This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of shading degrees (0:full sunlight, 25, 50 and 75%) on the crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and photosynthetic activity of grasses for obtaining the basic data on the developmen

본 시험은 사초용(飼草用) 호밀의 파종기와 파종량이 사초(飼草)의 생육특성, 월동성 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 서울대(大) 농대(農大) 사초시험포장(飼草試驗圃場)에서 수행되었다. 본 시험에서 호밀의 파종기(播種期)를 9월 8일, 9월28일, 10월18일로 하고 ha당 파종량(播種量)을 80, 130 및 180kg로 하여 9처리(處理) 3반복(反復) 난괴법으로 실시하였다. 호밀의 초장(草長)은 파종기(播種期)에 의하여 영향을 받지 않

우리나라에서 참깨나 목화에 기생하여 위조병을 일으키는데 Fusarium oxsporum f. vasinfectum의 생육에 미치는 질소원의 종류 및 농도의 영향을 구명하고자 본연구에 착수하였다. 본연구의 결과로부터 질소원의 종류 및 농도의 차이가 Fusarium oxysporum f. vasinfectum의 생육에 큰 영향을 미친다는 것을 알았다. 공시한 4종의 질소원 중에서 Nitrate N나 Urea N가 Ammonia N 또는 Ammonium and Nitrate N 보다 공시균의 생육에 대하여 더욱 알맞는 질소원이었다. 그 중에서도 Nirtrate N는 타른 N원보다 훨씬 넓은 농도범위에서 본균에 의하여 이용되므로 가장 알맞는 질소원이라고 할 수 있다. 한편 Ammonia N는 공시균의 균계생장이나 포자형성의 현저한 감소와 더불어 기형적인 파형균총 또는 염주상균계세포를 농도에 관계없이 형성하므로 질소원으로서의 이용가치가 거의 없다. Ammonia N가 공시균의 생육에 미치는 영향은 파형균총 또는 염주상균계형성으로 보아 Phenoxy 화합물이 타른 진균의 생육에 미치는 영향과 흡사하다. Ammonium and Nitrate N도 50meg. 이상의 농도에서 공시균의 균계생장 또는 포자형성을 감소시키는 한편 파형균총과 같은 이상생육이 다소간음폐되기는 하나 적제 Ammonia N에서 유래하는 파형균총을 유기하므로 알맞는 질소원이라고 생각할 수 없다. 따라서 Ammonia N 단독 또는 타질소원과 Ammonia N의 결합태는 Fusarium oxysporum f. vasifectum의 생육을 위한 질소원으로서는 부적당하다.

This study aimed to evaluate the growth of Cichorium intybus, Brassica juncea, and Lactuca sativa at varying seed ratios, and to suggest an efficient management plan for sustainable indoor agriculture systems. It was treated with mixed sowing as follows: 30 chicory seeds (chicory alone: CC), 22 chicory seeds + 8 lettuce seeds (C3L1), 20 chicory seeds + 10 lettuce seeds (C2L1), 15 chicory seeds + 15 lettuce seeds (C1L1) as intraspecies, and 30 mustard seeds (mustard alone: MC), 22 mustard seeds + 8 lettuce seeds (M3L1), 20 mustard seeds + 10 lettuce seeds (M2L1), 15 mustard seeds + 15 lettuce seeds (M1L1) as interspecies. The study identified the competitive response in seed germination between Cichorium intybus and Lactuca sativa, and in the C3L1 experimental group, Lactuca sativa had the highest leaf length, root length, chlorophyll content, and fresh weight. Therefore, the higher the ratio of Cichorium intybus, the higher the growth and productivity of Lactuca sativa; however, higher the ratio of Lactuca sativa, the lower the growth of Cichorium intybus. Furthermore, the nitrogen and potassium content in the substrate was the highest in the C3L1 experimental grorp which had the highest seeding rate of the Cichorium intybus. Comparing the groups Brassica juncea and Lactuca sativa, the higher the seeding ratio of Lactuca sativa, the higher the growth and productivity of Brassica juncea. Therefore, a companion seeding of Brassica juncea and Lactuca sativa is beneficial; this could be effective in having a high seeding ratio of Lactuca sativa.

