Recently, in newly constructed apartment buildings, the exterior wall structures have been characterized by thinness, having various openings, and a significantly low reinforcement ratio. In this study, a nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to investigate the crack damage characteristics of the exterior wall structure. The limited analysis models for a 10-story exterior wall were constructed based on the prototype apartment building, and nonlinear static analysis (push-over analysis) was performed. Based on the finite element (FE) analysis model, the parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of various design parameters on the strength and crack width of the exterior walls. As the parameters, the vertical reinforcement ratio and horizontal reinforcement ratio of the wall, as well as the uniformly distributed longitudinal reinforcement ratio and shear reinforcement ratio of the connection beam, were addressed. The analysis results showed that the strength and deformation capacity of the prototype exterior walls were limited by the failure of the connection beam prior to the flexural yielding of the walls. Thus, the increase of wall reinforcement limitedly affected the failure modes, peak strengths, and crack damages. On the other hand, when the reinforcement ratio of the connection beams was increased, the peak strength was increased due to the increase in the load-carrying capacity of the connection beams. Further, the crack damage index decreased as the reinforcement ratio of the connection beam increased. In particular, it was more effective to increase the uniformly distributed longitudinal reinforcement ratio in the connection beams to decrease the crack damage of the coupling beams, regardless of the type of the prototype exterior walls.

Human and material damage can be reduced if the risk is evaluated by engineering analysis of fire combustion products, smoke concentration, and smoke movement speed in the event of a fire in apartment houses and officetels. In this study, a lot of research on related safety evaluation in the basement needs to be studied and reflected in design, so experimental research was conducted to analyze the flow of smoke through computer simulation and provide analysis data through evacuation safety evaluation. First of all, the five-story underground parking lot subject to simulation has a large floor area, which is advantageous for improving evacuation safety performance, but it uses temperature detectors to increase detection time and fire spread speed. Second, it was analyzed that the evacuation time at all evacuation ports did not exceed the evacuation time, and as the time from the start of evacuation to the evacuation time was 216.9% compared to the travel time, it was evaluated that the safety performance of the evacuation was secured. Third, the above simulation results are a comprehensive safety evaluation based on the non-operation of fire extinguishing facilities in the fire room to increase safety, which means that smoother evacuation safety performance can be secured by linking fire extinguishing facilities.

본 연구는 조경수목 유지 및 관리의 현실적인 어려움을 분석하고 그 대안을 제고하기 위하여 작성되었다. 이를 위해『조경공사 표준시방서』를 분석하였으며, 이를 각 조사 대상지의『전체공정표』와 『조경식재 공사 하자현황 및 처리방안』보고서를 분석한 내용과 비교하였다. 또한 전문가 인터뷰를 참고하였다. 첫 번째 문제는 수목 식재 적기를 고려하지 않는 시공일정으로 인한 부적기 식재이다. 두 번째는 배수 와 관수의 불량이다. 생육상태가 좋지 않은 수목에 적절하고 충분한 관수는 필수적임에도 불구하고 시공 이전 배수로 관리나 시공 이후 관수가 적절하게 이루어지고 있지 못하다는 문제가 있다. 세 번째 는 경제적, 시간적 문제로 발생하는 수목 식재의 변경과 재이식이다. 네 번째는 공사현장의 구조적 문 제로 발생하는 불충분한 식재기반 조성이다. 현장에서 수목 관리가 제대로 이루어진다면 하자율을 상당히 줄일 수 있다. 정부지침은 식재 수목에 관한 상세한 내용들을 담고 있으나 조경 시공사가 겪는 실질적인 어려움은 충분히 반영하고 있지 못하다. 식재의 반입 기준이나 자재관리, 식재시기, 토양관 리 등의 지침을 수행하기 위해서는 조경시공을 충분히 고려해야 하며, 시공기간을 충분히 제공받아 야 한다. 본 연구는 공사현장 및 공사과정의 현실적 이해를 더 높이고 정부의 지침과 현실적인 문제 사이의 간극을 밝혀내고자 하였다. 추후 정부 지침의 보완하여 조경 현장여건을 적극적으로 반영하 고 근본적인 문제를 해결할 수 있어야 할 것이다.

