The rapid development of some industries generates a huge amount of useless biowastes. Recently, biosorption, which can use biowastes as biosorbents, has attracted attention as an environmentally friendly method for the removal of ionic pollutants from wastewaters. For this reason, many researchers have investigated the biosorption capacities of various biowastes. In this study, fermentation waste (Escherichia coli) was used as a biosorbent for the removal of various organic and inorganic pollutants: i.e., cationic dye (methylene blue (MB)), anionic dye (Reactive Red 4 (RR4)), cationic metal (cadmium (II)), and anionic metal (arsenic (V)). The uptake of the cationic pollutants by the biosorbent increased as solution pH was increased. The RR4 uptake increased with a decrease in solution pH. In the case of the anionic metal (As (V)), it was not well removed in the range of pH 2-7. To examine adsorption rates and mechanisms, kinetic and isotherm experiments were conducted, and various kinetic and isotherm models were used to fit the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacities of MB and RR4 were predicted to be 231.3 mg/g and 257.6 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, fermentation waste (E. coli) is a cheap and abundant resource for the manufacture of effective biosorbents capable of removing both cationic and anionic (in) organic pollutants from wastewaters.

급격한 산업화와 인구 증가 등은 국내 폐기물 발생량이 해마다 증가하는 요인으로 작용하고 있으며 이에 따른 다양한 폐기물 처리방법이 수행되고 있다. 대표적인 폐기물 처리 방법 중 하나는 소각에 의한 폐기물 처리이며 다량의 폐기물 처리가 가능하고 특히 폐기물의 부피와 무게를 10~20% 정도로 감량할 수 있으며 소각열에너지를 회수하여 폐기물의 자원순환에 일조하고 있다. 이러한 장점으로 인해 국내 폐기물의 소각처리 비율은 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 폐기물 소각처리 중 발생하여 배출되는 다양한 오염물질은 환경에 큰 단점으로 작용할 수 있다. 따라서 소각시설에서 배출되는 오염물질의 모니터링은 환경보전 문제에 있어 매우 중요한 과제이다. 본 연구에서는 소각로에서 배출되는 오염물질의 특성을 파악하기 위해 의료 폐기물 소각로 44개소와 소형 폐기물 소각로 28개소, 총 72개의 가스 샘플을 채취하고 분석하여 주 대기오염 물질인 이산화탄소, 질소산화물, 황산화물, 다이옥신을 측정하였고 배출허용기준과 비교하였다. 또한 주성분분석을 통해 오염물질 배출을 6개 그룹과 6개 샘플로 나누어 각각의 배출특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 다이옥신의 경우 배출허용기준을 초과한 시설은 의료 폐기물 소각로 7개소, 소형 폐기물 소각로 9개소로 나타난 반면, 이산화탄소, 질소산화물, 황산화물의 경우 소형 폐기물 소각로 10개소에서만 배출허용기준을 초과한 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과를 통해 의료 폐기물 소각시설보다 소형 폐기물 소각시설의 오염물질 배출이 심각한 것으로 확인되었으며 방지시설과 운전 조건의 개선이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, gasification experiments were conducted using high calorific waste by measuring flue gas and gaseous pollutant composition. The feedstock used in this experiment was collected from industrial wastes and had a heating value more than 5,000 kcal/kg as well as low moisture and ash contents. Experiments were conducted at 1,200°C temperature by changing equivalent ratios (ERs) to find out an optimum condition for syngas production. Results showed that at ER 0.3, the highest syngas composition (around 81%) was obtained in flue gas. In this study, gas pollutant was sampled in cold absorbent by following Korean air pollutant standard sampling method. Later, sampled solutions were analyzed by IC (Ion Chromatography) to find out gaseous pollutant concentration. Usually, after gas cleanup system, all of the gaseous pollutants are removed by wet scrubber and catalyst reactor. However, in this study, due to gaseous pollutants removed by wet scrubber, the removal efficiency of gaseous pollutants showed lower performance compared with other catalyst clean up system. Thus, it is advisable to install a cleaning unit to deal with tar and soot.

