A Study on the Timing of the Creation and Extinction of the Right to Claim Direct Payment of Subcontracting Fees : Focusing on a Critical Review of Supreme Court Decision 2021Da273592 Decided on April 3, 2025
하도급 거래에 관한 하도급대금 직접지급제도는 경제적 약자인 수급사업자를 보호하기 위한 핵심적인 제도이다. 최근 대법원은 건설산업기본법상 발주자, 수급인, 하수급인 3자 간 직접지급합의가 있는 경우에도 하도급법과 마찬가지로 ‘합의 시’에 직접지급청구권이 발생하고 원채무가 소멸한다고 판시하여 양 법률의 해석을 통일하였다. 그러나 이 판결은 원채무의 소멸 시기를 과도하게 앞당김으로 써 수급사업자의 변제 상대방 선택권을 박탈하고, 발주자의 신용위험을 수급사업 자에게 전가하며, 공사대금 분쟁 해결을 어렵게 하는 역설적 문제를 초래한다. 수급사업자와 원사업자의 일반채권자 간 우열 문제는 원채무의 소멸 시기가 아닌 직접지급청구권의 발생 시기를 중심으로 해결하여야 하며, 건설산업기본법 제35조 제3항의 명문 규정을 외면한 무리한 사법 해석이 아닌, 하도급법과 건설산 업기본법의 통합적 입법 개선을 통해 해결하여야 한다.
The direct payment system for subcontracting fees in subcontracting transactions is a core mechanism designed to protect subcontractors, who are economically weaker parties. Recently, the Supreme Court ruled that even in cases where a direct payment agreement exists among the ordering party, the prime contractor, and the subcontractor under the Framework Act on the Construction Industry, the right to claim direct payment arises at the time of the “agreement,” and the original debt is extinguished—identical to the interpretation under the Subcontracting Act—thereby unifying the construction of both statutes. However, this ruling excessively advances the timing of the extinction of the original debt, thereby depriving the subcontractor of the right to choose the party against whom to seek performance, transferring the ordering party’s credit risk to the subcontractor, and creating paradoxical problems that make it more difficult to resolve disputes over construction payments. The priority issue between the subcontractor and the general creditors of the prime contractor should be resolved by focusing on the timing of the creation of the direct payment claim, rather than the timing of the extinction of the original debt. It must be addressed through integrated legislative reform of both the Subcontracting Act and the Framework Act on the Construction Industry, rather than through strained judicial interpretation that disregards the explicit provisions of Article 35(3) of the Framework Act on the Construction Industry.