아라고나이트는 탄산칼슘(CaCO3)의 동질이상 중 하나이며, 해양 생태계를 포함한 다양한 환경에서 생물학적 및 이화학적 침전 과정을 통해 형성된다. 이러한 아라고나이트의 형성 및 성장뿐만 아니라 아라고나이트 내 스트론튬(Sr)과 같은 미량원소의 치환 특성은 화학종의 농도와 온도와 같은 핵심 인자들에 의해 많은 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 해양 생태계와 유사한 용액 온도와 아라고나이트에 대한 이 용액의 다양한 포화도 조건에서 아라고나이트 내 Sr 병합 특성이 규명되었다. 반응 용액의 주입속도(0.085-17 mL/min), 반응 용액의 이온 농도([Ca]=[CO3] 0.01-1M), 혼합 용액의 온도(5-40 oC)의 다양한 실험 조건에서 컨스턴트-에디션 (constant-addition) 방법을 통해 순수한 아라고나이트가 합성되었다. 또한, 모든 Sr 병합 실험 조건(0.02-0.5 M, 15-40 oC)에서도 순수한 아라고나이트가 형성되었다. 합성된 아라고나이트의 결정도와 결정크기는 포화도 및 온도가 증가함에 따라 상대적으로 더 크게 증가하며 아라고나이트 결정이 더 많이 성장하였음을 지시하였다. 그러나 BET-비표면적을 이용하여 계산된 결정성장속도는 결정 형상 변화에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타나 해석에 주의가 요구된다. 아라고나이트 내 Sr의 분배계수(KSr)는 반응이온의 농도가 0.02에서 0.5 M로 증가할 때 2.37에서 1.57로, 온도가 15에서 40˚C로 증가할 때 1.90에서 1.54로 감소하였으며, 모든 조건에서 KSr 값이 1보다 높게 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 KSr가 결정성장속도와 역의 상관관계로서 아라고나이트 내 Sr 병합이 호정성 관계임을 나타낸다.

This study aims to measure the effects of real interest rate (RIR), gross domestic savings (GDS), and net exports (EN) shocks on Indonesia’s economic growth (EG). The focus on Indonesia is unique due to the abundant resources available in the nation, but they are unsuccessful in boosting economic growth. This study applied a quantitative method to comprehensively analyze the correlation between variables by employing Vector Autoregression Model (VAR) combined with Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Various procedures are preformed: Augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF), Optimum Lag Test, Johansen Cointegration Test, Granger Causality Test, as well as Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Error Variance Decomposition Analysis (FEVD). The data were collected from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank from 1986 to 2017. The findings of the study indicated that economic growth responded positively to real interest rate shocks, which implies that when the real interest rate experiences a shock (increase), the economy will be inclined to growth. While, economic growth responded negatively to gross domestic savings and net export shocks. Policymakers are expected to consider several matters, particularly the economic conditions at the time of formulating policy, so that the prediction effectiveness of a policy can be appropriately assessed.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the differences of growth characteristics, photosynthetic rate and ginsenoside content of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer according to the covering materials during house cultivation. Also the results of this study will be used as basic data for the standardization of ginseng house cultivation. Methods and Results : This experiment site was conducted from March to October, 2017 in the house located in Jinan - gun, Jeollabuk-do. The ginseng cultivar used in the experiment was a violet stem variant of 4-years-old. There are three kinds of covering materials used in the experiments: polyethylene (PE) film, scattering film, and blue-white film. PE film and the scattering film were first coated with 85% of light shielding net after the first installation, and then secondly coated with 75% and 30% of the light shielding net respectively in the middle of May when the house temperature reached 25℃. The blue-white film was cultivated after the initial installation without further treatment. The light transmittance of each covering materials were in the order of scattering film (14.5 ± 1.5%), blue-white film (10.0 ± 1.0%) and PE film (6.7 ± 1.0%). The average photosynthetic rate of each treatment was in the order of scattering film (2.94 μmol CO2/㎡/s), blue film (2.71 μmol CO2/㎡/s) and PE film (2.34 μmol CO2/㎡/s). Aboveground growth characteristics of ginseng were good in a scattering film and blue-white film. Root weights were found in the order of scattering film (47.1 g/plant) > blue-green film (41.3 g/plant) > PE film (37.6 g/plant). Conclusion : In order to select proper covering materials for ginseng house cultivation, the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of each treatment were compared with each other in order of scattering film, blue-white film and PE film. The photosynthetic rate of each treatment was measured according to the growing season. PE film was relatively low during the entire growth period. In the case of scattering film and blue-white film, the rate of photosynthesis was higher in the scattering film with high light transmittance until May, but showed a similar tendency after July. As a result, the difference in the growth characteristics of ginseng is thought to be due to differences in photosynthesis and assimilation according to the coating materials.