연안오염퇴적물에 함유된 유기물질과 PAHs의 현장정화를 위한 생물활성촉진제의 효능을 파일럿 규모의 현장실험을 통하여 1년간 평가하였다. 실험 해역의 수온은 계절적인 요인으로 인해 16.5°C에서 21°C까지 변화가 있었으나, 파일럿 반응조의 오염퇴적물의 pH는 8.4-8.5로 서 비교적 일정하였다. 파일럿 실험종료 후 바탕시험구와 초산, 황산이온, 질산이온을 함유한 생물활성촉진제를 주입한 오염퇴적물의 화학적 산소요구량은 각각 39% 및 79%까지 감소하였으며, 휘발성고형물은 초기 약 15 g/kg에서 7 g/kg 및 2.5 g/kg까지 각각 감소하였다. PAHs는 2- ,3- ,4- ,5-ring 과 6-ring 16PAHs를 평가하였으며, 생물활성촉진제를 주입한 오염퇴적물에서 2-ring 화합물인 나프탈렌은 실험시작 2개월 후 100%(바탕시험구의 감소율 55.6%)까지 감소되어 가장 빨랐고, 12개월 후 3-ring 및 4-ring PAHs의 감소율은 모두 100%(바탕시험구의 감 소율 46%-100%)에 달하였다. 5-ring과 6-ring PAHs의 12개월 후의 감소율은 바탕시험구와 생물활성촉진제를 투여한 오염퇴적물에서 각각 26%-87% 및 77%-100%로 평가되었다. 연안오염퇴적물에 투입한 생물활성촉진제는 유기물질 및 난분해물질인 PAHs의 제거속도를 향상시킬 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the emission characteristics of air pollutants from incineration facilities in Jeollanam-do. We selected 8 incineration facilities depend on type and the 19 items such as dust etc. were measured at the measurement hole for emission gas from air contamination control units. The range of emission concentrations for dust was 2.8 ~ 20.9 mg/Sm3 less than permissible air discharge standards. The results of 10 gaseous contaminants such as SOx was less than permissible air discharge standards. The range of emission concentrations for NOx was 13.4 ~ 120.0 ppm, less than permissible air discharge standards. As G facility was 112.4 ppm, 120.0 ppm, it exceeded emission standard (100 ppm) twice. The range of emission concentrations for HCl was ND ~ 85.300 ppm, B Facilitiy exceeded emission standard (20 ppm) as 85.300 ppm. The range of emission concentrations for NH3 was ND ~ 76.333 ppm, A, D, H Facility exceeded emission standard (30 ppm). The concentration of each facility was 42.416 ppm, 62.930 ppm, 76.333 ppm. The results of heavy metals (5 items) showed within emission standards. G facility is operating in condition that input of urea is 100 L/day. If input of urea were changed to 50 ~ 75 L/day, the operating cost of air pollution prevention facility can be reduced by 25% ~ 50%. In this study, the correlation between urea input and nitrogen oxides was statistically significant, but the correlation between urea input and ammonia showed insignificantly. Our research attempts to evaluate the emission characteristics of air pollutants from incineration facilities and to institute a reduction plan, an effective management of incinerators.

As a result of analysis based on the observed data for BOD, COD and TOC in order to manage non-biodegradable organics in the Geumho River, COD/BOD ratio was analyzed as the occupying predominance proportion. In this study, the classification(changes in water quality measurement : increase, equal, decrease) and measurement of BOD and COD were analyzed for trends over the past 10 years from 2005 to 2014 in the Geumho River. The Geumho River is expected to need non-biodegradable organics management because BOD was found to be reduced 61.1% and COD was found to be increased 50%. As a result of the analysis of land use, the Geumho-A is a unit watershed area of 921.13 km2, which is the most common area that is occupied by forests. The Geumho-B is a unit watershed area of 436.8 km2, which is the area that is highest occupied by agriculture and grass of 24.84%. The Geumho-C is a unit watershed area of 704.56 km2 accounted for 40.29% of the entire watershed, which is the area that is occupied by urban of 15.12%. Load of non-biodegradable organics, which is not easy biodegradable according to the discharge, appeared to be increased because flow coefficient of COD and TOC at the Geumho-B were estimated larger than 1 value. The management of non-point sources of agricultural land is required because the Geumho-B watershed area occupied by the high proportion of agriculture and field. In this segment it showed to increase the organics that biodegradation is difficult because the ratio of BOD and TOC was decreased rapidly from GR7 to GR8. Thus, countermeasures will be required for this.