본 연구는 경로의존성과 정책선도자의 개념으로 최근의 주요 경비업 법 개정 관련 논란 및 사태 등을 살펴, 10.29 참사 이후 경비업법 개 정 관련 논의를 하고자 한다. 이를 위해 각종 논문 및 학술자료와 신문 기사 등 자료를 통한 문헌분석 방법을 통해 살펴본다. 경비업법은 경비 업 제한(지도와 감독, 규제와 처벌 논리)법으로서 기능을 하여 왔으며, 경비업의 권한 남용의 방지에 관한 광범위한 기술적인 규정을 두는 경 로의존성을 지니고 있으며, 경비업법에서 정책선도자인 행정안전부(경 찰청)의 역할과 기능은 매우 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 결국, 경비업법의 경로의존성은 개정 입법 논의의 한계로 작용하고 정책선도자인 행정안 전부(경찰청)의 의지에 달렸다. 최근 10.29 참사로 인해 경비업법의 개 정에 대한 정책의 창이 열렸다. 그간의 경비업법 개정 과정 분석을 통 해 경로의존성과 정책선도자의 특성을 고려해 본다면, 개정의 논의가 순탄치 않음을 탐색해 볼 수 있다.

공동주택 방화문의 화재성능 결함으로 인하여 하자소송이 확대되고, 화재발생 시 치명적일수 있다. 그러나 현행 법령은 이에대한 대책이 소홀한 편이다. 본 연구에서는 방화문의 결함과 특성 등을 잘 반영하고 있는 『강제창호 제작･품 질검수 매뉴얼』과 LH 설계･시방서 개정작업에서 드러난 문제점들에 대한 개 선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 방화문의 적정단가를 산정하고 내용연수를 합리적 으로 조정하며 3단계 점검시스템 등 관련규정을 신설 운영한다면, 방화문 품질 성능 향상과 화재시 입주민 보호에 크게 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 아파트 단지에 식재된 조경수의 시계열 변화를 파악하고 조경수 중 소나무의 수요를 예측하기 위하여 수행되었다. 2003년부터 2020년까지 수도권의 아파트 단지에 사용된 수목의 종수는 평균 51종이며 2000년대 중후반에 비하여 2010년대 후반에는 다양한 종류의 수목이 사용되었다. 식재 수량은 평균 149,567주/1단지이며 시계열 변화가 두드러지지 않는다. 상록수와 낙엽수의 수종 비율은 2:8 이지만 식재된 수량은 3.5:6.5의 비율이었다. 상록수는 낙엽수에 비하여 한 수종의 식재량이 많은 반면에 낙엽수는 상록수에 비하여 상대적으로 다양한 수종이 식재되고 있다. 교목과 관목의 수종 비율은 6:4이지만 식재량은 관목 97.6%로 식재량에 비해 식재된 수목의 종류는 다양하지 않다. 조경수 중에서도 선호도와 이용가치가 높은 소나무의 식재현황을 분석하면 식재 수량은 증가하는 경향이며 특히, 근원직경이 큰 소나무의 식재 비율이 증가하고 있다. 아파트 단지의 소나무 식재수요를 예측하면 식재량은 지속적으로 증가할 것이며 특히 근원직경 40㎝ 이상의 특수목의 수요가 증가할 것이다. 이러한 조경수의 수요변화에 대응하여 다양한 식물소재를 발굴하고 생산할 수 있는 전략이 요구된다. 특히 지속적으로 소나무의 대형화가 예측되므로 시장에서 요구하는 수형과 규격을 갖춘 소나무가 적기에 공급될 수 있도록 생산관리가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals to which humans are exposed frequently via various mediums, including vehicle emissions that contain fine dust and heavy metals, use of organic solvent building materials, furniture, and smoking. Exposure to high concentrations of VOCs may result in loss of consciousness, paralysis, convulsions, and, in the most severe cases, death. Therefore, the present study investigated the indoor and outdoor concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and five types of VOCs (benzene, toluene, styrene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene) in apartments, a representative residential environment accounting for ~55% of the housing in the Seoul metropolitan area. The research was conducted over four seasons from May 2020 to February 2021, and the levels of VOC concentrations were analyzed by classifying them by season, weekday/weekend, and indoor/outdoor locations. The seasonal trend in VOC concentrations showed that TVOC concentration was highest in summer, with values of 1630.93 ± 1184.10 μg/m3 and 1610.36 ± 1363.43 μg/m3 for indoor and outdoor environments, respectively. The seasonal trends of the concentrations of the five types of VOCs showed that concentrations of benzene and toluene were highest in spring, the concentrations of m,p-xylene and o-xylene were highest in summer, and the concentration of styrene was highest in winter, irrespective of spatial characteristics such as indoor/outdoor environments. In all four seasons, the indoor concentrations were higher than the outdoor concentrations. These results reveal the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the VOCs and so can serve as useful basic data for managing indoor and outdoor levels of VOCs.