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of seeding rate and depth during broadcast sowing on growth and yield of foxtail millet and proso millet over 2 years. The rate of sowing seeds was adjusted to 5, 7, 10 and 20 kg per ha on foxtail millet, and 5, 10, 15 and 30 kg per ha for proso millet. Sowing depth was 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 cm used tractor rotary attachment for shallow-tilling. The rate of seedlings standing when foxtail millet and proso millet were sowed to a depth of 0.5~5 cm was 72.0~78.0% and 73.0~80.5%, respectively. Plant height and weight at the three-leaf stage after emergence was highest for the treatment with 3 cm rotary depth. As the rate of broadcast seed sowing increased, plant length, diameter, seed length, and seeds on the panicle decreased. The grain yield of foxtail millet was highest with broadcast seed sowing of 10 kg per ha (3652, 3977 kg ha-1) and proso millet was highest at broadcast seed sowing of 15 kg per ha (2226, 2052 kg ha-1) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Therefore, the optimum rate of sowed seeds under broadcast cultivation was 10 kg ha-1 for foxtail millet and 15 kg per ha-1 for proso millet. Optimum sowing depth for foxtail and proso millet under broadcast cultivation was 3 cm, using a rotary tractor attachment for shallow-tilling.

According to survey for development of container to producers who carry out container cultivation, the most important thing is ‘Realization of cultivation techniques (Prune roots, Water saving, Heat conservation)’ as the basis for the design of container and this survey showed that the best one is ‘small and medium-sized container of less than 50L’ as the size of container suitable for cultivation. To investigate the growth characteristics of plants according to the type of container, we classified the container into three types and then planted public plants Pinus densiflora, Cornus kousa, Chionanthus retusa in 12types of containers repeatedly three times. After Comparison of the growth of the Root-collar diameter, Rib-type is showed the highest growth of the Root-collar diameter in case of Pot-type. So, active effects of prune roots impact on positive the growth of plants. Grow inside the ground-type is showed the highest in case of Growing Bag-type and Root skirt-type is showed the highest in case of Bag in pot-type. After, In subsequent studies, based on this study, produce development prototype of design container and test them. and then to investigate the possibility of applying to the farmhouse.

This study empirically evaluates the impact of exchange rate volatility, foreign direct investment, terms of trade, inflation, and industrial production and foreign exchange reserves on Pakistani trade volume over the period of 1975-2010 using quarterly data set. The study employs financial econometrics methods such as Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test GARCH (1, 1) technique and Almon Polynomial Distributed Lag (APDL) models to estimate the relationship of variables. Findings of the study are in accordance with theoretical relationships presented by Clark, Tamirisa, Wei, Sadikov, & Zeng (2004), McKenzie (1999), Dellas & Zilberfarb (1993) and Côté (1994). These findings are also in accordance with the empirical studies which support positive relationship of exchange rate volatility and exports presented by Hsu & Chiang (2011), Chit (2008), Feenstra & Kendall (1991), Esquivel & Larraín (2002) and Onafowora & Owoye (2008). Findings of the study in terms of imports are supported by the studies such as Lee (1999), Alam & Ahmad (2011) and Arize (1998). The study also recommends some very important policy prescriptions.