This study attempted to find an optimum operation codition for co-incineration of food waste and industrial wastes, focusing on injection position and rate. As the result of analysis, during injection of food waste incineration facilities, atmospheric pollutant standard satisfied all requirement. However when injected into the primary combustion chamber, the dioxin exceeded emission standard. This result has been determined that contaminants generated as processing the more amount (150 ton/day) than the designed capacity (72 ton/day) emitted and exceeded not completely removed from the control facilities.

본 연구는 강우 시 발생하는 비점오염물질 중 인과 총 부유성 고형물 분석을 통해 혼합 토지이용에 따른 비점오염 배출 특성을 비교분석하였다. 경기도 용인시 금학천 유역내의 도시지역, 농업우세지역, 혼합토지이용지역, 택지개발지역을 대표하는 총 4개의 소유역 말단에서 강우유출수를 모니터링 하였다. 연구 결과 불투수층이 많은 도시지역은 강우초기에 초기유출현상이 뚜렷하게 발생되었고 다른 지역에 비해 용존성 인의 비가 약 40%정도 높았다. 농업우세지역과 혼합토지이용지역, 택지개발지역은 대부분 인이 고형물에 부착되어 배출되는 입자성 인의 형태를 보였으며, 도시지역과 달리 첨두유량이 발생하는 강우 중기에 가장 높은 농도의 오염물질(TP 및 TSS)이 배출되었다. 모든 모니터링 지점에서 TSS와 TP 농도간 높은 상관성을 나타내고 있어 TP의 배출 제어를 위해서는 TSS의 적절한 제어가 매우 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 특히 택지개발지의 경우 타 토지이용지역에 비해 다량의 토사침식에 의하여 높은 TP 배출부하가 야기될 수도 있음을 예상할 수 있었다.

최근 수계에 심각한 악영향을 미치는 비점오염원에 대한 정부의 관심이 대두되고 있다. 비점오염물질은 배출경로가 불명확하며, 배출량 또한 측정하기가 어려워 처리하기 또한 곤란하다. 이러한 비점오염물질 제거를 위하여 비점오염저감시설을 개발 및 설치하고 있다. 하지만 비점오염저감시설 설치 시 대상유역에 대한 연구가 미비하여 명확한 저감효율을 판단하기가 어렵다. 본 연구의 목적은 비점오염물질에 따른 저감시설의 효율을 파악함에 있다. 2년간 총 8회의 강우 모니터링을 통하여 경기도 용인시 경안천 유역에 설치 된 비점오염저감시설 중 식생형 시설인 식생여과대의 저감 효율을 ER(Efficiency Ratio) 방법을 이용하여 산정하였다. 모든 시료는 BOD, COD, TN, TP 항목에대해 수질오염공정시험법에 의거하여 분석하였다. 2012년에서의 저감효율은 각각 36%, 37%, 55%, 44%, 2013년에는 63%, 56%, 48%, 67%로 나타났다. 2년간 각 항목별 저감효율 평균값은 50%, 46%, 52% 56%로 영양염류의 제거효율이 유기물의 제거효율보다 높은 수치를 보였다. 결과적으로 경안천유역 비점오염저감시설 중 식생여과대는 영양염류의 제거에 효율적이며, 저감기능 향상을 위해 지속적인 관리와 연구가 필요하다.