This study was designed to verify what effect the use of a natural ventilation system can have on improving indoor air quality with regard to radon in various concentration ranges in an apartment house. The results show that both high (2~3 times higher than 148 m3) and low (similar to 148 Bq/m3) levels of indoor radon concentrations can be reduced close to and/or below the Korean IAQ guideline within 6 hours when the natural ventilation system is operated at approximately an air change rate of 0.5. In the case of an air change rate of 0.3, however, the indoor radon levels cannot meet the national guidelines and the reduction effect was insufficient with regard to various radon concentrations. Typically, the air change rate of a natural ventilation system is affected by meteorological factors such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, pressure. Its effectiveness varies according to such factors, for that reason, the reduction effects on radon did not increase proportionally with the ventilation time in this study.

The traditional Korean heating system ondol, one of the most important characteristics of Korean architecture, still remains as hydronic floor heating. Various studies have been conducted on the modernization of ondol, but the process of introducing the hydronic floor heating has not been seriously studied so far. Therefore, this paper aims to demonstrate how the hydronic floor heating had been introduced to Korea, taking the 1950s and 1960s Haengchon, Jongam, and Mapo Apartments for example – these three are regarded as the first Korean apartment houses after the Korean War. While Western advanced construction technology was imported for these apartments, various methods of modernizing ondol were also considered. What was remarkable in these attempts is that hydronic floor heating first appeared in Mapo 1st Apartment in 1962, because this is the universal heating method in the present Korea. This fact signifies that the traditional principle of floor heating has been maintained, and it would also be meaningful in terms of architectural exchanges between East and West, if considered along with Wright’s application of the Korean heating principle to his houses since 1930s.

Recently, interest in OSC(Off Site Construction) is increasing due to the trend of a decrease in skilled workers and an increase in labor costs. In this regard, PC(Precast Concrete) is being reviewed for apartments, the most common type of housing in Korea. As the biggest concern for PC apartment houses, civil complaints such as inter-floor noise and leakage were presented. In this study, the details of the joints were reviewed based on the past cases of PC apartments, and the details of the recently constructed or planned PC apartments were investigated. Through this, the leakage path in the past was analyzed through the existing research literature and data. And wall type RC and PC apartment joint leakage test was performed and we found the needs for a detail of waterproof steps, sealant. Also, joint details were investigated for a rahmen type apartment housing under construction. At last, A discussion was conducted on the direction for a detailed proposal of an improved joint in the future.

PURPOSES : The evaluation of the road pavement thickness in an apartment complex through a methodology for estimating the number of construction vehicles is presented. We also show the usability of the new design criteria. METHODS : A field survey plan was established by conducting literature and preliminary surveys, and the structural performance of each section of the road pavement was compared through a structural analysis program. The load on construction vehicles is required for analyzing the ESAL factors of construction vehicles; it is calculated as a methodology for estimating construction vehicles because it is difficult to measure the traffic volume through visual inspection. Accordingly, the extent of damage predicted by road pavement sections in apartment complexes was analyzed to examine the possibility of applying the methodology for estimating the number of construction vehicles. RESULTS : If the road crack exceeds 20% as a result of the site survey of a previous study, structural damage to the road pavement occurs from construction vehicles. Compared to the actual traffic volume observation, an error of 5% took place; therefore, it is necessary to perform a design such that the damage caused by the load of the construction vehicle be 15% or less for proper road performance. Structural analysis through the KENPAVE program showed that the damage caused by the load of the construction vehicle exceeded 20% in all sections except section B (with a thickness of 46 cm). CONCLUSIONS : Owing to the limitations of the test construction section and environmental conditions, it is necessary to assess the effects of various variables by conducting an analysis. This is expected to be applied as a design basis considering more reliable construction vehicles.

