The importance of marketing on mobile platforms as well as mobile commerce is increasing dramatically in fashion industry. The purpose of this study was to categorize mobile fashion marketing strategies and to examine application usage motivations that influence brand attitude, purchase decisions, and post-purchase evaluation. Qualitative research methods, in particular focus-groups and in-depth interviews, were conducted to examine the typology of mobile marketing and fashion application usage motivations. Then, a modified survey was used to quantitatively examine what content consumers expect from fashion applications. Results of the qualitative study indicated that consumers perceive sensory (visual, tactile, auditory), relationship, information and practical marketing strategies through motives. Survey result from 229 consumers revealed four fashion application usage motives: sensory, relationship, information and practical. Based on these motives consumers were segmented into three groups: the experience/relationship-conscious, the product informationconscious, and the lifestyle information-conscious. The product information-conscious group showed higher level of monthly income and clothing expenses but lower level of mobile device usages. Lifestyle information-conscious group and experience/ relationship-conscious group had higher level of attitude, and post-purchase evaluation. It was experience-relationship conscious consumers who spent more time in mobile use. This study shows a better understanding of mobile marketing environment of fashion applications.

Following the resurgence of the application of theories of social practices in consumer research, we offer a comprehensive typology of luxury consumption practices. In doing so, we shed light on how personalized meanings of brand luxury are emergent in the private sphere of everyday life, as luxury consumers integrate various materials, meanings, and competencies within their practice performances. The findings provide important insights for both scholars and practitioners in developing a more holistic understanding about the multi-dimensionality and fluidly of luxury brand meanings in the context of contemporary consumer culture. Specifically, we draw attention towards the active and creative role that consumers play in constructing multiple meanings of brand luxury, and illustrate that brand luxury can be appropriated and personalized by consumers in many different ways. This ranges from being considered as a form of financial investment to facilitating an imaginary escape; from being perceived as markers of an affluent lifestyle and a conveyer of social status to emerging as resources for aspirational personalities that assist consumers in their self-transformations. Moreover, we found that consumers are not restricted to preforming only one particular luxury brand consumption practice. They can, and often do engage in different practices of luxury consumption, where each addresses different needs salient to the context of their life themes and situational influences. Finally, we show that different dimensions of luxury brand imaginary can become more or less important, depending on which practices are performed by consumers.

Zero-waste is sustainable development for ensuring continuous interactions with the environment as well as for the next generations, while expanding across industries. Zero-waste fashion design does not necessarily mean that we should stop making clothes in order to reduce waste, but we consider the social values of sustainability regarding the environment, humans, and profit. In particular, in the pre-use stage of zero-waste fashion design, fashion designers play critical roles. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for the realization of zero-waste fashion design through establishing the typology of zero-waste pattern making (ZWPM) as well as exploring the practical implications of zero-waste fashion design. For the realization of zero-waste fashion design that draws from pattern-making principals, this study categorizes zero-waste fashion design into zero-waste pattern cutting (ZWPC) and non-pattern cutting (NPC). ZWPC is based on drafting patterns on a piece of fabric, which can enable the sharing of patterns and processes, while NPC requires little- or non- cutting/sewing in optimizing a piece of fabric, bringing the possibility of creating indefinite forms. ZWPC is sub-categorized into tailored and non-tailored, and NCP into draped and folded. Then, by implementing the typology in undergraduate design programs, this study tests and completes the design methodology for the realization of zero-waste fashion design.

