. 중간에 농지개혁의 과정도 있었으나 일제하의 조선토지 조사사업에서 보존등기를 근거로 이전등기가 행해져 지금에 이르고 있다.해방 후 남북한은 정부수립 후 토지개혁을 실시하였으나 북한에서는 무상몰수, 무상분배’가 토지개혁의 기본원칙이었으나, 1946년 토지개혁법령에 의해 실시되었던 북한에서의 토지의 개인소유화는 1954년부터 시작되어 1958년에 끝마친 농업협동화로 개인 소유권을 박탈함으로서 개혁은 의미가 없어졌음에도 단지 몇 년간 실시하고 폐지시킨 토지개혁을 마치 성공한 것처럼 선전하고 있다.남한에서의 농지개혁은 6.25전쟁 발발 후 일시 중단되었다가 1951년 4월 ‘농지개혁법 시행규정’을 통해 재개되어 남한 전역에 실시됐다. 그 결과 총경지의 약 40%에 달하는 89만2천 정보의 땅이 유상매입, 유상분배의 원칙에 따라 재분배됐다. 그러나 농지개혁 자체가 임야와 산림, 일반 대지는 제외되었고, 농지개혁법이 통과되어 불하를 시행하기 이전에 미리 소식을 들었던 지주들은 토지를 빈농층에게 매도하고 그 후 빈농층에게 다시 토지를 구매하여 신흥지주계급으로 바뀌기도 하였다. 한편 분배 조건이 지나치게 까다로웠으며 설령 토지를 불하받은 농민이라 하더라도 원조물자로 인한 곡물 값의 폭락으로 쌀 가격이 생산비를 턱없이 밑도는 상황에서, 영세농의 생활을 면할 수 없는 한계를 지니고 있었다.해방 후 친일파 청산의 호기를 상실함으로, 친일파가 친일로 축척하였던 재산으로 분배토지의 매입을 통하여 재력을 형성하여 친일파가 한국사회에서 우위적으로 정착하였다.최근까지도 사회적 이슈가 되었던 친일 행위자 후손이 친일파가 친일로 축적했던 토지에 대하여 상속재산취득을 위한 소송을 국가를 상대로 자행하는 아이러니한 상황이 발생하였다.국민의 각성과 시대적 요청에 따라 친일재산은 취득 당시부터 소급해 국가 소유로 하는 ‘친일·반민족 행위자 재산의 국가귀속에 관한 특별법’이 2006년 국회를 통과하여 제정되어 늦게나마 법적으로 친일파의 재산을 친일행위의 대가로 추정, 이를 ‘몰수’하도록 법제화 한 것은 참으로 다행이다.한국에서 토지소유권 형성과정을 연구하는 것은 시대적으로 한국의 역사전반에 관한 문제로써 다소 구체적사항의 언급이 미흡할 수 있으나, 본문을 통하여 한국에서 토지소유권 정착과정를 개괄적으로 이해하고, 토지소유권의 정책에 대하여 문제제기를 할 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

Based on travel literatures written by the Joseon literati, the different picture of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Buseok monastery from the one today emerges. Not only do the buildings removed from the monastery today reappear, but the quite different way of the monastic operation comes to light. This observation leads to a speculation that the monastery was functionally and spatially divided into two territories; that of the Immeasurable life hall and of the Dharma hall. The Immeasurable life hall's precinct was built at the site open to the west providing a grand vista of mountainous area. This siting, originally having a close relation with the visualization such as the Sixteen contemplation, not simply gave such a special attraction that the first built architectural composition has lasted through the centuries to the late Joseon, but also granted to the Chwiweon pavilion located at the western side of the precinct a special meditative quality. As the monastery has suffered from a number of heavy duties in the Joseon period, the architectural attraction of the precinct was mobilized to promote the monastic identity as the legitimate monastery first built by Uisang, the founder of Hwaeom Buddhsim. Especially, the Chwiweon pavilion offered a mental space so that the literati might form an affirmative attitude toward the monastery and the monks. The Dharma hall's precinct was built based on the direct replication of the architectural layout presented in liturgy books for the Water and Land rite as well as the Vulture Peak rite. This layout is generally called the Court-type enclosed by four buildings, which has been widely fashioned in the late Joseon period. This characteristic gave to the Dharma hall precinct an arbitrary and anonymous quality, which helped not only avoid the tourism of the literati, but also secure the sacrality and ritual efficacy at occasions of Buddhist rites. This division of territories of the monastery can be understood as the strategic reaction from the monks in order to survive in the age of oppression against Buddhism. In result, the identity of Buseok monastery in the late Joseon was established as the Nine-rank sanctuary where Bodhisattvas permanently resided.

