Aluminum (Al) stress in acidic pH is known to decrease the growth and productivity of alfalfa. However, not much is known about how the application of silicon (Si) affects the Al stress response in alfalfa. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous application of Si on the growth of alfalfa seedlings exposed to Al stress in pots. Alfalfa seedlings grown in pots for 2 weeks were treated either Al stress (pH 4.0, 0.2 mM Al) or Al stress + Si (1 mM) for 5 days, lengths and biomass of shoot and root, and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaf tissues were analyzed respectively. Al stress treatment inhibited shoot and root growth, and decreased fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll content in leaves, but increased carotenoid content. In contrast, when alfalfa seedlings treated with Al stress combined with Si, delayed growth caused by Al stress of shoot and root of alfalfa seedlings was restored, dry weight was increased and chlorophyll content of leaf tissue was increased, but carotenoid content was decreased. These results suggest that Si has a function of alleviating Al toxicity in alfalfa, of which it exhibits a mitigating effect by a function that overlaps with some of the intracellular functions of carotenoids.

In order to replace sardine baits for octopus pot, an efficacy experiment to lure with alternative bait (fermented skate or chicken skin in artificial crab or northern clam) pots and sardine pot were conducted in a circular water tank. The soaking time of the sardine bait was divided into two categories: six days or less and seven days or more. The behavioral response of octopus to the artificial bait pots and sardine pot were investigated. In the comparison of the luring effects between pots with fermented skate inside artificial crab or northern clam and sardine pot, the pot with artificial crab + fermented skate had better results than the other pots in the section distribution (31.6%) and the number of times the pot was entered into (20.0%) (p > 0.05). In the comparison of the luring effects between pots with chicken skin inside artificial crab or northern clam and sardine pot, the pot with northern clam + chicken skin had better results than the other pots in the section distribution (22.6%) and number of times the pot was entered into (55.6%) (p < 0.05). The results were also better compared to those of pot with artificial crab + fermented skate. From these results, it seems that in the luring effect aspect, sardine bait can be replaced with artificial bait consisting of chicken skin inside northern clam.

The intent of this paper is to introduce a method of deciphering oracle bone characters; specifically the interpretation of the Compound Ideograph. Utilizing this method, the article applies known characters to hypothesizing the expression of unknown characters. This view of Chinese characters comes from such work as I Ching or Classic of Changes and Shi-poem or Classic of Poetry, where the figurative mean and depiction of a realistic scene or parable are captured and symbolized within a pictorial representation or ideograph. By returning pictographic combinations to the realistic scene, all the meanings of an ideograph are derived from the scene and scene’s parable. The following explains the correlation between the combinations with the intended meaning. The ideographs are shown in that the first part is the pronunciation sound in Chinese while the second part in italics is the scene combined pictographs. [1] The English character of Bow for shooting arrows is borrowed figuratively to express “to bend the knee or body, as in reverence, submission”, “to cause to bend; make curved”, and is extended to Bowl to denote the Container figure like a bow. [2] The character of Sol means the sun, and its scene maps a lonely man like the sun without partners around, so Sol is used to denote solitary (alone, lone), sole (single), etc. in its figurative sense. [3] The Chinese character Gou-ear (句) is a scene of the ear with an ear-hook. Gou-ear means the hook in ear’s figurative sense, for a man uses his ear as a hook, or an ear looks like a hook on the wall. In another perspective, Gou-ear depicts Be-hooked, meaning Arrest, Capture, or Chain-up. When an ancient encounters a hook or a man stooping to work, and tries to tell others about it, he may say a tool like the ear (projecting out of the head) or a man working like the ear (figure), which is similar to saying that it looks like a bow in the West. [4] A character Fu-man:tiger (赴) is made of a tiger and man, reading ‘the tiger is like a man standing up’. A scene-parable of the tiger standing suggests “pounce, jump”, extending its meaning to “go to like a tiger jump, dedicate on”. It is a man determinative ideograph: the tiger is determined by a man standing. ‘Man is read as his feature: standing’ is called semantic loan. Similarly, Yue-man:deer (跃), means a deer like a man standing, also meaning a leap. Xiong-man:pig (熊) means a bear; a pig standing is like the bear. [5] A character Lian-ear:mouth (聯) is a narrative scene of the mouth-ear-mouth, words to words through the ear, telling a narrative story of people that are connected in the ear in the wild restricted visibility, which is derived to the connection, union, and contact. [6] Dong-kid (動) means a move, a scene of a boy (semantic loan), for a child’s behavior is the non- stop action for a moment. [7] A character Yu-pup:gape (欲) is a scene of the mouth opened up, which maps ‘want’. Man’s want means wish, man’s want from heart or by nature is hard to draw and ancient Chinese oracle priest to draw ‘animal’s want’, which was used metaphorically to mean the very wish, appetite, and desire (sex, material). Overall, an ideo-character is a narrative picture or story which tells thoughts or ideas, not record language words, and then is pronounced the glyph in it later. Thus the character creates the word.