In this study, we have investigated to find optimal pre-treatment flocculation condition by analyzing the floc growth rate with mixing conditions and the membrane permeation flux for pre-treatment step of the membrane process. The higher mixing intensity showed a constant floc size index (FSI) values, and lower mixing intensity increased the degree of dispersion of the FSI values. Results of comparing the distribution characteristics of the FSI value and the permeation flux were more effective in increasing flux when the FSI values were 0.2 or higher. The degree of dispersion of FSI was relatively large in 40 rpm mixing condition compared to 120 rpm. In 40 rpm mixing condition, it decreased the permeation flux compared to 120 rpm because various sizes of flocs were distributed. Coagulation-UF membrane process enhanced 30%∼40% of the flux rate compare to UF alone process, and the coagulation-MF process increased up to 5% of the flux rate compare to MF alone process. Pre-treatment, that is, coagulation process, has been found to be less effects on relatively larger pore size for MF membrane. For UF membrane, the flux was a little bit same when applying only the rapid mixing process or rapid mixing with slow mixing processes together. In case of MF membrane, the flux was improved when rapid mixing process applied with slow mixing process together.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of enhanced light transmission on plant growth, photosynthetic ability, and disease tolerance to leaf blight, anthracnose in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Araliacease family) during the early growth stage (April to June). The photosynthetic ratio, stomatal conductance, and stem diameter of plants grown under a shade net with 15% light transmission rate showed an increasing trend compared to the control plants (5% light transmission rate) although the growth of the aerial parts were not influenced significantly. Plant height, stem length, and leaf length of treated plants were not significantly different from those of the control plants. Root parameters, such as root length, diameter, and weight of treated plants increased significantly compared to the control. Yield performance (187.4 ㎏• 10 a−1) of treated plants was 55.5% higher than that of the control (150.4 ㎏• 10 a−1). Additionally, disease severity scores of treated plants were lower than those of the control plants, revealing higher survival rates. To retain high yield potential and enhance the level of disease tolerance in ginseng, we suggest the increase of light transmission rate during the early growth stage.

Shading and soil environment are the main factors of growth and yield in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A.Meyer). Ginseng yield is directly related to survival rate because of increased missing plant for their growing period. Underfield conditions, diseases and pests significantly affect plant survival rate. We evaluated the seedling establishment, growthand ginsenoside of the ginseng plants, under controlled management conditions in a plastic greenhouse, when their treatedwith different types of organic matter. Ginseng seeds were sown at a rate of three seeds per hole, and the seeding space mea-sured 10㎝×15㎝. Compared to the control, treatment of cattle manure vermicompost (CMV) was shown to increaseseedling establishment and decrease ginsenoside content. Root weights of plants treated with CMV were higher than those ofplants treated with other types of organic matter. In addition, seedling establishment of 2-year-old ginseng plants wasdecreased when it was compared to that of 1-year-old ginseng plants. Our results indicated that organic matter type and ratewere associated with seedling establishment, growth characteristic and ginsenoside content in greenhouse of ginseng direct-sowing culture.

This study was carried out in order to investigate the early growth and root development characteristics of Peucedanum japonicum container seedlings. The experiment was performed by containers (128 and 200 cavities containers) and shading levels (0%, 35%, 50% and 75% shading). Germination rate of P. japonicum seeds was getting higher in the lower shading level and the highest in the full sunlight (71.9%). Plant height was the highest under 50% shading of all containers. Fresh weight and dry weight of the shoot (leaves + stem) were the highest under 50% shading of all containers, too. Meanwhile, fresh weight and dry weight of the root per plant were the highest under the full sunlight of 128 cavities container such as 0.34 g and 0.03 g, respectively. Total root length, root project area and root surface area were higher under the full sunlight of 128 cavities container such as 234.5 cm, 6.6cm2 and 20.8cm2, respectively and the next higher was under 35% shading such as 201.7 cm, 5.9cm2 and 18.4cm2, respectively. A case of root volume was the highest with 0.15cm3 under the full sunlight. As a result of the surveying the whole experiment, it is concluded that the shoot and root of P. japonicum seedling grow nicely by maintaining 35% shading.