최근 환경문제에 대한 구조적인 해결책을 찾는 과정에서 사회-기술 시스템이 하나의 핵심적인 분석단위가 되고 있다. 또한 지속가능성이라는 복잡한 도전과제에 대응하기 위해 전환이론에 관한 연구도 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문은 이와 같은 지속가능한 사회-기술 전환을 거버닝하기 위해 어떻게 접근할 수 있는지의 문제를 정부의 관점에서 다루고 있다. 보다 구체적으로, 전환이론과 거버넌스 이론을 접목하여 사회-기술 전환을 위한 정책 거버넌스를 유형화함으로써, 전환목표 달성을 위한 정부의 역할모델과 전환정책 설계를 위한 실천적 프레임워크를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 사회적 조정수준과 전환압력이 발생하는 위치를 전환정책 거버넌스를 유형화화기 위한 핵심 맥락으로 설정하고, 주도적 정책 거버넌스, 촉진적 정책 거버넌스, 조정적 정책 거버넌스, 설득적 정책 거버넌스 등 4가지 거버넌스 유형을 도출하여 각각의 특징과 사례를 논의하였다. 이와 같은 접근은 분석적 측면에서 각 유형별로 전환을 촉진하는 정책기능의 차이를 비교할 수 있는 가이드라인을 제공하는 한편, 규범적 측면에서는 정책입안자가 어떻게 효과적인 전환정책을 설계할 수 있을 것인지에 대한 판단기준을 제공하는데 기여할 수 있다. 또한 이론적 측면에서는 혁신정책 관점의 전환이론을 기존의 거버넌스 이론과 접목함으로써, 양 연구의 간극을 줄이고 전환에 대한 거버넌스적 고찰을 구체적인 전환이론과 연계하는데 기여할 수 있다.

This paper attempts to develop a new more representative typology exclusively for luxury brand personalities addressing the conceptual and methodological limitations of previous works. Existing brand personality measures (e.g. Aaker, 1997; Geuens, Weijters, & Wulf, 2009; Sweeney & Brandon, 2006) are grounded on human personality taxonomies, thereby rendering their ability to accurately capture the essence of luxury brand personality doubtful. They also inherit some of the conceptual and methodological issues from Aaker’s (1997) work, for which it has been recently criticised. This evidence points towards the need for a new measurement tool for luxury brands developed from scratch. Recognising the need to provide solid foundations of the luxury brand personality traits, the present paper uses lexical approach similar to the way it was used in the human personality scale development research (Cattell, 1943; Goldberg, 1982; John, Angleitner, & Ostendorf, 1988). The main reason for using natural language as a source of luxury brand personality attributes is based on the key assumption behind the lexical approach that most important individual differences will be encrypted into the language in the course of time (John et al., 1988). Embracing this assumption, we believe that the use of luxury brand personality descriptors in the natural language will determine their importance. The first step involved doing online text mining to learn how consumers describe various luxury brands, thereby generating a pool of items. Also, in-depth interviews were undertaken with frequent luxury buyers using Kelly’s repertory grid technique to facilitate construct elicitation. Next, the list of characteristics was screened against Norman’s (1967) comprehensive list of personality traits to ensure that only personality traits were retained in the pool. Finally, a new framework was developed by means of assigning items into different dimensions based on semantic similarities of traits and was juxtaposed with existing brand personality measures. Luxury brand personality appears to comprise twelve salient personality dimensions that cannot be directly matched with existing personality measures. The new typology reveals some unique traits and dimensions that could improve the construct’s content validity and facilitate marketers’ branding decisions. Comparisons with other frameworks support the view that luxury brand personalities are different in consumers’ common parlance and require a separate measure. Some concerns related to the consistency and also content and construct validity are highlighted in this work and call for further examination.

Based on individuals’ risk perceptions regarding a purchase via smartphone, this empirical work aims at developing a typology of smartphone users. Employing cluster and discriminant analysis, a dataset of 202 young German smartphone users was assessed. To address each of the three emerged clusters in a need-sensitive way, implications for retailers are presented conclusively.

