The aim of this study is to identify the value structure of active seniors for noodles. Noodles are the secondly most preferred and familiar food in Korea, followed by rice. And noodles also have a variety of tastes/flavors and even a variety of ceremonial characteristics. The necessity of offering proper food to seniors has recently increasing because Korea becoming an aged society. This study conducted 1:1 in-depth interviews with 30 active senior participants using the soft laddering technique, which is based on the means-end chain theory. The Implication Matrix and HVM were derived from performing content analysis. The active seniors mainly consider the ‘taste’, expecting to obtain the ‘satisfying taste’, and pursuing the ‘family affair’, ‘pleasure’, and ‘self-satisfaction’. The results of this study indicated that the taste is the most important attribute and the active seniors consider their family as well as the pleasure and satisfaction of their own. Male seniors mainly pursue the ‘pleasure’ and ‘self-satisfaction’ by satisfying their taste through considering ‘taste’ and ‘familiarity’. But female seniors mainly pursue the ‘family affair’ by ‘satisfying taste’ through considering ‘taste’. These results can be used as a basic data for developing noodle products for the elderly. This study will also contribute to the development of special care food and product concepts for the silver generation.

본 연구는 서울시 중학교에 재학 중인 학생 252명을 조사하여 남녀별로 국물음식을 통한 나트륨 섭취량의 차이를 조사하였으며, 실제로 배식받은 양과 섭취 형태에 따른 나트륨 섭취량을 계산하였다 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다 1. 조사 대상자들의 성별은 남자 116명, 여자 136명, 학년 별로 1학년 86명, 2학년 77명, 3학년 89명이었다. 2. ‘국 없는 날’의 인식 여부에서 ‘국 없는 날’을 알고 있는 학생은 남자 58.6%. 여자 75.7%로 ‘국 없는 날’의 운영 횟수 질문의 응답으로는 1달에 1번으로 정확하게 알고 있는 학생은 남자는 55.2%, 여자는 62.5%로 나타났고, ‘국 없는 날’의 운영 이유로 ‘나트륨을 줄이기 위해서’라고 정확하게 답한 학생은 남자 61.2%, 여자 77.2%로 나타났다. ‘국 없는 날’의 인식 여부는 성별간의 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 여자가 남자보다 더 많이 알고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 학교 급식에서 저감화 나트륨 계획으로 운영되고 있는 ‘국 없는 날’을 정확히 알고 있는 경우는 59.1%의 학생만이 알고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 나트륨 줄이기 교육을 받은 적이 있는 학생은 50명, 나트륨을 줄이기 위한 노력 여부는 노력한 적이 있는 학생도 53 명으로 나타나 전체 252명에서 채 20%를 넘지 않는 것으로 나타났다. ‘국 없는 날’의 운영도 나트륨 줄이기 교육의 일부임에도 불구하고, 나트륨 줄이기 교육 여부에서 남자 17.2%, 여자 22.1%만이 교육을 받았다고 답해 이에 관한 관심이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 인식실태는 ‘국 없는 날’의 운영만으로 나트륨 저감화 교육이 제대로 이루어지지 않는다는 것을 보여준다. 4. 학교 급식에서 제공된 국물음식의 섭취 형태에서 부대찌개는 건더기와 국물을 모두 섭취하는 인원이 71.8%로 가장 높았고, 그 다음으로는 설렁탕 69.8%로 나타났다. 우동은 건더기만 섭취하는 인원이 25.0%로 가장 높은 비율을 나타냈으며, 그 다음으로는 조랭이떡국 22.2%로 나타났다. 국물만 섭취한 경우에는 동태찌개 25.4%, 미소국 25.0% 순으로 나타났다. 북어국은 아예 국물음식을 섭취하지 않음이 36.1%로 가장 높아 선호하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 5. 학교 점심급식에서 제공된 국물음식에 의하여 섭취하는 나트륨량은 국물음식 섭취행태를 고려한 경우 점심식사 한끼 국물음식 평균 379.6±183.9 mg, 고려하지 않은 경우는 556.8±190.6 mg으로 나타났으며, 메밀소바, 부대찌개, 우동순으로 높게 나타났다. 38가지의 모든 국물음식에서 나트륨 섭취량이 국물 섭취 행태에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 국물 섭취 행태를 고려한 경우와 고려하지 않은 경우에 나트륨 섭취량이 97.7~411.8 mg의 차이를 보이고 있었고, 평균 차이는 177.2 mg으로 나타났다. 몇 개의 음식에서는 차이가 있었지만 학교에서 제공된 전체 국물음식을 통한 평균 나트륨섭취량은 행태를 고려하던 하지 않던 남녀의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로 국물음식을 섭취 행태에 따라 섭취하는 나트륨 함량이 다르게 나타난 결과를 바탕으로 국물과 건더기, 국물만, 건더기만의 각각의 나트륨 데이터베이스를 이용하여 나트륨 섭취량을 분석하는 것이 필요하다.