Species composition and seasonal variation of aquatic organism at Baekryeong-do, Korea were investigated using pots in 2016. A total of 42 species, 90,050 individuals and 2,351,666 g of aquatic organism were collected. Among them, there were 12 species and 3,826 individuals of fish, 15 species and 51,237 individuals of crustaceans, 2 species and 54 individuals of cephalopods, 7 species and 33,981 individuals of gastropods, 2 species and 757 individuals of echinodea, 2 species and 187 individuals of shellfish, and 1 species and 8 individuals of holothuroidea. The dominant species in number of individuals were Pagurus ochotensis, Neptunea cuming, Cancer gibbosulus, and Buccinum yokomaruae, which accounted for 70.0% of the total number individuals collected. The dominant species in biomass were Neptunea cuming, Portunus trituberculatus, Cancer gibbosulus, and Pagurus ochotensis, which accounted for 65.3% of the total biomass collected.

This study was conducted to investigate the attractant substances of different solvent fractions of mackerel and tuna viscera. Mackerel and tuna viscera were extracted with methanol and the resultant were fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. The chemical compounds such as free amino acid, fatty acid, nucleotide related compounds contents were estimated for mackerel, tuna viscera and various fractions. These fractions were also subjected to attracting experiments in water tank to estimate attracting effects. The aqueous fractions of mackerel and tuna viscera showed the highest attraction effect on swimming crab. The major chemical compounds of the aqueous fractions were histidine, taurine, cysteine, glutamic acid, inosine monophosphate (IMP) and inosine (HxR) for mackerel and arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic aid, alanine, IMP and hypoxanthin (Hx). Results indicated that higher polarity compounds, such as amino acid and nucleotide related compounds have higher attraction activities than nonpolar substances such as neutral lipid.

Length-weight relationships were estimated for 11 fish species caught in Baekya Island, Korea. Samples were caught in depths of＜15 m by fish pots between November 2008 and July 2009. The sampling gear, fish pots, is a widely used as commercial fishing gear in shallow waters of the region. The most abundant families were Hexagrammidae (20.7%), Cottidae (18.5%), Tetraodontidae (14.8%) and Scorpaenidae (13.3%). Estimates for parameter b of the length-weight relationship (W=aLb) ranged between 2.454 and 3.361.