본 연구의 목적은 하천복원 및 하천평가의 근거를 마련하기 위하여 국내 자연하천의 유형 및 특성을 연구하는것이다. 이를 위하여 국내 섬 지방을 제외한 전국의 다양한 자연하천 조사구 95개소를 선정하여, 각 조사구의 자연환경적, 물리적 및 식물⋅식생특성을 조사 및 분석하였다. 그 결과, 95개 조사구는 하천의 규모(4개 유형), 고도(3개 유형), 하상재료(5개 유형)에 의거 모두 24개 유형으로 분류할 수 있었다. 그리고 각 하천유형과 식물⋅식생출현성과 가장 상관성이 강한 환경인자인 고도에 따라서 24개 하천유형을 다시 평지(고도 200m미만), 산지(고도 200m이상 500m미만), 고산지(고도 500m이상)의 3개 유형으로 크게 구분하여 하천의 물리적 구조, 식물⋅식생적 특성을 비교하였다. 먼저 평지하천의 대표적인 특징은 고산지나 산지하천과 비교하여 하천규모는 크지만 하상재료는 작은 편이고, 홍수터가 잘 발달하는 계곡횡단면 형태가 많았으며, 하천규모가 클수록 횡단폭의 변화와 사주발달이 양호하고 사행성이 두드러지는 편이며, 대표적 식생은 버드나무군락이었다. 반면에 산지와 고산지하천은 평지하천에 비하여 하천규모가 작고, 하상재료는 굵고 거칠며, 계곡횡단면 형태는 홍수터가 발달하지 못하는 좁은 형태이었다. 또한 사행도나 사주발달도 평지하천에 비하여 미약하였다. 산지하천의 두드러진 대표식생은 졸참나무-, 굴참나무-, 때죽나무군락이었으며, 고산지하천에서는 소나무-, 신갈나무-, 물푸레나무군락이었다.

The current research focused on exploration of a well known Korean fashion and clothing industry cluster, Dongdaemun Fashion Town(DFT). Many clothing and fashion wholesalers in DFT with various business formats are trying to obtain competitive advantages. For the empirical study, a questionnaire was developed. Items measuring descriptive statistics for each business and contractor selection criteria were included in the survey. 161 data from Employees of various wholesalers of DFT were used for statistical analysis. Majority of DFT customers were buyers of Internet shopping malls and street retail shops. 64% of them used domestic contractors for sourcing products. Most of them managed less than three contractors. Contractor selection criteria were factorized as flexibility, production ability, stability, fame and location. Wholesalers were segmented into three groups: product oriented, flexibility oriented and stability oriented groups. Group differences in terms of business practices were assessed and strategic implications were included.

웹 2.0 시대를 맞아 사용자 생성 콘텐츠(U의 생산과 유통이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 특히 게임의 사용자 생성 콘텐츠의 경우, 게임 월드를 배경으로 자신의 캐릭터를 사용하여 만든 3D 애니메이션과 같은 동영상이 대다수를 이룬다. 사용자들 사이의 이슈를 보여주는 온라인 게임 UCC는 사용자 문화를 파악하여 월드를 디자인하고 수정 보완해 나가야하는 개발자들에게 간과할 수 없는 텍스트로 자리잡고 있다. 본 연구는 리차드 바틀의 플레이어 4유형에 따라 MMORPG 사용자가 어떤 재미를 UCC로 표현하고 있는가를 분석하고, 분류의 축을 수정함을 목표로 한다. 그리하여 MUD 게임에 머물러 있던 바틀의 사용자 유형을 보완함과 동시에 MMORPG의 사용자 문화 및 재미요소를 되돌아보고자 한다.

Many researches on the typology of 'Maru'(Wooden deck) in Korean traditional houses have mainly focused on the high-class houses in the central region of Korea. They were mainly concerned on defining Maru's typology by social status of the owner, based on the researches regarding its physical and spatial properties. Maru in the high-class traditional houses has been served as an essential architectural feature showing the social status of owners as well as adapting in the region of humid and hot summer. This research investigated the typology of Maru's placement in traditional single houses of four Kan in Chonnam province, which shows many differences in its placement according to the regions. Research results show that the typology of Maru's placement and openness is different with the location of houses within the region. This difference affects on the circulation of movement, which eventually affects on the pattern of space use. The difference is also very likely to be affected by the natural environment of geography and climate of the region.