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of wet noodles added with sword bean powder(0, 5, 10, 15%) to determine the most preferred noodle recipe for consumer’s desire. The proximate composition of the sword bean powder was as follows: Moisture contents were 13.4±0.08%, protein 30.2±0.12%, fat 0.3±0.09%, protein 1.0±0.11% and carbohydrates 55.1±0.12%, respectively. Total amino acid content of sword bean powder was measured 23,054.266 mg/ 100 g, especially in the order of histidine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The flavonoid content of sword bean powder was 17.9750 mg%. Water-binding capacity increased as the level of sword bean powder increased. When viscosity of wheat flours containing sword bean powder was measured by amylograph, the gelatinization point increased significantly as the level of sword bean powder increased, but peak viscosity decreased. As the level of sword bean powder increased, L value decreased, whereas a and b values increased. Weight, water absorption and volume of cooked noodles prepared with wheat flours containing sword bean powder decreased, whereas turbidity of soup increased. For textural properties, addition of sword bean powder increased hardness, springiness, chewiness of cooked noodles, whereas adhesiveness decreased. According to sensory evaluation such as appearance, color, flavor, taste, texture, overall preference, it was revealed noodles with 10% sword bean powder was the most preferred. According to the results, the addition of sword bean powder positively affects the overall sensory evaluation of wet noodle, and 10% is the optimal level for addition.

The demands of rice products have been steadily increasing because of their non-allergenic-functionalities. However, the use of rice flour in the gluten-free food industry has been still limited due to undesirable quality characteristics derived from the weak structural network by the lack of gluten. Therefore, there is a need to search for new approaches to enhance the structural network of gluten-free foods. In this study, zein, protein derived from corn, was applied to rice noodles as a structural network provider for sheeting and the rheological and structural properties of the rice noodles were investigated depending on the particle size of rice flour. The starch damage of the rice flours increased with decreasing particle size. The zein-rice flours with smaller particle size exhibited greater water hydration properties and pasting parameters that contributed to the increased elastic characteristics. The use of zein positively contributed to the formation of sheeted rice dough that could be successfully slit into noodle strips. The zein-rice noodles with medium particle size (100–150 mesh) had the highest breaking stress and hardness values that were correlated to the lowest cooking loss. This study thus provides a new opportunity for food industry to improve the qualities of gluten-free rice noodles by controlling particle size.

Gluten-free industry has experienced consistent growth with increasing the number of individuals with celiac disease. Among gluten-free products, the popularity of rice noodles has been worldwide increasing over the recent years. However, rice noodles have several processing limitations such as high cooking turbidity and long cooking time. Therefore, various ingredients have been incorporated into the formulation of rice noodles in order to improve their quality attributes. In this study, turanose which is known to be a new sugar alternative with low sweetness was applied to rice noodles and their effects were characterized in terms of thermal, rheological, and textural properties. Gluten-free rice noodles were prepared with different levels of turanose (0.5, 1.0, 1.5%, w/w) by using a twin-screw extruder. Rice flour with turanose had higher gelatinization temperature and also showed higher enthalpy values after storage at 4°C. The use of turanose also increased the pasting and mixing parameters of rice flour. In addition, the application of turanose to rice noodles affected their qualities such as texture and cooking loss. Thus, this study demonstrated that turanose could positively contribute to enhancing the qualities of gluten-free rice noodles as a new additive.

As the consumption of wheat has increased recently, the number of people who have digestive problems resulting from gluten in wheat has also increased. Teff has an attractive nutritional profile, as it not only gluten-free but also high in dietary fiber, protein, iron, and calcium. Seven samples were prepared for this study. The quality characteristics of gluten-free noodles were evaluated based on pH, salinity, water absorption, turbidity, color, texture properties, tensile strength, and SEM. The pH value was the highest in TF100 with a pH of 6.66 and the lowest in the control with a pH of 6.42. Salinity showed no significant difference among all samples, and it ranged from 0.02~0.04% (p<0.05). Water absorption was the highest in TFX with a value of 66.11%, and the lowest in the control with a value of 44.81%. Turbidity showed no significant difference among all samples, and it ranged from 0.14~0.21 O.D. (p<0.05). While the lightness and yellowness values decreased with an increase in teff flour content, the redness value tended to decrease. The color difference value was the highest in the sample group without gluten. Based on the texture profile analysis, the hardness was highest in the control with a value of 46.74 N and lowest in TF100 with a value of 18.34 N. The springiness showed no significant difference among all samples. The cohesiveness was highest in the control with a value of 0.92 N. The chewiness decreased with an increase in teff flour content. Although the control with gluten had the highest tensile strength at 3.42 kg/cm2, TFX had considerable tensile strength at 2.30 kg/cm2. This study demonstrated the processability of gluten-free noodles using teff flour.