In the past, measures for the reduction of industrial accidents has led the safety and health policy of construction sites by the guidance, supervision and the regulation according to「Occupation Safety and Health Act」handled by Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL). Nowadays companies realize that due to the factors such as diversification of employment types, outsourcing of hazardous work, new construction method and complicated types of construction, etc., there is a limit on safety management for construction sites as far as it is passively led by the governmental safety management policy and regulation. In this study, in order to practice the autonomous safety management escaping from the government-led safety management, improvement plans are proposed and applied by analyzing the basic cause of the all kinds of fall accidents that could possibly occur in the apartment construction sites and by verifying the hazardous factors and risks by fields.

Seismic fragility was assessed for non-seismic reinforced concrete shear walls in Korean high-rise apartment buildings in order to implement an earthquake damage prediction system. Seismic hazard was defined with an earthquake scenario, in which ground motion intensity was varied with respect to prescribed seismic center distances given an earthquake magnitude. Ground motion response spectra were computed using Korean ground motion attenuation equations to match accelerograms. Seismic fragility functions were developed using nonlinear static and dynamic analysis for comparison. Differences in seismic fragility between damage state criteria including inter-story drifts and the performance of individual structural members were investigated. The analyzed building had an exceptionally long period for the fundamental mode in the longitudinal direction and corresponding contribution of higher modes because of a prominently insufficient wall quantity in such direction. The results showed that nonlinear static analyses based on a single mode tend to underestimate structural damage. Moreover, detailed assessments of structural members are recommended for seismic fragility assessment of a relatively low performance level such as collapse prevention. On the other hand, inter-story drift is a more appropriate criterion for a relatively high performance level such as immediate occupancy.

This study aims to determine the correlation between the apartment resident community and housing satisfaction and suggest which factors can contribute to improving the local community’s housing environment and satisfaction by means of the local inhabitants and apartment residents participating in co-managing the community. The study results are as follows. Firstly, the apartment resident community had a positive effect on housing satisfaction but the effects were insignificant. This revealed that residents’ interest in communicating with the resident community was low due to various organizations such as the women’s association, election committee, and autonomous society being used as means to pursue personal gain rather than the development of the entire apartment. Secondly, the vitalization of the apartment resident community had a positive effect on housing satisfaction. The analysis results showed that the higher the level of unity and volunteering activities of residents, the more improved the resident vitalization programs are being managed, and the higher the level of resident participation, the higher the housing satisfaction. Lastly, this study suggests the supplementation and upgrading of apartment community facilities into complex community facilities as a means to unify the residents and vitalize the resident community. To vitalize the resident community and strengthen the community spirit, the residents will need to voluntarily create a community hub by forming community-tailored associations and programs through connections with local governments and businesses.

This study aims to find the causal relationship between the effects of apartment inhabitants’ life management and administrative management on housing satisfaction. The study results are as follows. Firstly, life management showed to have a positive effect on life satisfaction. In other words, the better the management of public order and facilities, the higher the satisfaction of housing satisfaction. Thus, the principal agent of management needs to increase inhabitants’ housing satisfaction through education and training on developing life management techniques. Secondly, administrative management showed to have a positive effect on life satisfaction. Thus, the more accurate the completion documents and management transfer process necessary for administrative management, the higher the cost-cutting effects of accounting, construction, and service contracts, the more transparent the resident agreement process in accordance with management policies, the more transparent the election process of building representatives and resident representatives, and the higher the effects of energy saving, the higher the housing satisfaction of inhabitants. This revealed that the principal agent of management needs to increase housing satisfaction through education and training on developing administrative management techniques because the level of administrative management had a positive effect on housing satisfaction. As a result, in order to create reliability between inhabitants and the principal agents of management, the transparency of administrative management such as document disclosure must be ensured, thus improving the housing satisfaction of inhabitants.

