This study investigated the structural and functional differences between formulaic sequences in College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) and SAT reading assessment texts. The results of the RANGE program showed that SAT used more diverse and difficult words compared to CSAT. The frequency analysis revealed that CSAT used more formulaic sequences than the SAT counterpart. This suggests that CSAT used more repeated expressions, whereas SAT used diverse vocabulary items. The structural analysis showed that noun phrases were the most dominant in CSAT, whereas prepositional phrases were pervasive in SAT. The functional analysis showed that both corpora relied heavily on referential expressions. The results indicate that referential bundles are dominantly used in institutional writing (Biber & Barbieri, 2007). In accordance with the previous studies, the results suggest that high frequency formulaic sequences can be different according to the register. In CSAT, connectives and discourse organizers were prevalent. This may be due to the characteristics of question types in CSAT. The results may indicate that formulaic sequences in texts are partly influenced by the characteristics of a register.

본 연구는 한국어 학습자의 한자계 어휘 습득을 교육내용으로 설정하고, 이에 필요한 학습용 어휘와 한자를 다양한 언어자료(코퍼스)를 활용하여 추출하여 선정한 후, 이를 다시 학습 단계별로 위계화하려는 목표 아래 진행된 두 번째 연구성과물이다. 첫 번째 연구에서 기존 한문교육용 기초한자의 문제점을 제기하였다. 현재의 한문교육용 기초한자는 한문고전적 독해는 물론, 한자계 어휘 습득의 목표에도 부적절하다는 점을 실례를 통하여 확인할수 있었다. 후속 연구인 본 단계에서는 한자계 어휘 습득을 위한 한자어와 한자를 선정하는 이론과 실제를 제시하고, 다양한 코퍼스 자료를 분석하여 추출하였다. 세 번째 단계의 연구에서는 한문고전을 독해 학습에 필요한 한자를 선정하고, 마지막으로 한자의 학습층위별 위계화를 제시하고자 한다. 이와 같은 목표 아래 진행된 본 연구는 연구의 대상을 ‘한자계 어휘 습득’으로 설정하고, 이에 따라 현실 언어 생활에 사용되는 한자어와 이를 구성하는 한자를 추출하기 위해 다양한 코퍼스를 이용하였다. 관련 통계 프로그램을 별도로 설계 제작하였으며, 한국어에 사용되는 다양한 언어 자료에서 높은 빈도를 가진 어휘와 한자를 추출하였다. 추출한 한자어는 모두 3732개(사용된 한자 1794개), 개별 한자는 2600개이다. 이는 순수하게 한국어 언어 생활에 활용되는 한자어와 한자를 추출한 것이므로, 기존의 한문교육용 기초한자와는 그 대상이나 목적이 다르다. 본 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 사실을 다시 확인할 수 있다. 첫째, 한자와 어휘 선정은 교육의 대상과 그 목적을 분명히 해야 한다. 이에 따라 추출 및 선정 어휘와 결과가 달라지기 때문이다. 둘째, 연구 방법에 있어 코퍼스의 특성과 언어의 특성 등을 모두 고려한 별도의 오픈소스 프로그램 개발이 필요하다. 셋째, 연구 대상 자료는 사회적 합의를 기초로 객관적이며 대표적 자료를 수집해야 한다. 넷째, 본 연구 결과물과 같은 소논문 형태로는 그 연구의 합리성을 대표하기 어려우므로 관련 연구자들을 중심으로 별도의 연구 프로젝트 플랫폼을 구성하고 공동 개발해야 한다. 다섯째, 한 개인의 연구가 아닌 집단 연구의 결과물로 이용될 수 있도록 저작권을 지닌 공개자료로 제공되어야 한다.