In this study, the entrapped number is investigated on the UV light with different illuminance to fluorescent bait cage for swimming crab in order to find the appropriate illuminance which has the best attraction effect of fluorescent bait cage for pots. In addition, preference to the light, arrival time and residence time at light area are compared and analyzed to fluorescent bait cage and non-fluorescent bait cage for American lobster at the UV light and ordinary light according to the illuminance condition. Pot with red non-fluorescent bait cage at the no lighting (<0.01lux), pot with blue fluorescent bait cage at the 20W UV lighting (0.16lux) and pot with blue fluorescent bait cage at the 30W UV lighting (0.22lux) were soaked for 6 hours and the entrapped number of swimming crab was examined. The mean entrapped number of swimming crab in pot with red non-fluorescent bait cage at the no lighting (<0.01lux) was 1.0, but the mean entrapped number of swimming crab in pot with blue fluorescent bait cages at the 20W UV lighting (0.16lux) and 30W UV lighting (0.22lux) were 1.4 and 0.4, respectively (P<0.05). The rate of preference to the blue fluorescent bait cage at the UV lighting shows 1.6-4.8 times higher than that of preference to the red non-fluorescent bait cage at the ordinary lighting. In addition, The rate of preference to the blue fluorescent bait cage at the UV lighting is higher when the illuminance of ordinary light is same as or is lower than that of UV light (P<0.05). However, the preference to the light depending on gender shows no significant difference (P>0.05). The arrival time to UV light area of lobster is shown as 1.2-2.4 times faster than that to ordinary light area. Generally, it is shown that arrival time to UV light area is faster than the arrival time to ordinary light area when the illuminance of ordinary light is the same as or lower than that of UV light (P<0.05). However, arrival time to the light area depending on gender shows no significant difference (P>0.05). The residence time at UV light area of lobster is 1.2-1.7 times longer than that at ordinary light area. The residence time depending on different illuminance of ordinary light and genders showed no significant difference (P>0.05).

In order to develop the substitutive materials for natural baits of swimming crab pots, the attracting effects of swimming crab such as the preference of baits which were made of the by-products of marine and stock raising through the water tank experiments and fishing experiments. On the investigation of mean entrapped catch number to the pot by the baits after putting the 4 kinds of baits, mackerel(M), mackerel with grinded mackerel s internals(MMI), mackerel with tuna s internalsMMI) and makerel with grinded krill(MK) each in one pot by turns, MMI and MK were entrapped mean 3.9(13.0%) and they were a little more comparing to M, and MTI is least with mean 2.1(7.0%)(F=12.913, P 〈 0.05). Otherwise, on the preference investigation of swimming crabs by the baits after putting the 4 kinds of baits in the 4 pots each, M was entrapped mean 3.0(10%), but MMI, MTI and MK were mean 1.2(4.0%), 1.0(3.3%) and 1.5(5.0%) each and they were only 30-50% of M(F=13.398, P 〈 0.05). On the preference investigation of swimming crabs by the 5 kinds of baits, mackerel(M), and krill(K), manila clam(MC), pig s fat(PF) and chicken s head(CH) which were used in substitutive baits, M was entrapped mean 3.2(10.7%), but K was about 50% of catch of M with mean 1.6(5.3%), and MC, PF and CH were very few with mean 0.1-0.2(0.3-0.7%)(F=89.186, P 〈 0.05). On the preference investigation of swimming crabs by the pots which were put each the 3 kinds of baits, original krill(K), grinded krill with gluten and soybean oil cake(KGGS) and grinded krill with gluten, soybean oil cake and glycine(KGGSGL) in the blue fluorescent hexahedral plastic bait cages(BF), and which were put the mackerel(M) in the non-fluorescent hexahedral red plastic bait cage(RFN), it was entrapped mean 3.0(10.0%) in the pot which was put the mackerel in the RFN, and the same level in the pots which were put the K and KGGSGL in the BF, but it was mean 2.0(6.7%) in the pots which was put the KGGS in BF and it was decreased by 30% of catch comparing to RFN(F=3.750, P 〈 0.05). On the preference investigation of swimming crab by the pots which was put grinded tuna with gluten, soybean oil cake and glycine(TIGSGL) in the blue fluorescent hexahedral plastic bait cage(BF), and which was put mackerel(M) in the nonfluorescent hexahedral red plastic bait cage(RFN), it was entrapped mean 3.3(11.0%) in the pot which was put mackerel in RFN, and mean 2.7(9.0%) in the pot which was put TIGSGL in BF and it was about 15% less comparing to use bait M(t=1.387, P 〈 0.05). As a results of fishing experiments, a plan for enhancing catching efficiency of TIGSGL will be required because catching efficiency of TIGSGL, alternative bait, was half of fish catching efficiency of natural bait using mackerel. Fishing experiments were conducted 3 times using reinforced substitutive artificial bait that is reinforced attractive effect of TIGSGL and composed of tuna intestine, grinded mackerel, gluten, soybean cake, glycine and alanine(TIMGGSGLA). Catching efficiency of TIMGGSGLA was about 80% of that of natural bait made of mackerel.

