This Article dealt with Luther's theological criticism as seen in his 95 Theses in opposition to the indulgences. The cause for the 95 theses was due to the sermon by Tetzel based on archbishop Albrecht's Instructio summaria, acknowledge the bishop's responsibility toward the saints, and demanded the cancelling of the indulgences. Luther received no answer concerning the 95 theses which he privately sent in a letter, consequently he advertised the 95 theses desiring a public debate. In its entirety, the 95 theses include four theological criticisms. First, what is true repentance. Second, to what extent is the authority of the Pope? Third, do the indulgences have the validity of salvation in them? Fourth, do the indulgences even have an influence over purgatory? In the 95 theses, Luther first dealt with the issue of true repentance. True evangelical repentance is not temporary nor expedient but must be emphasized as covering the entire lifetime of a believer. The Pope can only forgive the punishment imposed by the church, and cannot forgive the punishment related to purgatory. Indulgences cannot mediate salvation, nor have any influence on purgatory. Although the 95 theses in its opposition to the indulgences and its interpretation provide a starting point for the Protestant Reformation, Luther's Reformation theology has not been specified at this time, therefore the focus of the study has been on Luther's thoughts and church system through the 95 theses.

• 정병식(서울신학대학교, 교회사) | Chung, Byung Sig