Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the potential pests of various species of pines. To investigate the effects of thinning on I. acuminatus and Stigmatium pilosellum (Coleoptera: Cleridae), known as a natural enemy of bark beetles, were examined in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest in Chuncheon, South Korea in 2014. Three study site were selected - two sites (western slope and southern slope) that thinning was conducted in early spring 2014 and a site without thinning within 5 years. I. acuminatus and S. pilosellum were collected every week or fortnightly using the 12-unit Lindgren multi-funnel traps with pheromone lure (Ipsdienol +50/-50 40mg, Ipsenol +50/-50 40mg) from May to early October. The densities of I. acuminatus, the dominant species of bark beetles, were maximum 8.4 ± 0.9 and 1.4 ± 0.4 individuals/trap/day at thinning site and non-thinning site, respectively. In case of S. pilosellum, the dominant species of Cleridae, its densities were 17.7 ± 2.4 and 2.6 ± 0.8 individuals/trap/day at thinning site and non-thinning site, respectively. I. acuminatus showed first emergence peak on June and second emergence peak on September, but S. pilosellum showed only one time emergence peak on June – the density of S. pilosellum increased along with the density of I. acuminatus (r = 0.66, p = 0.0365). Our results shows that thinning in Korean pine forest increases the densities of I. acuminatus and S. pilosellum, reflecting increase in their food resources available.

Biological control of Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) with new indigenous natural enemy (Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto)) was carried out on tropical plant (Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook)) from May to July in 2013. Control experiments were conducted at Tropical Plant Resources Research Center of Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Korea. Chrysoperla nipponensis was released once (20 larvae/m2) to control Pseudococcus comstocki on 11st May in 2013. We investigated the density of leaf-feeding P. comstocki at intervals of approximately 7 days after introducing their natural enemy, C. nipponensis. The densities of P. comstocki were suppressed 22.4% (after 4 weeks) and 8.2% (after 6 weeks) after introducing C. nipponensis.

F. occidentalis causes to decrease the yield of chrysanthemum flower economically because it is the major crop pest injuring the flower directly at flowering period in chrysanthemum artificial houses. The control of it with chemicals is very difficult because the resistance of it to chemicals is so high. F. occidentalis began to occur at early-May and increased rapidly mid-May after in standard chrysanthemum artificial houses, Yesan, Chungcheongnam-do. In case of a farm, the density of it increased continuously in spite of chemical control . The times of chemical control to depress the density of it was 6 or 7th for cultivation period of chrysanthemum. We put the flowering yellow pot-mum already (trap plant attracting F. occidentalis) in standard chrysanthemum PVC-houses and set the yellow sticky cards up at an interval of 5m from trap plant(TP). The more yellow sticky trap near to trap plant, the more F. occidentalis was attracted to yellow sticky trap. TP was more attractive to adult F. occidentalis up to distances of 10m. The numbers of it attracted to yellow sticky traps at different distance from TP was not different significantly when standard chrysanthemum bloomed. We put the TP in standard chrysanthumum PVC-house at an distance of 20m and released the natural enemies (Orius laevigatus) on TP at 3 times, an interval of 7 days. And then we set yellow sticky traps up at an distance of 5m from TP and compared the plot with TP+natural enemy(NE) to the plot without them. The density of F. occidentalis was rather lower at TP+NE plot than the plot without at the formative period of flower bud of standard chrysanthemum. Therefore, The yellow flowering chrysanthemum possesses great value of TP attracting F. occidentalis in chrysanthumum PVC-house up to flowering period of cultivating chrysanthemum, and if it is used with natural enemy and chemicals simultaneously, farmers can minimize the quantity of chemicals used.

참딱부리긴노린재의 생물학적 특성을 조사하기 위하여, 온도 20±1, 25±1, 30±1, 35±1, 37.5±1, 40±1℃, 습도 80±10%, 광주기 16:8(L:D)에서 발육실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 알부터 성충우화까지의 발육영점온도는 14.8℃, 유효적산온도는 399.1일도였다. 35℃에서 조사한 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 알 기간은 5.6일, 부화율은 81.1%, 약충 기간은 14.3일(1령 3.2, 2령 2.2, 3령 2.7, 4령 2.7, 5령 3.6일)이었다. 암컷 성충의 수명은 33.8일, 산란기간은 29.2일이었다. 총 산란수는 111.2개, 하루 최대산란수는 14.8개(7일차)였다. 알과 약충은 37.5℃까지만 발육하고 40℃에서는 발육하지 못했으며, 40℃에서 총 산란수는 22.1개였다. 참딱부리긴노린재 1령, 3령, 5령, 성충의 담배가루이 번데기 하루포식량은 각각 1.9, 7,3, 18.7, 29.5마리였다.