In order to develop the substitutive materials for natural baits of swimming crab pots, the fluorescent characteristics of the baits were analyzed, and the preference of fluorescent dyes were investigated by the mean entrapped catch number to the pots through the water tank experiments and fishing experiments. On the investigation of fluorescent characteristics by the 5 kinds of baits, mackerel, krill, manila clam, pig's fat and chicken's head which were used in substitutive baits for test in the UV long wave(365nm) area, it showed clear blue fluorescence in the skin of mackerel, shell of krill, manila clam and bill of chicken's head, and green fluorescence in the mackerel s muscle and internals, and yellow fluorescence in the pig's fat and chicken's head. On the investigation of fluorescent characteristics by the bait cages in the UV short wave(254nm) and long wave(365nm) area, it showed each green, red and blue fluorescence in the cylinderical or hexahedral red plastic bait cages which were painted each green, red and blue fluorescence dyes, but it showed yellowish green flourescence in the cylinderical or hexahedral red plastic bait cage which was painted yellow fluorescent dye. On the preference investigation of the fluorescent dyes of swimming crabs by the 5 kinds of the bait cages which were put the mackerel in the non-fluorescent red plastic cage(RFN), red, yellow, green and blue fluorescent plastic cages(RF, YF, GF, BF) each, nonfluorescent red plastic cage(RFN) was entrapped mean 2.0(6.7%), but blue fluorescent plastic cage(BF) was mean 5.0(16.7%) and it was more 2.5 times comparing to RFN, and red fluorescent cage(RF) was same level and green fluorescent cage(GF) was 50% of catch number comparing to RFN, and yellow fluorescent cage(YF) was entrapped nothing(F 46.324, P 〈 0.05). On the investigation of the entrapped catch number to the pots which were put the mackerel in the blue fluorescent hexahedral plastic cage(HP) and blue fluorescent silicon mackerel model cage(SM), HP was mean 3.4(11.3%) and it was a little more comparing to SM which was entrapped mean 3.2(10.7%)(t 0.775, P 〉 0.05). Fishing experiments on the preference investigation of swimming crabs by the pots which were put in the non-fluorescent red plastic cage(RFN) and blue fluorescent plastic cage(BF) were conducted 3 times. Mean catching number and weight of RFN were 71.7 ind.(18.3%) and 16.9kg(64.3%), and those of BF were 93.0 ind.(23.1%) and 19.8kg(64.5%), respectively.

