Purpose - While sustainability is based on the argument that the world’s resources are finite and their demand will ultimately surpass supply, entrepreneurship on the other hand argues that there are inherent opportunities to address this through conserving, recycling, switching to more renewable resources and making effective use of available finite resources. Research design, data, and methodology - In response to the lack of scientific information on the outcomes of entrepreneurship in rural Nigeria, this paper surveys the benefits (social, economic and environmental) of women engagement in waste plastic bags recycling in Adamawa State of Nigeria. A descriptive research design was adopted and data was collected from 26 respondents with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire, which was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in frequency tables. Results - Results indicated that 21 women have gained employment, who would have remained unemployed; 80.8% of who make profits below 10000 Naira per month and collectively, they recycle 179.3kg of waste polythene bag per month. Conclusions - It was recommended that the women should be further their education; adequate records of costs and sales should be kept; and savings should be encouraged among them.

Barbaloin is a major component of Aloe vera, which has been used for a laxative. Also, barbaloin is C-glucoside of aloe emodin anthrone which is founded in Aloe vera. Barbaloin has varieties of pharmacological activity such as inhibitory effects on inflammation, histamine release, cancer and microbial infection. But the effect of barbaloin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages has not been understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of barbaloin against LPS-stimulated production of nitric oxide (NO), inflammatory cytokines and MAPKs activation in macrophage. We treated barbaloin (0.1 , 1 , 10 , 100 μM) in LPS-stimulated mice peritoneal macrophage. Our results showed that barbaloin significantly inhibited production of NO and cytokines of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophage. Moreover, barbaloin inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK in a dose dependent manner. These results indicated that barbaloin could be useful for inflammatory diseases.

This study analyzed the placement shape and correlation of green space focusing on anion that is one of curing substances. As its result, it was found out that the meteorological element becomes different and the generated amount of anion also gets different along such different meteorological element in case the shape of placing green space. As the result of analyzing the correlation with meteorological element , it was analyzed that it was the positive correlation in case of time, temperature and relative humidity and it was also analyzed that it was negative correlation in case of wind velocity and amount of light. But, in case of wind velocity, it was considered that the further complement research is required as the sampling distribution was shown as so biased by the windproof effect of the trees planted at the outskirts of green space in case of wind velocity. Based on th analyzed results as above, it suggested the model of generating anion by implementing multiple regression analysis such as y = -2462.383 + 0.304x1 x 72.746x2 x 7.315x3 x - 0.138x4 (x1; time, x2; air temperature, x3; relative humidity, x4; luminous intensity, R2; 0.691).

Metformin is the most commonly prescribed anti-diabetic drug with relatively minor side effect. Substantial evidence has suggested that metformin is associated with decreased cancer risk and anticancer activity against diverse cancer cells. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib has shown powerful activity for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and also induces growth arrest and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. In this study, we tested the combination of imatinib and metformin against HCT15 colorectal cancer cells for effects on cell viability, cell cycle and autophagy. Our data show that metformin synergistically enhances the imatinib cytotoxicity in HCT15 cells as indicated by combination and drug reduction indices. We also demonstrate that the combination causes synergistic down-regulation of pERK, cell cycle arrest in S and G2/M phases via reduction of cyclin B1 level. Moreover, the combination resulted in autophagy induction as revealed by increased acidic vesicular organelles and cleaved form of LC3-II. Inhibition of autophagic process by chloroquine led to decreased cell viability, suggesting that induction of autophagy seems to play a cell protective role that may act against anticancer effects. In conclusion, our present data suggest that metformin in combination with imatinib might be a promising therapeutic option in colorectal cancer.