비점오염원은 점오염원과 다르게 불특정하게 배출되며 유출특성에 대하여 명확한 제시를 하기에 어려움이 있다. 이에 정부는 최근 비점오염원에 대한 문제의 심각성을 인식하고, 비점오염원 관리제도와 관리대책을 마련하는 노력을 기울이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 자연형 비점오염 저감시설인 식생수로의 저감효율을 제거 효율법(Efficiency Ratio, ER)과 부하량 합산법(Summantion of Loads, SOL)으로 산정하였다. ER 방법에 의한 T-N, T-P의 저감효율값은 2012년도에 T-N 80 %, T-P 83 %가 2013년도에 T-N 75 %, T-P 85 %, SOL 방법은 2012년도에 T-N 79 %, T-P 87 %, 2013년도에 T-N 71 %, T-P 73 %로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 하계와 추계에 대한 저감효율 비교분석을 통해 식생수로의 효율평가를 하였으며, 시설의 계절별 관리방안과 설계에 도움이 될 것이라 판단된다.

Graphene oxide (GO)-titania composites have emerged as an attractive heterogeneous photocatalyst that can enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles owing to their potential interaction of electronic and adsorption natures. Accordingly, TiO2-GO mixtures were synthesized in this study using a simple chemical mixing process, and their heterogeneous photocatalytic activities were investigated to determine the degradation of airborne organic pollutants (benzene, ethyl benzene, and o-xylene (BEX)) under different operational conditions. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results demonstrated the presence of GO for the TiO2-GO composites. The average efficiencies of the TiO2-GO mixtures for the decomposition of each component of BEX determined during the 3-h photocatalytic processes were 26%, 92%, and 96%, respectively, whereas the average efficiencies of the unmodified TiO2 powder were 3%, 8%, and 10%, respectively. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency of the unmodified TiO2 powder for all target compounds decreased during the 3-h photocatalytic processes, suggesting a potential deactivation even during such a short time period. Two operational conditions (air flow entering into the air-cleaning devices and the indoor pollution levels) were found to be important factors for the photocatalytic decomposition of BEX molecules. Taken together, these results show that a TiO2-GO mixture can be applied effectively for the purification of airborne organic pollutants when the operating conditions are optimized.

Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) from aircraft activities at 11 small-scale airports were investigated using the emissions and dispersion modeling system (EDMS) version 5.1.3 during the two year period of 2009~2010. The number of landing and take-off (LTO) at these airports was dominant for the aircraft type B737, accounting for more than 60% of the total LTOs. Out of the 11 small-scale airports, Gwangju (GJ, RKJJ) airport was the largest emitter of air pollutants and GHGs, whereas Yangyang (YY, RKNY) airport was the smallest emitter. The emissions of NOx and VOCs in 2010 at the 11 airports ranged from 1.9 to 83 ton/y and 0.1 to 17 ton/y, respectively. In 2010, the emissions of CO2 ranged from 394 to 21,217 ton/y. The emissions of most air pollutants (except for NOx and PM10) and GHGs were estimated to be the highest in taxi-out mode. The highest emissions of NOx and PM10 were emitted from climb-out and approach modes, respectively. In addition, the total LTOs at the 11 small-scale airports accounted for the range of 9.3~9.9% of those at four major international airports in Korea. The total emissions of air pollutants and GHGs at the 11 airports ranged from 4.8 to 12% of those at the four major airports.

This study was to investigate the runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants source at the urban area in Suwon city. The highest T-N and T-P concentration of rainfall runoff observed in agricultural area. In residential area, the highest BOD5 and SS concentration of rainfall runoff was investigated. During rainfall events, the peak concentrations of SS and BOD5 were observed after 1~2 hours of rainfall in urban area. Whereas, the peak concentrations occurred within 1~2 hours after rainfall and then the highest concentrations of SS and BOD5 sharply decreased, showing strong first flush effect in urban area. The EMC results indicated that the highest value of T-N and T-P in agricultural area was observed. While residential area was shown the lowest EMC value as T-N and T-P. Non-point pollutant loads on the land use types in urban area were investigated in the order of residential>industrial>agricultural>highway. BOD5 and SS loads on urban watershed were investigated in the order of Suwon>Hwangguji>Seoho>Wonchunri. Whereas, T-N and T-P loads on urban watershed were investigated in the order of Hwangguji>Suwon>Wonchunri>Seho.