In order to evaluate the biodegradability of bait used in the pot for swimming crab, water tank experiments were conducted. Mackerel is the most commonly used natural form of bait to catch the swimming crabs, and therefore was used in this experiment for the biodegradability according to the manufacturing process of the bait. From the biodegradability test on chemical oxygen demand(COD), total nitrogen(T - N), total phosphorus(T - P), ammoniac nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen per unit weight of the bait based on the production rate and the accumulated amount of pollutants, it was concluded that the smaller the size of the mackerel pieces, the higher the production rate and accumulated amount of organic matter and nutrients which was unfavorable to water pollution. The amount of pollutants released from the intestine of the tuna was similar with that from the whole mackerel. For the operation period of 111 days, the accumulated concentrations of tested pollutants from the tuna which were 67.3 mgCOD/g d, 86.4 mgT N/g d, 3.1 mgT - P/g d, were almost half comparing with those from the mackerel which were 65.7 - 94.4 mgCOD/g d, 83.8 - 109.4 mgT - N/g d, 3.1 - 5.2 mgT - P/g d. The amount of pollutants released from the intestine of the tuna was slightly less than that from the mackerel that was cut into 8 pieces. but more than that from the mackerel which was not cut into pieces. Therefore, it can be concluded that the key factor in determining water pollution potential is not the kind of bait, but the processing or preparation method used.

시설토양내 Na나 Cl이온의 과다집적은 직접 또는 간접적으로 작물의 생육에 장해를 준다 따라서 본 실험은 플라스틱 포트재배에서 NaCl에 의해 생육이 억제된 작물에 Ca을 토양에 시용함으로써 치유효과를 검토코자 수행되었다. 토마토(하우스 모모타로)를 공시하여 80 mM NaCl를 처리하고 Ca(NO3)2과 CaCl2을 각각 0, 10, 20mM을 토마토 재배용 야마자키 표준양액에 첨가하여 공급하였다. NaCl집적토양에 Ca을 시용함으로써 모두 초장,생체중,건물중,착과수,과중의 생육을 촉진하였다 이러한 효과는 Ca의 농도가 높을수록 좋았고 Ca(NO3)2이 CaCl2보다 좋았다 수량은 NaCl 집적＋Ca(NO3)2 20mM 처리구에서 대조구를 제외한 여타 처리구보다 많았다. 광합성 속도는 Ca 처리구가 NaCl 처리구보다 높았으며, Ca 농도가 증가할수록 높았다. 엽록소 함량은 Ca처리구에서 대조구보다 많았으며, 새로운 잎이 오래된 잎보다 많았으나 Ca의 농도간에는 큰 차이가 없었다. Ca(NO3)2이나 CaCl2을 처리함으로써 식물체의 Na함량은 감소하였고 N, K및 Ca함량은 증가하였다. 특히 K/Na비율이 현저하게 증가하였으나, Cl함량은 감소하였다. 이상의 결과에서 NaCl의 스트레스를 받은 작물에 Ca(NO3)2및 Cac12을 처리함으로써 생육이 촉진되고 수량이 증가되나 대조구보다는 저조함을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 장어 통발어선 자동화 조업장치 개발의 첫 단계로서 통발을 모릿줄에 기계적으로 연결, 분리할 수 있는 장치인 집게식 통발연결장치 및 통발자동분리장치를 개발하여 해상성능실험을 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 집게식 통발연결장치가 무른 꼬임 트와인 고다리 및 된 꼬임 트와인 고다리에 각각 연결되었을 때, 그 사이의 최대 인장하중은 각각 1379 N및 1,603 N 이었다. 2. 집게식 통발연결장치에 대한 해상성능시험 결과 성능이 양호함을 확인하였으며, 통발 회수율은 100% 이었다. 3. 통발자동분리장치에 대한 해상성능시험 결과 성능이 양호함을 확인하였으며, 통발 분리율은 100% 이었다.

The survey of the marine litter which has sunk and accumulated on the sea-bed was conducted over a 3-years period from 1996 to 1998 in eastern part area of the Southern sea. The obtained results are as follows :There are many pots as many as to be occupies 655 of collected marine litters. The distribution of pots in area A is much more than that of pots in area B, and the near Hongdo island has the most pots compared with other areas. The density of pots is the highest when the depth is 61~70 meters.