Ko (2015b) classifies Korean resultative small clause (RSCs) into four sub-types, due to combinations of two factors, i.e., the RSC's functional status (complement vs. adjunct) and the RSC subject's phonological status (overt vs. covert). She accounts for typological differences, especially movement-related behaviors, RSCs display, in terms of the theory of cyclic spell-out (Fox and Pesetsky 2005, Ko 2005). It will be shown in this paper, however, that her system faces non-trivial problems. First, the RSC subject's phonological status in fact does not contribute to the RSC typology, as subjects in any type can be suppressed in principle, given an appropriate context. Second, -key RSCs may function as a complement (not unambiguously as an adjunct). Third, no proper theory is provided for the ellipsis restrictions that the RSC displays. The present work proposes a control based RSC typology and tries to provide a unified explanation of restrictions on ellipsis as well as movement in RSCs, basically following Chung’s (2007, 2009, 2011) constituency based account of the syntactic restrictions.

본 연구는 모바일 게임 플랫폼에서 게임 품질에 대한 정보의 비대칭을 해결하기 위해 게임이용자들이 사용하는 시그널에 대한 질적 연구이다. 시그널 이론을 바탕으로 인터넷 문화기술지 방법을 이용하여 데이터를 수집하였다. 연구결과로 시그널 유형에는 플랫폼 기반의 소비자 참여도가 높은 시그널, 플랫폼 기반의 소비자 참여도가 낮은 시그널, 게임회사 기반의 소비자 참여도가 높은 시그널, 게임회사 기반의 소비자 참여도가 낮은 시그널이 있다. 시그널을 이용한 게임 이용자들의 의사결정의 특징은 첫째, 순위와 다운로드 수는 게임이용자들의 판단의 기준이 되며 둘째, 게임 마케팅 플랫폼은 또 하나의 시그널이 될 수 있으며 마지막으로 게임이용자가 선호하는 시그널은 게임이용 목적이나 행태에 따라 다르다는 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the empirical adequacy of the event-based language typology with special reference to English and Korean. The event-based language typology classifies languages into I- and D-languages based on the importance of the initial and terminal bounds of an event with respects to the way the relevant languages use in the recognition of eventiveness. In I-languages, in which the initial bound of an event is important, activity and accomplishment are recognized as events, while in D-languages, where the terminal bound of an event is important, achievement and accomplishment are so recognized. English and Korean, the target languages of this study, show the characteristics of I- and D-languages respectively. In the case of English, we can confirm that it falls into D-languages based on the fact (1) that event cancellation is impossible and (2) that causative reading is possible in terms of the delimitation of predicates. In the case of Korean, we can tell that it belongs to I-languages as (3) event cancellation is possible and (4) only NPs that can work as an initiator can be the subject in the position of [Spec, FP-init].

This paper adopts a frame-based analysis on the issue of the typology of Chinese causative verbs 使（shǐ）and 让 (ràng) (shǐ and ràng, afterwards) which puts challenges to several well-established cognitive approaches including force dynamic models and direct/indirect causation theory. In a frame-based analysis, these two polysemous verbs are distributed into different frames according to the pattern of force interaction denoted by the verbs. Therefore, this analysis successfully solves the obscure boundary problem raised by the polysemous property of shǐ and ràng. This study introduces a new way to study verbal semantics and semantic-syntactic interface. Especially, it points out a new direction to studying polysemous words.