This study primarily aims to illuminate the characteristics of Meoreum in Korean traditional fitting system according to the respective types and its periodical changes. Using the research findings as a chronological indicator by which to estimate the construction date of the building is the secondary purpose. In this study 42 of Byeoldang and pavilion architecture remaining in Yeongnam district were examined through the field surveys and methods of documentary research. The research results are as follows. First, Meoreum, which is located below the windows or doors, provides protection against the outer wind and has the function to prevent some warm air of the room from flowing outside. Second, Meoreum was recorded as Yoeum(了音), Woneum(遠音), and Maleum(末音) in Yeong-geon-ui-gwe (營建儀軌) of Joseon period. While Yoeum(了 音) was used in Yeong-geon-ui-gwe (營建儀軌) of 1776 and 1856, Woneum(遠音) had been also used continuously since the year of 1800. The word, Maleum(末音) can be seen in Lim-won-gyeong-je-ji (林園經濟志), published in 1827. Woneum(遠音) and Maleum(末音) seem to be the Yi-du(吏讀) types of expression of Meoreum which is being extensively used now. Third, the kinds of Meoreum can be classified as TohMeoreum, TongMeoreum, TongpanMeoreum, and J janeunMeoreum. TongMeoreum and TohMeoreum were mostly used at the front part of Ondol-rooms, the backside of main floor called Daechung(大廳), and at the space between Daechung and rooms in the Pavilions and Byeoldangs(Annexes) that had been built in the early Joseon dynasty. TohMeoreum was usually used at the bottom parts of windows between Daechung and Ondol-rooms. TongpanMeoreum was mainly used in the mid-Joseon period and relatively high height was the distinctive feature of Meoreum at that time. J janeun Meoreum, used mainly in the late Joseon dynasty, has become lower and lower gradually in height since 19th century, so people could enter the room through the windows(fittings). Such changes in Meoreums types has brought about the flow of human traffic directly from Toenmaru, narrow wooden porch running along the outside of a room to Ondol-rooms.

It is a true fact that the ancient Buddhist temples of Korea were great, important historical influence revealing the transition and developing stages of all the BUddhist temples in Eastern Asia including China and Japan. Before Mahayana arose within India, the monastery and pagoda were united during the conflict and development of the original Buddhism and pagoda faith. With the arising of Mahayana and the introduction of Buddhist statues, the Buddhist temple and pagoda were in conflict and resulted in separation. With the creation and development of the Mahayana Bodhisattva concept, Hinayana and Mahayana started to show doctrine differences and expressed each others' characteristics relevant to the structure of the temple. As a result, the Buddhist Temple having 1 pagoda spread in China together with Hinayana and Mahayana. The Buddhist temple of Hinayana had its temple and pagoda separated and the Buddhist temple that has a pagoda in front was divided into a form of 1 pagoda and 1 main temple. The temple and pagoda for Mahayana in the form of 1 pagoda and 2 temple, where the main statue of the Buddha may be worshipped from both the left and right hand sides, were separated in the form of 1 pagoda and 3 temples to have its original form again. Mahayana was first introduced into Goguryeo through the routes in the northern region and developed from having 1 pagoda and 2 temples, to having 1 pagoda and 3 temples. China was influenced by the southern regions, which is why Abhidharma was introduced into Baekje. Later on, the importance of Bodhisattva increased and the transition speed of the Buddhist temple having 1 pagoda and 3 temples accelerated, as Buddhism became more popular and as Mahayana flourished. The statue of the Buddha on both sides of the pagoda shall gradually move next to the central temple , and the temple shall form large crowds to not only form a tacit boundary with the pagoda but the expansion of Bodhisattva shall also have a wall or a corridor constructed in between the central, left and right hand side temples to form separate areas, and shall have a pagoda built in front of the temples that worship from both sides. In conclusion, independence shall exist among each Bodhisattva within the Buddhist temple, and the status of the pagoda shall fall and appear as the pagoda on both sides in front of the main Buddha statue.

In the beginning of the Joseon dynasty, the Royal Astronomical Bureau (觀象監, shortly RAB) was established. After the double RAB had settled down by King Sejong (世宗), it continued to function until 1907. Before the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, the Joseon court had the Inner RAB in the Gyeongbok Palace (景福宮) and the Outer RAB in the Northen District Gwangwha-Bang (北部廣化坊) at the western side of the Changdeuk Palace (昌德宮). In the reign of King Sukjong (肅宗) the double system of the RAB was transformed into the Geumho-Gate (金虎門) Outer RAB and the Gaeyang-Gate (開陽門) Outer RAB. During the reconstruction of the Gyeongbok Palace in the early reign of King Gojong (高宗), the Gaeyang-Gate Outer RAB was replaced by the Yeongchu-Gate (迎秋門) Outer RAB in 1865. All RAB had the Royal Astronomical Observatory (觀天臺, RAO hereinafter), so called the Soganui-platform (小簡儀臺) on which the Soganui (小簡儀) has been put. The Soganui (小簡儀) is a small simplified armillary sphere. While the Gwangwha-Bang RAO handed down from the reign of King Sejong still exists, other RAOs, such as Gyeongbok Palace RAO, Gaeyang-Gate and Yeongchu-Gate RAOs, do not remain. According to our study, the Changgyeong Palace (昌慶宮) RAO was not indeed the RAO with the Soganui.