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of semi-dried noodles prepared with different water contents (wet noodles; 32, 24, 22, 20%, dry noodles; 12%). The drying process was carried out in a drying chamber at 13~18oC temperature and 75~95% humidity. The proximate composition of Korean wheat flour was as follows: water 22.1±3.64%, protein 8.6±0.13%, fat 1.3±0.10%, ash 0.7±0.02%, carbohydrates 67.3±0.10%. As water contents decreased, both L and b values significantly decreased before cooking of noodles, whereas L, a, and b values were not significantly different after cooking of noodles. Weight, water absorption, and volume of cooked noodles significantly increased as water content decreased, whereas turbidity of soup was not significantly different. Cutting hardness before cooking of noodles significantly increased as water content decreased. Sections of noodles after cooking by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) showed roughness and fewer round starch particles as water content decreased. For overall preferences according to the sensory evaluation, noodles prepared with different water contents were not significantly different. According to the results, semidried noodles have development potential to complement the disadvantages of both wet noodles and dry noodles.

In this study, the quality characteristics of noodles containing different amounts of germinated black quinoa were investigated. The powder of black quinoa with the highest antioxidative activation was selected; and composite flour was prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of germinated black quinoa powder to produce the noodles. We evaluated the quality and sensory characteristics of the noodles, including pH, salinity, water absorption rate, volumetric expansion rate, turbidity, chromaticity, extensibility, and texture. With regards to the quality characteristics of noodles with added germinated black quinoa, the pH and salinity decreased with increasing percentage of added germinated black quinoa (p<0.001). Increasing the percentage of added germinated black quinoa resulted in decreased water absorption (p<0.01) and volumetric expansion rates and increased turbidity of the cooked noodles (p<0.001). In terms of the chromaticity, L and b values decreased and a value increased with the increasing percentage of added germinated black quinoa (p<0.001). For the texture, hardness (p<0.001), adhesiveness (p<0.01), springiness (p<0.01), chewiness (p<0.001), gumminess (p<0.001), and cohesiveness (p<0.05) decreased as the percentage of added germinated black quinoa increased; while extensibility (p<0.001) increased. Consumer testing results indicated that the noodles with 15% of added germinated black quinoa showed the best results. Collectively, the evaluation of quality characteristics and consumer acceptability indicated that adding 15% of germinated black quinoa to produce noodles is optimal.

The aim of this study was to investigate the optimum particle size of rice flour for making rice noodles. Rice noodles were prepared with rice variety such as Milyang 278 because it has 25.4% of high amylose content. The rice grains were pulverized by dry milling and passed through 3 different sized sieves (A: -60 ~ +100, B: -100 ~ +150, and C: -150 ~ +200 mesh). The average particle sizes of A, B, and C were 187.27, 103.79 and 74.88 um, respectively. Rice noodles were prepared at 35% of moisture content, 50/90/90/90°C of barrel temperature, and 200 rpm of screw speed in the twin screw extruder. Textural properties and cooking qualities were evaluated to determine the suitability for making rice noodles. Hardness of the dry noodles prepared with A, B, and C were 2.762, 4.546, and 2.065 N, respectively. Extension (R max) of the cooked rice noodles prepared with A, B, and C were 0.526, 0.857, and 0.534 N while Extensibility (E value) were 15.97, 18.03, and 16.78 mm, respectively. Cooking loss values were 4.47, 2.88, and 2.16%, respectively, while the turbidities of their cooking water were 0.177, 0.073, and 0.088, respectively. As the result the flour passed through -100 ~ +150 meshes was the most appropriate for making rice noodles. Control of particle size in rice flour with high-amylose content can be a useful way for making good quality rice noodles.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient intake, diversity and prevalence of diseases according to noodle consumption using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) of 2010. Korean adults (>20) were classified into two groups, noodle group (NG) and non-noodle group (NNG). NG was found to have higher intakes of protein, calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, and niacin. The DVS and DDS according to noodle consumption were found to be 21.76 and 3.51 for NG, and 18.56 and 3.40 for NNG, this result was thought to show that the diet of NG was more satisfactory than that of NNG in terms of dietary diversity. In the bone mass of entire subjects, NG showed higher figures in the femoral neck and lumbar spine than NNG. For bone mineral density, NG exhibited higher figures in the femoral neck, and for T-scores, the values of NG was significantly higher in the femoral neck than those of NNG. However, the prevalence of osteoporosis of NG and NNG was 11.6% and 9.5%. The prevalence of osteopenia of NG and NNG was 43.0% and 51.7%. Thus, these results showed that overall bone health of NG was better than that of NNG. Dietary balance and quality were also more satisfactory in NG. These results showed that noodle consumption may have an impact on the prevalence of chronic diseases.