Biological control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum in greenhouse tomatoes with the parasitoid Encarsia formosa has been evaluated in Korea. However implementation of biological control program is retarded due to the reasons that lacks of site specific strategies. Aims of the present research are: (1) To develop an effective biological control method of the whitefly in tomato plants; the following were studied: (a) development of proper introduction rate of parasitoid, E. formosa, for the control of whiteflies, and (b) development of the effective control method of American serpentine leafminers with a parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea. (2) To build a computer-simulation model in which all factors are incorporated which have been studied in the relationship between whitefly and the parasitoid. The computer-simulation models would be used to estimate the effect of future developments in the greenhouse industry on the biological control of the greenhouse whitefly using E. formosa. More general goals are to develop reliable evaluation techniques to test the pest-control ability of natural enemies prior to their use in practical situations and to determine which role simulation models may play in estimating the results of biological control in new situations.

Seasonal occurrence and suitable time of control of Tetranychus kanzawai along with the control efficacy of the alternative use of natural predator and miticide was investigated in Rubus coreanus (Miquel). T. kanzawai appeared in late May with its peak between June and July, and decreased after August in R. coreanus. In Iksan, T. kanzawai estimates show peaks 2~4 times per year during the investigation periods from 2006 to 2008 in R. coreanus fields. Suitable time of control of T. kanzawai was in early to mid May. And control effects of T. kanzawai was improved with an alternated control plot, treating miticides in early-occurrence of T. kanzawai and then releasing the natural predator (Phytoseiulus persimilis Anthias-Henriot). Also, the yields of R. coreanus was highest in the alternated control plot of 638㎏/10a compared to non-treatment of 559㎏/10a.

천적을 활용한 안전농산물의 생산량 증대는 그동안 잔류농약의 문제로 수출이 중단되곤 했던 파프리카를 비롯한 딸기 등 여러 종류의 농산물 수출에 있어서 잔류농약의 문제를 해결해 주어 수출경 쟁력을 높이기에 이르렀으며 이러한 변화를 바탕으로 천적을 활용한 생물학적방제의 산업화 저변이 확대되고 있다. 종전의 화학농약과는 달리 천적을 활용한 수출농산물의 잔류농약 문제는 해결되었으나 천적을 활용하여 방제한 농산물에서 종종 천적이 묻어 나가는 경우와 일부 해충이 묻어 나가는 일이 발생하고 있다. 한국의 국립식물검역원에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 농산물 수입국과 한국의 천적을 활용한 농산물 수출에 있어서 간혹 천적 및 해충이 묻어 나가는 경우에 대하여 사용된 천적과 수입국에도 분포하고 있는 일부 해충들에 대하여 수입국의 검역기관과 양허체결을 하여 문제를 해결하고 있으나 문제가 발생된 후에 양허체결이 처리되는 사례가 있어서 일부 수출농산물이 반송 또는 훈증 처리되는 안타까운 일이 발생하곤 하였다. 천적을 생산하는 산업체와 검역 기관에서는 천적을 활용한 농산물의 수출에 있어서 위와 같은 문제를 사전에 예방하기 위해 상호공조 및 역할분담을 할 필요가 있으며 이러한 노력을 바탕으로 이후에는 같은 문제가 발생되지 않도록 해야 할 것이다.

Experiments have been performed to investigate biological characteristics of Diglyphus isaea (Walker), an ectoparasite of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). At 25℃, development time of D. isaea was estimated as 1.3 days for eggs, 4.5 days for larvae and 6.3 days for pupae. Adult longevity was 25.1 days, and a female adult could lay 305.3 eggs throughout its lifetime. Number of L. trifolii parasitized or killed by the wasp was 962.2 individuals/adult. Most of all parasitized or killed larvae were identified as third instar. With 20% honeyed water as food source, half of the adults could survive 180 days at 5℃, 150 days at 10℃, and 90 days at 15℃. After storing at 10℃ with absolute honey for 30 days, 70 days and 140 days, a female adult in room temperature laid eggs 190.8 individuals, 104.0 individuals and 89.4 individuals, respectively.

기생봉인 루비붉은좀벌(Anicetus beneficus)을 1975년 일본에서 도입하여 제주도에 방사시키고 루비깍지 벌레 방제를 위한 생물학적 방법으로서의 가치를 평가한후 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 감귤의 주요해충인 루비깍지벌레는 년 1회 발생하였고 부화시류는 6월하순부터 8월초순이었고 부화최성기는 7월 중순이었다. 2. 루비붉은좀벌은 1975년 방사이래 16개 지역에 분포되었다. 3. 루비붉은좀벌의 기생율증가로 루비깍지벌레의 밀도가 현저하게 감소되었고 평균기생율은 1975년 1976년 1977년 1978연에는 였다.

The present study was conducted to investigate the developmental characteristics of Propylea japonica Thunberg (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae), a predator of aphids under laboratory conditions. The development times of the egg and immature stages of Propylea japonica were investigated at ten constant temperatures(15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, 35 and 38±1℃; 14L:10D; 60±5% RH). Development time was longest at 17.5℃. The developmental periods of P. japonica from the time of egg oviposited to adult emergence was 36.9 days at 17.5℃, and it decreased ash temperature increasing. Threshold temperature of development and degree days of the P. japonica from egg to adult were 11.9℃ and 196.0 respectively. The Briere 2 and Lactin 2 modes were best fitted for all development stages. The distribution of completion of each development stage was explain relatively well that 2-parameter, 3-parameter and Logistic model except egg and pupal stage.