The Longkan Shoujing 龍龕手鏡 written by Xingjun Buddhist monk in Liao Dynasty is a very important book in the history of the development of Chinese characters. Not only does it contain a large number of different characters in the Buddhist scriptures but provides a lot of difficult phonetic transcriptions and interpretations. It has important research value to the interpretation of difficult characters, the study of near ancient Chinese characters, the interpretation of unearthed and handed down documents, the compilation and revision of large-scale dictionaries, and the history of research on the history of dictionaries. With the advent of the digital age, processing methods of Chinese characters have changed a lot. Database-based philological studies can overcome the historical limitations of traditional Chinese philology and achieve the goals that traditional philology cannot. With reference to the accumulated experience of the academic research in database grammatology studies, we developed the corpus of Longkan Shoujing, designed the problem-oriented database structure, added various attribute annotations, solved the problem of insufficient Chinese characters set by collecting foreign words, and strived to build a perfect database of Chinese characters. The completion and improvement of the corpus of Longkan Shoujing will bring us new things in traditional Chinese philology, phonology, exegesis, lexicography, ancient books, as well as the creation of scientific Chinese philology and social life applications. By means of providing new research methods resting upon a new way of thinking, this work will effectively promote the further development of related research.

This article aims to examine what kinds of non-linguistic parameters correlate with the variations of the sentence-ending styles used in television news. Specifically, we focus on shifting between Hapsyo-style and Haeyo-style, two dominant kinds uttered in the register, and the variations in Haeyo, based on the results from the analysis of a news corpus. It turned out that whereas the two styles are both used, Haeyo is used much less than Hapsyo in the news. In the use of Haeyo as opposed to Hapsyo, the three different parameters such as the gender of the speaker, the role of the speaker, and the type of the news item are shown to have significant correlations. That is, the values of women, anchors, and the type of news items for specific hearers, have positive correlation to the use of Haeyo, contrary to the values of men, reporters, and the type of news items for abstract hearers. The parameter which have the strongest correlation to the use of Haeyo turned out to be the types of news items, followed by the role of speaker, and the gender of the speaker are shown to be the weakest one. Regarding the variations among the different forms belonging to Haeyo, we examined the diversity of the endings used, with special attention to the proportion of the endings originated from clause-linkers, and it turned out that the role of speaker and the type of news items are significant parameters, among which the former is relatively more relevant.

As an interest in the Chinese language, culture, society, and economy increases in Korea, a large amount of spoken and written narrative texts in Chinese are encountered in daily life and occupational areas. During the interaction process between the Chinese and Korean cultures, many difficulties can arise in understanding the definitions of Chinese vocabulary. The Chinese-Korean dictionary is an essential search tool for Koreans who wish to look up the definitions of Chinese texts. There are many things to consider when compiling a Chinese-Korean dictionary for native Korean speakers or those who study Chines through Korean: which vocabulary must be included, how to arrange them, how to select and explain their definitions and examples, etc. Among the vocabulary listed in the Chinese-Korean dictionary, this study analyzed the definitions of those that appeared less than 10 times in the Chinese corpus, and focused on determining the propriety of the vocabulary selections, as well as the accuracy of their definitions. Moreover, this study is the third study of section D and focused on the vocabularies included in D3 for our analysis.

Collocational competence is important part of L2 English amplifier acquisition. This competence entails learners' ability to use the right combination of words with natural-sounding semantic prosody. It is known to be an integral part of mastering pragmatic function of L2 English vocabulary, which also is a challenge for the learners at the same time (Zhang, 2008). Despite the importance, previous studies on ESL/EFL learners' amplifier use lacked empirical evidence and insight about semantic prosody. The purpose of present learner corpora-based study was to fill the existing research gap by finding patterns of amplifiers. Two existing corpora were selected, coded, and analyzed to fulfill this purpose; they are Korean EFL learners and native speakers of English (NE). Results from analysis found Korean learners' overall underuse in amplifiers. Also, frequently occurring amplifier ranks for each corpus differed. Semantic prosody analysis revealed that amplifier associated with dominantly positive connotation were very, really, and highly. Amplifiers associated with dominantly negative connotation were extremely, absolutely, severely, and greatly. Contrast analysis showed that the only amplifier that Koreans and NEs used amplifier to signal same semantic prosody dominantly was severely (negative). Other than that, Koreans and NE showed salient discrepancies in semantic prosody use. The pedagogical implication of the present study is that vocabulary teaching need to include semantic prosody, and the first step will be to conduct ESL/EFL teacher education about it (Zhang, 2009). It's important to remind them of the value of semantic prosody in language communication (S Lee, 2011).