The cooking-generated particles are major indoor sources of air pollution. Recently, the performance of the range hood is focused on particle removal performance. Range hood with an auxiliary air supply system can improve the fine and ultrafine particles removal efficiency by making a supply air during cooking activities. The particles were measured in the experimental building by varying ventilation types. Only operating range hood during the cooking activities was not enough to reduce the cooking-generated particles. Despite operating range hood systems, fine and ultrafine particle concentrations were maintained when cooking was finished. The range hood with a make-up air supply system can reduce the indoor particle concentration below background conditions when those systems were operated after cooking. In this study, the assessment of cooking-generated particle removal efficiency of the range hood with an auxiliary air supply system was conducted. The removal efficiency of ultrafine particles showed trends similar to the removal efficiency of fine particles.

천연석재의 고갈로 인해 인조암은 자연암의 대체소재로서 2000년대 후반부터 꾸준히 공동주택에 적용되고 있다. 인조암을 이용한 폭포는 다양한 형태로 바위연출이 가능하며, 인공지반에 설치시 자연암에 비해 구조 자체에 부담을 주지 않기 때문에 구조 설계에 유리한 장점이 있다. 인조암폭포는 외부공간에서 입면적으로 도드라지는 시설물로서 자연암과 유사한 경관조성과 지속가능한 유지관리성이 충분히 고려되어야 한다. 인조암폭포를 자연암과 유사한 경관을 연출하기 위해서는 형태, 질감, 색채에 대한 고려가 필요하다. 형태에 있어서 고려사항은 입체감 있는 매스분할, 모서리의 각이 돋보이는 형태, 자연스러운 크랙 표현이며, 질감에 있어서 고려사항은 다양한 기법에 의한 질감표현, 음영에 의한 입체감 표현이며, 색채에 있어서 고려사항은 자연암에 유사한 색상연출, 인조이끼 활용이다. 부가적으로 포트에 의한 식재, 인접 녹지에 덩굴성 식물 식재, 미스트분수의 활용으로 인조암의 단점을 보완함으로써 입주민의 만족도를 높일 수 있을 것이다. 지속적인 유지관리를 위해서는 변색, 녹조에 대한 고려가 필요하다. 변색에 있어서 고려사항은 자연스러운 변색을 위해 도트기법에 의한 도색이 필요하며, 백화발생 구간에는 인조이끼 처리가 필요하다. 인조암을 활용하여 폭포와 연계된 수조경계부, 수조바닥면을 일체화하여 조성할 경우 녹조 발생시에 청소가 용이하여 유지관리가 용이하게 된다.본 연구에서 제안한 설계 및 시공단계에서 경관 및 유지관리를 고려한 계획은 인조암폭포의 품질편차를 줄이고 입주민의 선호도가 높은 특화시설을 조성하기 위한 기초자료로 활용이 가능할 것이며, 설계 및 시공 단계별로 고려해야할 세부적인 내용을 제안하였다는 점에서 의의를 가지고 있다.

본 연구는 기존 분양⋅임대혼합아파트와 관련된 연구를 바탕으로 문헌조사를 실시하고, 현황과 문제점, 대책에 대해 논의해보고자 한다. 사회적 혼합이란 주거지 개발의 방향을 다양한 계층의 주민들이 한 장소에서 함께 거주하도록 도모한다는 뜻으로 ‘소셜믹스(Socail Mix)’라고도 불린다. 최근 우리나라에서는 일반 분양아파트와 공공임대아파트를 한 공간에 혼합하여 건설하는 소셜믹스 아파트 단지가 대규모로 지어지고 있다. 사회적 통합에 기여하고자 하는 긍정적 목적에도 불구하고 현재의 소셜믹스 단지는 입주민 간의 갈등과 임대아파트 주민의 사회적 배제현상까지 나타나 진정한 통합을 이루고 있지 못하다. 이러한 상황을 개선하기 위해서는 입주민간의 교류를 강화하고 지역공동체 의식을 함께 갖도록 하는 기회가 많이 마련돼야 할 것이다. 향후 소셜믹스 아파트 단지 거주자를 중심으로 한 질적 연구를 통해 실질적인 대책의 강구가 필요하다.