The impact of a considerable increase in traffic volume on the emission and concentrations of air pollutants was investigated at three beaches (Haeundae (HB), Gwanganri (GB), and Songjeong (SB)) in Busan during beach opening period (BOP) in 2011. During the BOP, passenger car was the major vehicle type, followed by taxi, and van. CO was the major contributor of total air pollutant emissions followed by NOx, VOC, and PM10. For the temporal variation of the emission of air pollutants during the BOP, it was generally the highest in the afternoon followed by the evening and morning, except for SB. For the spatial variation of their emission, it was the highest at GB followed by SB and HB. The emissions of air pollutants during the BOP were generally higher than those during the Non-BOP, except for HB. In contrast, the significant impact of the traffic volume increase on the concentrations of air pollutants at monitoring sites near the three beaches during the BOP were not found compared to the Non-BOP due to the significant distances between monitoring sites of air pollutants and monitoring sites of traffic volume at the beaches.

도로는 포장지역으로 불투수율이 높고 차량의 운행으로 인하여 비점오염물질의 축적이 큰 토지이용이다. 도로는 대부분 수계와 연관되어 강우시 처리되지 않은 비점오염물질 및 첨두유량으로 인하여 환경수리학적 문제를 야기하여 수생태계에 악영향을 미친다. 이에 미국, 유럽 및 일본을 비롯한 선진국에서는 각종 수리학적 문제를 해결하기 위하여 환경 친화적인 기술을 개발, 저영향개발 기술 (Low Impact Development) 기술을 적용함으로써 도시내 건전한 물순환 구축 및 수생태 보전을 위한 효율적인 유역관리를 하고 있다. 이러한 기술은 강우유출수의 유출을 지연시켜 개발 이전의 지역이 가지고 있던 수리학적 기능을 최대한 흉내 내는 효율적 유역관리로 도시개발사업 등에 적용되어 지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 도시지역 물순환 시스템의 왜곡 및 수생태계 복원을 위하여 저류 및 여과 기작이 적용된 도로 LID 기술을 개발하고자 수행되었으며, 현장에 적용된 1.4m×1.4m×2.0m (L×W×H) 규모의 Test-bed를 통하여 수목여과시설에 대한 평가를 실시하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 수목여과시설의 비점오염저감 능력에 대한 평가 결과, 10mm 이하의 소규모 강우에서는 대부분의 비점오염물질 항목에서 유입량 대비 70% 이상의 저감되었고, 10mm 이상의 대규모 강우의 경우 40% 이상의 저감효율을 나타내는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 물순환 기여도 평가를 통하여 10mm 이하의 소규모 강우가 발생할 시 유입수의 73.7%가 시설 내 저류되었으며 10mm 이상의 큰 강우 발생 시에도 유입수의 30.7%가 저류되어 물순환 기여에 도움이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구의 수목여과시설이 도로에 적용시 비점오염물질의 유출 저감에 기여하여 개발과 환경이 공존될 수 있으며 도시내 물 보유를 높여 자연적인 물순환에 기여 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