MMORPG에서의 NPC(Non Player Character)는 게임 서사에서 갈등을 유발하고 극적 사건을 형성하는데 중추적 역할을 수행한다. 본 연구에서는 MMORPG <World of Warcraft>를 중심으로 NPC의 유형과 그에 따른 서사적 기능을 분석했다. NPC는 플레이어 캐릭터와의 관계축, 행동의 태도축에 따라서 크게 소극적 조력자, 적극적 조력자, 소극적 적대자, 적극적 적대자로 분류된다. NPC는 유형에 따라서 변별적인 서사적 기능을 수행한다. 가령 소극적 조력자는 공간이동과 서사 연쇄의 구심점으로 기능하며, 적극적 적대자는 공간 투시를 유도하고 극적 효과를 창출한다. 이처럼 MMORPG에서 NPC는 게임 서사 진행에 있어서 주요한 서사적 기능을 수행한다. 표면적으로 NPC는 게임 서사에 있어서 평면적 제한적 기능을 수행하지만, 이면적으로는 플레이어와 상호작용하는 가운데 입체적 확장적 기능을 수행하면서 다선형적인 게임 서사를 생성한다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

온라인 게임을 필두로 가상 세계는 급속한 성장을 거듭하고 있다. 그리고 그 가상 세계에 있는 가상 자산과 그 자산이 유통되는 가상 경제가 현실 경제와 맞물려, 주고받는 영향력 또한 점점 늘어나고 있다. 이에 가상 세계나 경제 혹은 자산에 대한 논의가 활발해지고 있다. 하지만 여전히 사회의 법적 환경적 조건과 기업의 정책에 따라서 가상 경제의 양상이 매우 다양해질 수 있다는 점은 간과되고 있다. 그 까닭에 실천적인 관점에서 가상 경제의 영향력이 체계적으로 관리되지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 가상 세계를 6개의 주체와 5종류의 거래를 가진 시스템으로 보고, 거래 조합의 경우가 24가지로 도출될 수 있음을 보이며, 그 중 4가지 대표 유형을 뽑아 그 특성을 정리했다. 이와 같은 유형 분류는 특징을 더 잘 이해하게 해 줄 뿐만 아니라, 함의들을 통하여 향후 가상세계의 관리 및 개선 노력에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다.

Jaecheol Lee. 2000. The Intervention Effects and the Typology of Wh-Specifiers. Studies in Modern Grammar 20, 133-156. In this paper, we examine whether the tax-paying strategy proposed by Norvin (1998) is justified in both the Wh-feature movement and the phrasal Wh-movement. Following the tax-paying strategy, once the first instance of movement to α has obeyed Attract Closest(AC), the other instances of movement to α need not satisfy it since the first operation to α has already paid AC tax. We assume that Wh-phrasal movement pays AC tax and Subjacency tax while Wh-feature movement pays only AC tax. They are supported by the following facts.: (i) multiple Wh-questions in Bulgarian, or (ii) the Superiority effects, Island phenomena and Weak Crossover constructions in English. We argue that the typology of Wh-Comlementizers play a crucial role in explaining the multiple questions in Bulgarian and English, the lack of the Superiority effects in German, and the Intervention effects in Korean and Japanese. Finally, we argue that the scope-bearing elements such as negations and quantifiers induce the Intervention effects only when they cause the separation construction of Wh-phrase through the Wh-feature movement or the Wh-operator movement without pied-piping of the whole DP. They are evidenced by the data in English, Korean, and Japanese.

Jae-Ick Park. 2000. Typology of the Minimal Word. Studies in Modern Grammar 20, 111-132. This paper presents the typology of the minimal word. It first gives the definition of the minimal word as minimal prosodic restrictions on the size of the well-formed words in language. It then categorizes languages depending on the grammatical categories concerned with the minimal word. Some languages requires their whole lexicon to have the minimal size, others require the minimality only for content words, and still others have to have the minimal size in their limited sets of lexicon. The paper then divides the minimality into two major satisfaction types: passive vs. active. The passive satisfaction types normally blocks the application of deletion or truncation of segments if the output would be smaller than the required size in the language. The active satisfaction types expand a form under the minimal size by adding some elements to it. This paper further investigates the effects of the minimal word in language and the possibility of application of the recent constraint theory. It finally mentions the perspectives of the minimal word by viewing dialectal variations in a language.