The present study examines the features of communicative functions in middle school English textbooks, identifying whether or not they are presented based on the spiral structure. It also compares the communicative functions of 15 different middle school English textbooks and investigates whether the National English Listening Tests (NELTs) reflect the communicative functions presented in the textbooks. Two corpora were compiled using the 15 middle school English textbooks and the NELTs, and they were analyzed using WordSmith Tools. The results show that all the textbooks included communicative functions that the National Curriculum recommends; however, the textbooks presented a limited number of functions. Nonetheless, the communicative functions were presented relatively in a spiral way. The majority number of communicative functions in the textbooks and the NELTs were similar to each other, but there were some functions in the tests that were not covered in the textbooks. These results imply that more diverse communicative functions should be included in textbooks in order to help improve students’ communicative competence. The communicative functions not presented in the textbooks should not be included in the NELTs.

Lee, Jung-yull. 2017. “Pragmatic Functions of Amplifiers as Response Devices in Spoken American English: A Corpus-Based Analysis”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(2), 103~130. The verbal behaviors of amplifiers such as very much, really, pretty, particularly, very, absolutely, totally, quite are frequently represented in descriptions of interactions between speaker and hearer. The input of the main speakers was principally explicated with regard to semantic features, including collocational restrictions, by many linguists in the past. However, this study focuses on the output of hearers in different types of talk, especially elaborating on a wide variety of pragmatic roles of the amplifiers in spoken American English. For example, the amplifiers in hearers' speech play diverse pragmatic functions as bridging devices, by indicating surprise, repair, agreement, reinforcement, enthusiasm, encouragement, satisfaction, and rapport between interlocutors. Throughout the analysis, this study suggests that although these amplifiers do not ostensibly seem to have big meanings, they play significant roles in spoken discourse.

As a preliminary study for the effective development of a genre-focused English learner corpus, this article aims to investigate most frequent error types and their frequencies in English emails written by undergraduate freshmen in South Korea. Data for this study include English emails of 86 Korean students majoring in humanities or social science in a university located in Daegu. With the rise of Internet, ESL/EFL education has witnessed a growing interest in teaching email usage in composition courses, as it provides a variety of opportunities to evaluate language abilities including interpersonal and pragmatic abilities. The present article revealed that the most frequent error type was concerned with style, such as capitalization (28.7%) and punctuation (7.8%), which was followed by determiner deletion (6.3%), genre convention such as closing (3%), countability of nouns (3%), and verb choice (2.7%). Different error types and frequencies were identified according to different English proficiency levels (Korean SAT and TOEIC), which evidenced the need to include the English proficiency level annotation in the corpus design and to focus on different types of errors in class in accordance with learners’ proficiency levels.