이 연구는 폐쇄형 식물공장 시스템 내에서 LED 펄스광의 튜티비 및 광도(PPFD)가 상추의 생장 및 광합성률에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 파종 3주 후 ‘청치마’ 및 ‘청치마’ 실생묘를 bar-type LED(red:blue:white = 5:2:1) 하에서 4주간 생육시켰다. LED 펄스(on/off) 간격은 연속조사(continuous), 200/200μs, 133/266μs, 100/300μs의 4가지로 설정하였는데, 이를 듀티비(duty ratio, DR, 한 주기 대비 점등시간 비율)로 표시하면 각각 100%, 50%, 33%, 25%였다. 이때 광도(PPFD)는 DR 100, 75, 50% 처리에서는 두 수준[고광(high light, HL), 저광(low light, LL)]으로 처리되었고, 광주기는 16시간이었다. 식물공장 내부의 온도는 주야간 20±2°°C, 상대습도는 약 70±10%로 유지되었다. 양액은 온도 20±2°C, EC는 1.2mS·cm-1, pH는 5.8±0.2로 유지되었고, NFT 방식으로 공급되었다. 처리 4주 후 ‘청치마’ 상추의 생체중과 건물중은 DR 100% HL 하에서 가장 높았고, DR 75% HL 및 DR 50% HL과는 유의차가 없었다. 엽수, 엽면적, 잎 두께(비엽면적의 역수)는 DR 100%, 75%, 50%의 HL처리에서 유의하게 큰 값을 나타내었다. 광이용효율(LUE)은 PPFD에 관계없이 연속광보다 펄스광 처리에서 높게 나타났으며, 특히 DR 25% HL 하에서 가장 높았고, DR 75% HL과 DR 50% HL 처리도 DR 100% HL보다 높은 값을 보였다. ‘적치마’ 상추의 생체중과 건물중은 DR 100% HL 하에서 가장 컸고, DR 100% LL, DR 75% HL, DR 50% HL 하에서 두번째로 컸다. LUE는 ‘청치마’와 같이 연속광보다 펄스광 하에서 높았다. 두 품종의 광합성 속도는 적산 PPFD에 비례하였으며, DR의 효과는 적었다. 결론적으로 펄스광은 상추의 LUE를 높이므로 LED를 광원으로 사용하는 폐쇄형 식물공장의 에너지 절감에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

토마토 정식 전 후 묘령에 따른 토마토의 생육의 특성, 수량, 광합성 및 항산화 효소 활성을 알아보고자 본 실험을 수행하였다. 토마토 파종부터 정식시 까지 기간을 40, 45, 50, 55, 60일로 설정하였다. 육묘 기간이 50일(표준묘)보다 짧을수록 토마토 생장과 생육이 촉진된 반면에 육묘 일수가 길수록 생장과 생육이 감소하였다. 정식 후 4주는 묘령이 가장 짧은 40일묘에서 광합성량이 낮았지만 정식 후 8주는 차이를 보이지 않았다. CAT(Catalase), APX(Ascorbate peroxidase), POX(peroxidase) 들은 정식후 6주까지 증가하다가 8주부터 감소하였다. 정식후 4주는 SOD (Superoxide dismutase), CAT 활성은 묘령이 어릴수록 높은 경향을 보였고 반대로 정식 후 6주는 APX, POX는 육묘기간이 길수록 활성이 높았다. 토마토 수량도 표준묘와 비교해서 육묘 기간이 짧은 묘령에서 토마토 생산성이 높은 반면에 육묘기간이 길수록 생산이 감소하였다. 토마토의 생장과 수량의 관점에서 보면 육묘 기간은 40-50일 적합하다는 결과를 도출하였다. 따라서 토마토를 토경재배 할 경우 표준 묘령 50일보다 짧은 묘를 정식 후 생장과 생산성에서 유리할 뿐 아니라 육묘 시 발생되는 생산비의 절감에 유리할 것으로 사료된다.