At the Brain MRI examination, RF Pulse are irradiated on the human head in order to acquire MR images. At this time, a considerable part of the irradiated RF Pulse energy is absorbed in our body and the temperature of the human head will rise depending on the degree of exposure, so it will affect the human head. Even if the same RF Pulse energy is given, if the metal is inserted in the human head, the conductivity of the human head is greatly increased by the metal, so the SAR value increases and the temperature also rises. Therefore, we started this research with the question as to whether there is difference between the change in SAR value and temperature displayed on the head of the human according to use or not of the dental implant. Experiments were using the XFDTD program on a 128 MHz RF Pulse frequency by a 3.0 tesla MRI. We can see that both are increasing that the average value of SAR and temperature that absorbed by the human head model used the dental implant. In addition, the average maximum SAR value and the maximum temperature rise in the brain part are shown below the international safety standard value but the influence can not be ignored because of the result may change according to the increase in the number of dental implant. And as future tasks. we need to the simulation of temperature rise and SAR due to an increase in the number of implants and volumes of teeth, dental implant material.

High-resolution spectroscopic observations of the eclipsing binary system RR Lyn were made using the 1.8 m telescope at the Bohuynsan Optical Astronomical Observatory in Korea. The spectral resolving power was R = 82,000, with a signal to noise ratio of S/N > 150. We found the effective temperatures and surface gravities of the primary and secondary components to be equal to Teff = 7,920 & 7,210 K and log(g) = 3.80 & 4.16, respectively. The abundances of 34 and 17 different chemical elements were found in the atmospheric components. Correlations between the derived abundances with condensation temperatures and the second ionization potentials of these elements are discussed. The primary component is a typical metallic line star with the abundances of light and iron group elements close to solar values, while elements with atomic numbers Z > 30 are overabundant by 0.5–1.5 dex with respect to solar values. The secondary component is a λ Boo type star. In this type of stars, CNO abundances are close to solar values, while the abundance pattern shows a negative correlation with condensation temperatures.

Urachal cancer is extremely rare and accounts for fewer than 1% of malignant neoplasms of the bladder. Urachal remnants persist from the bladder dome to umbilicus after birth, and urachal carcinoma may arise from any of these segments. The standard treatment for urachal cancer is primarily wide excision with extended partial cystectomy of the urachal mass, urachal tract and umbilicus, and pelvic lymph node dissection. Nevertheless, prognosis is generally poor because early diagnosis is difficult and local invasions, distant metastasis, and recurrence frequently develop. The authors present a patient with recurred urachal adenocarcinoma, who was treated by partial cystectomy with lymph node dissection. One year after subsequent concurrent chemoradiotherapy, she achieved complete remission. A brief review of the literature on urachal adenocarcinoma is provided.

It is undisputable that crude oil and its price fluctuations are major components that affect most of the countries’ economies. Recent studies have demonstrated that beside the impact that crude oil price fluctuations have on common macroeconomic indicators like gross domestic product (GDP), inflation rates, exchange rates, unemployment rate, etc., it also has a strong influence on stock markets and their performance. This relationship has been examined in a number of settings, but it is yet to be unraveled in the Omani context. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to examine the possible effect of the oil price fluctuations on stock price movements. The study applies Toda and Yamamoto’s (1995) Granger non-causality test on the daily Oman stock index (Muscat Securities Market Index) and oil prices between the period of 2 January 2003 and 13 March 2016. The results indicated that the oil price fluctuations have a significant impact on stock index movements. However, the stock price movements do not have a significant impact on oil prices. These findings have significant implications not only for the Omani economy but also for the economy of similar countries, particularly in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The latter should carefully consider their policies and strategies regarding crude oil production and the generated income allocation as it might potentially affect the financial markets performance in these countries.

Background : Korean ginseng is an important cash crop in Asian countries. However, plant yield is reduced by pathogens. Among the Ilyonectria radicicola-species complex, I. mors-panacis is responsible for root-rot and replant failure of ginseng in Asia. It is essential to find a way to reveal the existence of the pathogen before starting cultivation. Therefore, qRT-PCR method is developed to detect and quantify the pathogen in ginseng soils. Methods and Results : In this study, species specific Histone H3 primer set is developed for the quantification of I. mors-panacis. The primer set was applied on DNA of other microbes to evaluate its sensitivity and selectivity on I. mors-panacis DNA. Sterilized soil samples artificially infected by the pathogen in different concentrations were used to evaluate the ability of the primer set to detect the pathogen population in the soil DNA. Finally, the pathogen was quantified in many natural soil samples. The designed primer set was found to be sensitive and selective to I. mors-panacis DNA. In artificially infected sterilized soil samples, the estimated template using qRT-PCR was positively correlated with the pathogen concentration in soil samples (R2=0.94), disease severity index (R2=0.99), and colony forming unit (R2=0.87). In the natural soils, the pathogen was recorded in the most of fields produce bad yields with the range of 5.82 ± 2.35 to 892.34 ± 103.70 pg/g of soil. Conclusion : According to the presented results, the proposed primer set is applicable for estimating soils quality before ginseng cultivation. This will help in the disease management and crop protection in the future.