In the fishing process on the sea eel pots, the most dangerous and difficult labor is manually separating process of several thousand pots from main line with high speed hauling operation. In this study, the automatic separating system of the pot from main line is developed. This system is composed with the clip connected to the pot by branch line, the keeper attached to the main line by pressing and the separator separating the clip and the keeper. In the experiment, static and dynamic characteristics of the system are investigated. From the considerations on the experimental results, it is ascertained that the automatic separating system of the pot from main line proposed in this study has good operating performance.

본 연구는 수조실험을 통하여 주꾸미, Octopus Ocellatus GRAY의 단지색에 대한 선택성을 조사하고, 전통적인 주꾸미 단지의 재질을 고둥껍질에서 PVC로 대체할 경우 그 가능성을 규명하기 위하여 PVC 시험 단지를 제작하여 1989년부터 1990년까지 해상실험을 실시하여 어획율을 조사하였다. 실험에서 얻은 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 수중실험에서 적색, 녹색, 황색, 백색, 회색중에서 주꾸미가 선호하는 색은 회색, 적색, 녹색, 황색, 백색순으로 나타났다. 2. 해상실험에서 주꾸미의 선호색은 회색, 홍색, 녹색순으로 나타났고, 이것은 수조실험의 결과와 일치한다. 3. 어획성능면에서 고둥껍질과 회색 PVC 단지의 차이는 거의 없었다. 4. 직경별 어획율은 40mm PVC 단지가 1.00, 50mm가 0.19로 나타났다.

PP 로프의 유연도와 모릿줄이 사려지는 현상등을 기초적으로 조사한 다음, 반원형 안내판의 회전중심이 편심되도록 고달이채기 레버를 회전시켜 고달이를 자동으로 채어서 이송벨트에 정리하면서, 모릿줄이 고르게 사려지도록 줄받이의 왕복 회전장치 등을 제작하여 실험실과 통발어선에서 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 직경 10mm의 PP 연심 모릿줄이 양승풀리에서부터 사려질 때 한 코일의 최소직경은 14cm 정도, 줄더미의 직경은 60cm 정도였다. 2. 소형 고달이채기에서 이송벨트의 상, 하 10cm이내에 분포하는 고달이의 비율은, 납이 1개 있는 모릿줄에서는 93%정도이나 납이 없는 모릿줄에서는 98%이상이었다. 3. 감속비가 3:1인 소형 고달이채기에서 레버의 회전수 N 하(1) (rpm)과 양승풀리의 회전수 N 하(p) (rpm)와의 관계는 N 하(p) =2.86N 하(1) +23.74 이며, 양승속도에 대한 고달이의 수평최대 이동속도의 비는 70%정도였다. 4. 보조양승기와 고달이채기를 연계시켜 줄받이를 상, 하로 왕복시킬 경우 모릿줄은 길이 방향으로 고루 사릴 수 있었으며, 고달이채기 레버의 회전과 줄받이의 왕복운동 주기는 고달이의 간격에 따라 조절할 수 있다.

스프링강으로 만든 3가지 크기의 타원형후크에 대하여 만능시험기로 특성시험을 하고, 나팔관을 사용한 통발 자동분리기로 모릿줄의 고달이에 연결된 타원형후크에서 장어통발이 분리되도록 하는 실험을 육상과 해상에서 각각 시행한 경과는 다음과 같다. 1. 직경 3.1mm인 대형의 타원형후크에서 줄의 이탈장력은 60kg 정도이고, 줄을 끼워넣기 위한 손누름 압축력은 6kg 정도이며, 나팔관을 통과장력은 11~15kg 정도였다. 2. 현측 로울러의 앞쪽이나 뒤쪽에 나팔관을 부착한 자동분리기를 사용하여 대형후크에서 통발이 자동으로 분리되도록 하는 육상실험의 결과 양승속도 2~4m/sec에서 분리율은 99%정도였다. 3. 현측 로울러의 후방 2m 정도 되는 곳에 나팔관을 설치하고 대형후크로 해상 시험조업을 한 결과 양승속도 3~4m/sec에서 통발의 분리율은 97%정도였다.