Sea cucumber (SC) or Stichopus japonicas is widely used in East Asia as a traditional medical component for the treatment of asthma, arthritis, and sinus congestion. The hydrolysate of SC (HSC) after treatment with a protease is also widely used as an ingredient for processed food application such as noodles. Tensile force and deformation are important texture properties of noodle. The peptides prepared by hydrolyzing SC could affect the tensile properties of noodle, as well as DPPH radical scavenging. The objectives of this study were to characterize the tensile properties, the texture properties, color, and DPPH radical scavenging of noodle with HSC and to determine an optimum formulation of dough with HSC for noodle. The HSC was prepared by hydrolyzing dried SC powder with distilled water (DW) and a protease, Protamex (Novozyme Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Danmark). The tensile properties and antioxidant activity were used as major constraint functions for the optimization. The optimum ratio was determined as flour:water:HSC=69.27:22.48:7.05 (w/w). Increasing the amount of HSC in the formulation increased the tensile force but no significant difference was observed in the deformation.

As one of the staple crops, rice has been widely applied to value-added products, giving the food industry new avenues of use. Although the quality attributes of various rice products have been reported, there is a lack of detailed information on the rheological behaviors of rice products during digestion that are related to their bioaccessibility in the human body. In this study, three rice varieties with different amylose contents were utilized to produce flours and extruded noodles. In-vitro methods simulating starch digestion processes were then established to monitor their oral-gastric-intestinal rheological behaviors. The rice flour with high amylose content exhibited lower values of water absorption index/swelling power and higher pasting parameters that were in good agreement with the Mixolab thermo-mechanical results. The extruded rice noodles showed lower cooking loss and higher hardness with increasing levels of amylose. When the in-vitro viscosities of rice flours and noodles were measured using a rotational rheometer with the custom-made starch cell, their viscosities had a tendency to decrease as the in-vitro digestion progressed. Specifically, the rice samples with high amylose content exhibited higher viscosity than those with low amylose content under the simulated oral, gastric, and intestinal conditions. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and in-vitro rheological properties of rice flours and extruded noodles with different amylose content. The results provided a promising opportunity for the food industry to study in-vitro digestion of rice-based products with the advantages of being more rapid and less expensive.

Noodlesare classified into guksoo (noodle), naengmyeon, dangmyeon, instant fried noodle, pasta, and other noodles in Korean food code. The main ingredients of Asian noodles are wheat, rice, and buckwheat and starches from potato, sweet potato, mung bean and pulses. The people in northeast Asia countries, Korea, China, and Japan have been eaten hand‐elongated and cut noodles, but rice noodles with pregelatinization are most commonly used in the cuisines ofSoutheast Asia. Pasta is made from semolina (durum wheat) by extrusion.For most Japanese and Korean, the preferred textural properties of boiled regular salted noodles are soft and elastic with a smooth surface. Most Chinese, however prefer noodles with firm, elastic, and chewy texture. Rice noodles have not functionality of wheat gluten in forming continuous viscoelastic dough. There are two main methods used for the production of rice noodles: extrusion, which is used to produce vermicelli types; and sheeting of a rice flour batter, which is used to produce sheet and flat noodles. To develop the white salted rice noodle prepared from dry milled rice flour after drying with soaked rice grains, transglutaminase, propylene glycol alginate, adequate water and protein source were added to form gluten‐like network matrix and to entrap starch granules inside of protein matrices. The color and cooking behavior of noodle dough, and texture and sensory test of cooked noodles were investigated. The soy protein, mung bean protein, and silkworm protein helped to form a gluten‐like matrix crosslinked with rice protein. Propylene glycol alginate contributed smooth and elastic texture and reduced the cooking loss, in contrast with gelatinized and extruded rice noodles.