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Graphitic carbon nitride (g‑C3N4)‑based magnetic photocatalysts for removal of antibiotics KCI 등재
- 언어ENG
- URLhttps://db.koreascholar.com/Article/Detail/444379
The increasing presence of antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems has raised serious concerns about their ecological and human health impacts. In response, extensive research has focused on the degradation and removal of these stubborn pollutants. Among various approaches, heterogeneous photocatalysis has gained prominence due to its effectiveness in eliminating diverse contaminants from water. This method stands out for its cost-efficiency, environmental friendliness, and high performance, making it a practical solution for pollutant mitigation. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted significant attention for developing advanced photocatalysts. Its non-metallic nature, robust stability, suitable electronic configuration, and favorable 2.7 eV band gap make it an excellent candidate. However, g-C3N4 faces challenges such as limited visible-light absorption, rapid charge recombination, low oxidation power, and poor texture, which hinder its photocatalytic efficiency. These issues can be addressed by developing g-C3N4-composite-based magnetic semiconductor photocatalysts possessing compatible energy bands. Integrating magnetic materials with g-C3N4 photocatalysts offers new possibilities for easy separation and recyclability, enhancing practical use. While previous studies have also detailed various modification methods for g-C3N4-based materials, the structure-performance relationships of g-C3N4, particularly for detecting and degrading antibiotics, need further exploration. This review critically examines the utilization of g-C3N4-based magnetic photocatalysts for antibiotic removal, exploring fabrication techniques, physical properties, and performance metrics. Various strategies to optimize their efficiency, including doping, heterojunction formation, and surface modification, are also covered. It also delves into the mechanisms of photocatalytic antibiotic degradation, addressing challenges and opportunities in developing these materials. Ultimately, we propose that the synergy of magnetic components into g-C3N4 not only represents a significant advancement in photocatalyst design but also opens new avenues for sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, demonstrating a high level of novelty in the field. The review provides valuable insights into current research and potential advancements in antibiotic remediation.
Abstract
Graphical abstract
1 Introduction
2 Antibiotics contamination in the environment
3 Advances in g-C3N4-based magnetic photocatalysts
3.1 g-C3N4 as photocatalyst
3.2 Magnetic photocatalysts
3.2.1 Fe3O4 as a photocatalyst
3.2.2 ZnFe2O4 as a photocatalyst
3.2.3 Fe2O3 as a photocatalyst
3.3 Strategies for incorporating magnetic nanoparticles with g-C3N4
3.3.1 Doping and co-doping
3.3.2 Heterojunction formation
3.4 Advantages of g-C3N4-based magnetic photocatalysts
4 Various synthesis methods
4.1 Hydrothermal method
4.2 Solvothermal method
4.3 Sol–gel method
4.4 Calcination method
4.5 Co-precipitation method
5 Photocatalytic remediation of antibiotics
5.1 Photocatalytic processes and mechanism
6 Challenges and future perspectives
6.1 Challenges
6.1.1 High electron–hole recombination rate
6.1.2 Limited visible light absorption
6.1.3 Low quantum yield
6.1.4 Poor charge conductivity
6.1.5 Stability and durability
6.1.6 Scalability and cost
6.2 Future perspectives
6.2.1 Doping and co-doping strategies
6.2.2 Heterojunction formation
6.2.3 Morphological control
6.2.4 Bandgap engineering
6.2.5 Optimizing synthesis methods
6.2.6 Magnetic recovery and recyclability
6.2.7 Environmental and economic assessments
6.2.8 Real-world applications
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