Background : Currently, obesity and adult diseases as a result of sugar intake have been a consistent problem in Korea. Natural sweeteners as sugar substitutes have many advantages over sugar as a small quantity. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate possibility of industrialization as food additives by using the nature sweetness components of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Method and Results : Stevia was cultivated in a plastic house. The leaves and stems were harvested at October. They were ground into fine powder using a mill, and were extracted by high temperature and pression extraction method. The extracts were evaporated under vacuum and lyophilized. Three strawberry cultivars of ‘Seolhyang’, ‘Maehyang’, and ‘F22-196’ were cultivated in a plastic house and were harvested from March to May. The fruits harvested were stored at 50℃ until processing. In order to test the processing suitability of stevia extract, the characteristics of the three strawberry varieties (line) were investigated. As a result, the ‘F22-196’ line, which was bred as a processing strawberry, generally contained more antioxidant materials and activity than those of ‘Maehyang’ and ‘Seolhyang’ varieties. Comparing the sugar contents which affects the quality of strawberry jam, the average sugar contents of ‘F22-196’ line was higher than 'Maehyang' and 'Seolhyang' varieties. In the preparation of strawberry jam using ‘F22-196’, strawberry jam was prepared by adding only sugar or stevia extract powder, which was 1/100 of the amount of the sugar in only sugar strawberry jam, to the sensory test. As a result, we identified that sugar jam and stevia jam added stevia extract showed 50 : 50 at the sensory test and stevia jam does not make a difference to the marketing jam at the point of view of general consumers. Conclusion : ‘F22-196’ line represented the best quality for strawberry jam in test caltivars. Stevia powder is judged to be used as a sweetener of sugar substitutes in the production of strawberry jam and processing food.

1997년 교토의정서를 시작으로 2016년 파리기후협약이 발효되며 온실가스 저감을 위한 세계적인 노력이 계속되고 있다. 국내에서는 ‘폐자원 및 바이오매스 에너지 대책’의 실행을 위해 폐자원의 고형연료화 등 각종 에너지화 시설의 확충을 장려하고 있으며, 이를 통해 2020년까지 1,169만톤/년의 폐자원 에너지화를 달성하고자 한다. 폐자원 및 바이오매스는 가용 잠재량이 풍부하며, 저렴한 비용으로 신재생에너지 공급의 조기 성과 창출 및 온실가스 감축의무를 이행할 수 있는 수단이다. 반탄화 기술은 취급과 저장이 용이하며, 높은 에너지 밀도를 갖는 고형 연료를 생산하는 기술로 낮은 발열량과 높은 함수율을 갖는 바이오매스의 전처리 과정으로 국내외에서 연구되어 왔다. 일반적인 반탄화 기술의 공정은 원료를 200~300℃의 저온에서 환원분위기를 유지하며 10분에서 60분 동안 열처리하는 기술을 말한다. 본 연구에서는 폐목재와 하수슬러지를 반탄화 기술에 적용하여 고형연료를 생산하는 기술 개발을 위한 0.1 ton/day 급 규모 설비의 운전 특성 파악을 위해 수행하였다. 실험에 쓰인 폐바이오매스는 일반 폐목재(40%)와 하수슬러지(60%)를 혼합하여 사용하였다. 반탄화 공정은 Rotary Kiln에서 반응 온도 250℃, 300℃, 체류시간 40분, 60분의 실험 조건에서 반탄화 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과 반탄화 반응을 통해 생성된 반탄화물은 반응 온도가 증가함에 따라 연료수율 및 연료비는 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 연료수율이 70% 이상을 나타내는 반응 영역에서는 연료비가 2.5~3.0의 범위를 나타내었다. 발열량의 경우 온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 반탄화물의 에너지 수율은 250℃부터 서서히 증가하다가 270℃ 부근에서 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.