도시화에 따른 불투수 면적의 증가는 개발이전에 비해 더 많은 강우 유출 및 수질악화를 초래하여 적절한 관리방안에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이에 대한 대안으로써 대두되어진 최적화관리기법(Best Management Practices, BMP)은 이러한 비점오염물질과 강우유출수를 저감하기 위한 방안으로 국내·외에서 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. BMP 적용을 통한 목표 저감효과를 달성하기 위해서는 BMP별 성능을 비교분석하고 대상유역에 적합한 BMP를 선정하여 설계해야 한다. 현재 이와 관련한 모니터링 연구가 활발히 진행 중에 있으나 유역별로 기후와 지형조건이 상이하고, 미계측 유역의 경우 BMP 성능 예측에 한계가 있다. 이를 극복하기 위해서는 모니터링 연구와 더불어 대상유역의 기상조건과 지형 조건을 고려한 BMP 모형화 기법을 이용한 BMP 별 성능을 분석하는 방법이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 국내·외에서 강우유출수의 모의에 많이 이용되고 있는 SWMM(Storm Water Management Model) 모형을 이용하여 충청남도 대천항 주차장을 대상으로 BMP 성능 모의를 실시하였다. 모형의 적용성 평가를 위해 국제 우수 BMP Database에 수록되어 있는 사례의 결과와 식생저류지(bioretention) 및 투수성 포장(porous pavement)의 가상설치 시 예측되는 수문 및 수질 저감효과를 비교하였으며, 유출 및 수질 항목별 평균저감율 편차 범위가 -5.8∼+9.6%로 높은 적용성을 보였다. 향후 BMP 설계 및 저감효과 산정에 본 연구에서 제시한 BMP 모의 방법론의 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to investigate runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants source at the urban and rural zones in sangju area. The monitoring was conducted with seven events for ten months and Event mean Concentration(EMC) and First Flush Effect(FFE) of SS and BOD were calculated on the result of the water quality parameters. During rainfall event, the peak concentrations of SS and BOD were observed after 3∼4 hours of rainfall in rural areas. Whereas, the peak concentrations occurred within 1∼2 hours after rainfall and then the highest concentration of NPS pollutants sharply decreased, showing strong first flush effect in urban areas. The cumulative load curves for NPS pollutants showed above the 45° straight line, indicating that fist flush effect occurred in urban areas. The mean SS EMC values of rural areas ranged from 0.9∼3.3mg/L, it was higher value when compare to urban areas. While the mean BOD values of urban areas were shown the highest values.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the persistence of HCH in atmosphere, soil, sediment and waterof the western and southern regions of Korea. The samples from the western region were collected from Anmyeon Island, and the samples from the southern region were collected from Kimhae and Busan. The concentration of HCH isomers in atmosphere showed the pattern of α-HCH>γ-HCH>ß-HCH. The regions with high HCH concentration in the atmosphere are the regions that have been highly exposed to HCH used in the past, and the areas that have been influenced by the long range transport. The HCH that persists in the soil, water and sediment evaporates into the atmosphere, showing the characteristics of Air-Surface exchange. When the regional concentration distributions arecompared, the concentration of HCH was higher in the atmosphere of a plain and the cities near the plain, than the urban areas. In this study, the ratio of α/γ-HCH was used as an indicator for estimating the source of Technical HCH and Lindane. According to the result, the contribution of Lindane was high in Kimhae plain and Kimhae urban areas. However, in Busan, the contribution of Technical HCH was higher than Lindane. In case of Anmyeon Island, the western region of Korea had high contribution from Tehcnical HCH. In soil and sediment, ß-HCH was dominant. In water, γ-HCH was dominant among other isomers. Such results are due to γ-HCH inLindane. Furthermore, the source of γ-HCH in urban areas is assumed to be the use of medicine, medical supplies and other living supplies. Based on the results of this study, the management of HCH, a newly list up emerging POPs, should be strengthened by further research on sources, fate, persistency, accumulation and exposures and etc. to the risk assessments.

This study was conducted to investigate runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants source at the urban area in boeun area, Chungbuk Province. The monitoring site covering the watershed of 2.11 km 2 contains about 40.3 % of total watershed with the urban area. The monitoring was conducted with six events for five months and Event Mean Concentration(EMC) and Site Mean Concentration(SMC) of SS, BOD, CODMn, T-N, T-P were calculated on the result of the water quality parameters. As a result of the comparion between Arithmetic Mean Concentration and Event Mean Concentration, it showed that over all Event Mean Concentration was higher than Arithmetic Mean Concentration. And it showed that SS, BOD, T-P featured the first-flushing effect, showing relatively high concentration in early-stage storm event.