Bang, Minhee. 2016. “A Corpus Analysis of Representation of Mothers in the South Korean Press: collocates of 엄마 (mom)”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 157~189. This study analyses the main lexical collocates of 엄마 (eomma: mom) in the corpus of the South Korean newspapers from 1990 to 2015. The collocates are grouped to see what semantic themes can be found in constructing discourse on motherhood, Firstly, 엄마 collocates most frequently with 아이 (ai: child) accounting for average 10.44% of all occurrences of eomma, while only 1.38% of the instances of the English counterpart mom(s) occurs with the English equivalents of 아이 in the COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English). Secondly, there is a host of collocates referring to body parts and denoting physical closeness, conveying a sense of emotional intimacy and bond between a mother and a child. Thirdly, there are collocates denoting motherly love and care, juxtaposed with collocates denoting absence and suffering of mothers. Portraying mothers as a sacrificing caregiver while problematising their absence as a threat to children’s welfare positions women as having sole responsibility for child care. Lastly, there is a group of collocates related to education, reflecting the Korean zeal for education. The analysis of the collocate 엄마표 (eommapyo: mom-made) reveals how the responsibility of childcare and education is reduced to the personal and individual issue, with mothers being construed as a main agent of facilitating children’s academic success.

Previous research developed lists of the most frequently used phrasal verbs in native English corpora. This study aims to discover how these high frequency phrasal verbs were presented in high school English textbooks in Korea. A high school English textbook corpus comprising 189,203 words taken from the listening scripts and reading passages of eight different textbook series was developed for the study. A corpus-based analysis of phrasal verbs revealed that each textbook series covered only 30% of most commonly used phrasal verbs in native corpora. In addition, the phrasal verbs used in the different textbook series rarely overlapped, suggesting a lack of systematic selection process. Among the recursive phrasal verbs appearing in the textbook series, high frequency phrasal verbs were more likely to be recursive and evenly distributed. A comparative analysis conducted with a referential corpus revealed that the textbooks employed fewer phrasal verbs than their comparative counterparts. In terms of meaning, 91% of high frequency phrasal verbs in the textbooks delivered their most frequent meanings while the rest 9% did not. The results of this study support the necessity of pedagogical guidelines for phrasal verbs.

Although should implies obligation or necessity and would indicates undecided desire or intention, the phrases would/ʹd like to and should like to do not differ semantically, except that should like to is used in written British style. This paper investigates the two expressions synchronically and diachronically in corpora, namely the COHA, COCA, GloWbE, BYU‐BNC, and BNCweb. Historically, should like to was more frequent before the 1850s, but has almost disappeared from American English in the 20th and 21st centuries. Following American English, should like to has almost perished in the Inner, Outer and Expanding Circles of English. It was overtaken by would/ʹd like to, which flourished until the 1970s, and has subsequently decreased in use, despite remaining common in contemporary English. Filling the gap, would/ʹd love to has increased in use over time. The paper discusses would/ʹd love to as a popular expression in the future.

This study mainly explores the research themes and topics of corpus-based studies published in English Teaching in an attempt to provide future directions and pedagogical implications in this research domain. For the purposes of the study, a total of 42 corpus-based research articles published in English Teaching were reviewed and analyzed in terms of research topics, methodology, and characteristics of the corpora employed in the studies. The thematic and topical analysis of the corpus-based studies showed that much research, i.e., 64%, has focused on the analysis ofvocabulary items. Further, the analysis of the research methods revealed that corpus-based studies published in English Teaching mainly employed quantitative methods to describe frequency and distribution information of the target linguistic items. It also provided the description of the characteristics of the corpora adopted in the corpus-based research. Interestingly, many corpus-based studies published in English Teaching focused on the analysis of the learner corpus data. The paper discusses the future research directions and pedagogical implications for corpus-based studies on TEFL.

This paper investigated the use of of, the most frequently occurring preposition, in essays written by 416 matriculants at a Korean university. The learner corpus consisting of these essays contained 1,250 tokens of of, and these tokens were first analyzed according to their functions, i.e., integrative, separative, idiomatic, and others, adapted from Lindstromberg’s (2010) categorization of the functions of of. To ascertain what types of errors were made regarding of, the 46 tokens of of identified as errors were further categorized as addition, misordering, misformation, or wrong position. Of these four categories, addition was found to be the most frequently occurring type of error (31 of the 46 tokens), while wrong preposition and misformation accounted for ten and three tokens, respectively. No tokens of misordering were found, however. Also noteworthy is the finding that, albeit occurring mostly in simple constructions and basic functions, of was used accurately in over 95% of all the tokens found in the learner corpus.

