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Nano-engineered Metal/Foilsurfaces for Prevention of Biofilm and Bacterial Adhesion
Due to ever increasing trends in food safety, food manufacturers should take sanitary/ hygienic processing/packaging into key consideration. Minimizing the attachment of spoilage and pathogenic organisms to food contact surfaces and packaging materials is one of the major challenges in the fields of food science and biosafety. The bacteria adhering to the surface can produce subsequent hard-to-remove biofilms that potentially cause cross-contamination of processed foods. The contamination of spoilage to the food leads to shorten product shelf-life and, if foodborne pathogens are present, the consumption of contaminated food may possess a health hazard to consumers. In particular, a variety of surfaces in food packaging are vulnerable to development of biofilms as bacterial community is formed by adhering pathogens from native microflora in raw materialsfor prolonged contact time. It is now recognized that 80% of food outbreaks are related to biofilms. Therefore, inhibition of initial adhesion of biofilm-forming pathogenic cells on food contact surface is critically needed to minimize foodborne pathogen outbreaks.Bacterial adhesion is highly influenced by the substratum topography, i.e. roughness and porosity. Recent advancements in fabrication have made it possible to create well-organized nanofeatures (i.e. nanoporous and nanopillared) uniformly over a large surface area of a metal specimen. Nanosmooth (control) and nanoporous stainless steel foil surfaces were fabricated by precisely anodizing the degreased specimen in a 5% vol. of perchloric acid in anhydrous ethylene glycol. The applied voltage and anodization time were varied to obtain different pore diameters. The presences of 50 and 80 nm nanoporous patterns significantly inhibited the adhesion of L. monocytogenes by 2.0 to 2.3 log-cycles, depending on the pore diameters. It was found that nanoscale surface patterning and treatments are capable of enabling precise controls of molecular, physical, and biochemical interactions that govern bacterial adhesion to the solid substratum.