Jeongrimsaji as temple remains of Baekje Sabi period, its re-excavation has been carried three times in full scale. As a result, the buildings in left and right of lecture hall was largely identified in 3 forms. First, layout of small buildings in left and right of lecture hall. Second, layput of corridor in left and right of lecture hall. Third, layout of construction site in the north of corridor in left and right of lecture hall. Above second is included into remains of Gorye, the third is included into remains of Baekje - the remains were almost ruined then. The first form and third form in above is different each other in size of buildings, form of layout, and location. It is important to investigate these points: the time of constructing the buildings; what position have the use and function of the buildings in the temple? ; transition process of layout of the Buddhist temple. In this context, of temple remains in Baekje during the 5~7th century, the cases where construction sites in left and right of lecture hall and construction site in the north of corridor are identified, have been reviewed. Based on this review, the use and function of buildings, their transition process were investigated. The survey results show that small buildings in left and right of lecture hall existed in the middle and later period of the 6th century. During the later 6th century ~ the 7th century, construction site in narrow and long square shape was located in left and right of lecture hall instead of small buildings in the north of corridor. Therefore, it is identified that the aforementioned thing is earlier stage and the latter thing is later stage.

Stained glass, which flowered with Gothic architecture, the climactic era ofMiddle Ages art, conveyed to the faithful theological messages encoded in light, aswell as protecting sacred places from thee elements, made visible the true sun, thatis, the light understood as seen consubstantial with God. The splendid light andbrilliance radiating from the gem-like glass fragments to all intends and purposesmade visible the new Jerusalem on earth. This stained glass with bound formed anexus for the aesthetics and theology of the Middle Ages was to change throughtime and varied ways.Stained glass, overshadowed by painting from the Renaissance till the 18thcentury, came into prominence in the 19th century with the appearance of theEnglish pre-Raphaelite school, the beginnings of art nouveau style, and therestoration of stained glass in French Gothic churches in which Viollet le Ducplayed a central role. Artists such as John Ruskin in the U.K., John la Farge andLouis Comport Tiffany in the U.S. had a great influence on the development of the19th century stained glass, resurrecting stained glass from the lowly status ofcommercial art, and reuniting stained glass decoration with architecture through artnouveau. Due to their efforts, the distinct character of stained glass was restored butits intrinsic religious value in the context of historic church architecture wascompromised.In the 19th century the relation between the church and the artist was not as close as during the Middle Ages or the Renaissance period. Secular artists working withreligious themes had few opportunity to furnish works for churches. Churches, intheir turn, were filled with archaic works following the dictates and styles of the pastand supported academism in religious art. But at the beginning of the 20th century anew wind of reform began to blow through the decadence of church art. As a resultmainly of the reformers in Germany and France, the artists of Europe and the U.S.created stained glass works that reflected the new modern aesthetic and once againrestored the place of stained glass in modern churches through its incorporation intoarchitecture.

아산만지역은 역삼동·흔암리유형의 취락이 가장 밀집되어 분포하는 지역이다. 또한 금강유역의 가락동유형과는 차령산맥을 기준으로 분포범위가 명확하게 구분되고 있어 양자의 관계를 조명하기에도 매우 중요한 지역에 해당한다. 또한 중기의 송국리유형의 기원 및 형성과 관련해서도 다수의 연구자들에 의해 주목을 받는 지역이기도 하다. 이렇듯 아산만지역은 한반도 청동기문화 연구에 있어 매우 중요한 위치를 점하고 있다. 아산만지역의 청동기시대 유적의 구성은 전기에 해당하는 생활유적이 대부분이다. 일부 중기 단계의 유구들이 전기 단계가 중심인 유적들에서 소수 확인되는 양상을 보이며, 순수하게 중기 단계의 유구로 구성된 유적의 분포는 매우 희박하다. 또한 분묘, 경작유구 등 생활유적 외의 다른 성격의 유적은 거의 조사가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 본고에서도 생활유적으로 한정된 취락에 중심을 두고 검토를 진행하였다. 그 결과 전기 전엽에는 독립된 생활단위인 개별 주거지가 구릉의 능선을 따라 병렬 배치되는 양상을 보이며, 이후 전기 중엽 단계에 인구증가에 따른 주거지 밀집화가 발생한다. 전기 후엽에는 구릉정상부의 공지를 중심으로 소주거군과 주거군이 형성된다. 전기 전엽과 중엽에 소수의 수혈이 취락 곳곳에 분산되어 분포하였지만, 후엽에는 주거군 내에 군집된 채 확인되고 있다. 이는 주거군에 포함된 구성원들이 공지 인근에 조성된 초·대형주거지를 중심으로 통합된 생활단위를 구성하여 수혈을 경영하였던 것으로 추정하였고, 이러한 양상을 토대로 전기 후엽에 이르러 보다 구조화된 취락의 모습을 갖춰 나가는 것으로 판단하였다. 한편, 전기의 인구밀집지였던 곡교천유역은 중기 단계에는 인구가 급격히 감소하는 양상을 보인다. 이에 반해서 충청 서북부의 서산지역은 반대로 인구가 집중되는 현상이 발생한다. 이후 이러한 인구이동은 차령산맥 이남의 금강유역으로 확대된 것으로 파악하였다.