Engagement relates to how writers acknowledge the presence of their readers by explicitly bringing them into the discourse. This study examines how master’s theses by Korean graduate students differ from internationally acknowledged journal articles in their engagement practices. Within the specific discipline of applied linguistics, it compares both quantitative and qualitative aspects of engagement resources employed by novice and expert groups. The results indicate that compared with expert writers, Korean graduate students significantly underuse engagement devices. For individual devices and their rhetorical functions, more insightful novice-expert variations were found. Student writers tend to address undefined general audiences quite often, making their texts less-reciprocal and less effective for negotiation with readers. Further, Korean students prefer to deploy less imposing textual directives, rather separated from the main argumentation. Their uses of cognitive directives and questions are also quite confined, and not as strategic as the expert practices. These characteristics provide valuable implications for Korean EAP writing pedagogy.

Bang, Min-Hee. 2015. “A corpus study of the introduction and use of 싱글맘 (singeulmam) in the South Korean media”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(1). 85~114. This study investigates the introduction and use of a new loanword singeulmam in the South Korean media, using a 40 million word corpus and Wordsmith Tools as the main analysis tool. The study firstly charts the entrance of the word into Korean, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the application of corpus methods for undertaking this type of task. Secondly, the examination of how singeulmam is defined reveals diverse interpretations of what singleulmam is, and negative social perceptions on women and marriage underlining the act of defining singeulmam. It is found that when singeulmom is used self-referentially, it usually refers to divorced women with children, while it tends to mean ‘미혼모(mihonmo: unmarried mother)’ in Korean when used by a third person to refer to someone else. Furthermore, when it is used to mean mihonmo, the collocational and contextual patterns of singeulmam are shown to construe women as a powerless beneficiary, reproducing the stereotypical representation of women labelled traditionally as minhomo.

Luteolysis is a cyclical regression of the corpus luteum in many non-primate mammalian species. Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) from the uterus and ovary induces functional and structural luteolysis in bovine. The action of PGF2α is mediated by PGF2α receptor located on the luteal steroidogenic and endothelial cell membranes. PGF2α plays an important role in regulating nitric oxide production in endothelial cells of the bovine corpus luteum. Nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase activity are stimulated and induced by PGF2α in luteal endothelial cells. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species inhibits progesterone secretion in bovine luteal cells and induces apoptosis. Thus, the interaction between PGF2α and reactive oxygen species provides important aspects in physiology of the corpus luteum forfunctional and structural luteolysis.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether second language writings at different proficiency levels can be distinguished using automatic indices of linguistic complexity. For this study, 35 linguistic measures in 234 essays selected from the Yonsei English Learner Corpus were analyzed in order to identify the best indicators of L2 writing proficiency among the three categories: text length, lexical complexity, and syntactic complexity. The key to this study is the use of computational tools, the L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer and the Lexical Complexity Analyzer, which measure different linguistic features of the target language, and a robust statistical method, discriminant function analysis. Results showed that automatic computational tools indicated different uses of linguistic features across L2 writers’ proficiency levels. Specifically, more proficient writers produced longer texts, used more diverse vocabulary, and showed the ability to write more words per sentence and more complex nominalizations. These findings can offer a window to understanding the linguistic features that distinguish L2 writing proficiency levels and to the possibility of using the new computational tools for analyzing L2 learner corpus data.

There are many allographs in Sui Tang and 5-Dynasty periods Carved stone Regular script character.This paper is a corpus-based study which chooses and analyzes 9874 allographs extracted from the corpus of Sui Tang and 5-Dynasty periods Carved stone Regular script character for the exploration of its general features.It indicates that, the primary reason of character variation is the variation of the component; the second reason is the variation of the stroke; a distinguishing feature of the allograph is generalizability.