하수슬러지는 2006년 런던협약이후 해양투기 금지 대상물질로 지정되어 효율적인 처리에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이에 대한 방안으로 각광 받고 있는 반탄화 공정은 시료의 분쇄성을 높여 혼소에 용이하며, 처리 후 시료가 소수성을 띄기 때문에 미생물에 대한 오염이 적다. 또한 에너지밀도를 높일 수 있어 원시료에 비해 높은 발열량을 가진다. 하지만 다량의 수분을 함유하고 있어 그 이용이 제한적이다. 본 연구에서는 고 함수율 시료인 하수슬러지의 단점을 보완하고자 저 함수율 시료인 폐목재를 1:1로 혼합하여 lab규모 실험을 통해 반탄화 특성을 파악하였다. 반응시간 20분 조건에서 반응온도를 200 ℃에서 50 ℃ 간격으로 550 ℃까지 승온시켰으며, 반응온도 250 ℃, 300 ℃조건에서 반응시간 10분에서 10분 간격으로 50분까지 증가시켰다. 생성된 반탄화물에 대하여 공업분석, 원소분석 및 발열량분석을 진행하였으며, 이를 통해 에너지수율, 연료비, 탄소비 등 반탄화물의 특성을 파악하였다. 반탄화물의 공업분석결과 반응온도 및 반응시간이 증가할수록 가연분은 감소하였으며, 회분과 고정탄소는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 발열량의 경우 반응온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보이다가 반응온도 400 ℃에서 최대 값(5082.7 kcal/kg)을 보인 후, 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 원소분석결과를 기반으로 석탄 종의 O/C와 H/C의 비(Van Krevelen Diagram)을 비교하였다. 수소 및 산소는 반응온도가 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 탄소함량은 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

수은은 장거리 이동특성을 가지고 있어 국제적 공동대응 필요성이 지속적으로 제기되었다. 최근 수은의 관한 미나마타 협약이 채택되었으며, 이에 대한 비준을 추진하고 있다. 수은은 배가스 중에서 가스상, 입자상으로 존재한다. 가스상 수은은 산화수은과 원수수은으로 구분된다. 입자상 수은은 전기집진기, 여과집진기와 같은 먼지 제어장치를 통해 주로 제어된다. 산화수은은 입자상물질에 흡착되어 제어되거나, 습식방지시설에 의해 제어된다. 원소수은은 공정변수들에 의해 산화 및 흡착되어 제어된다. 이와 같이 기존 대기오염 방지시설은 수은의 동시제어(co-benefit)효과를 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미세먼지를 제어하기 위해 개발된 HI-filter에서의 수은 화학종의 거동과 흡착제분사에 따른 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 석탄 화력발전시설에 설치된 Pilot-scale HI-filter는 배가스 중 미세먼지를 99%이상 제어하였으며, 수은의 제어효율은 66.22%로 나타났다. HI-filter는 산화수은을 입자상물질로 전환시키는 비율을 증가시켰다. 이로 인해, HI-filter후단에서의 수은은 대부분 원소수은으로 존재하였다. 이후 원소수은을 제어하기 위해 HI-filter 전단에서 활성탄과 비산재를 분사하여 수은의 화학종과 수은제어효율을 비교하였다. 활성탄분사 시 원소수은은 활성탄에 흡착되었으며, 입자상수은이 80%이상으로 증가하였다. 이로 인해, 수은의 제어효율은 최대 92%까지 증가하였다. 비산재분사 시 원소수은의 산화반응은 촉진되었으며, 산화수은은 35%까지 증가하였다. 그러나 수은의 제어효율은 61%로 감소하였다. 하지만 HI-filter후단이 습식방지시설에 의해 산화수은은 제어될 수 있으며, 석탄 화력발전시설 전체의 수은제어효율은 크게 상승할 것으로 판단된다.

Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance, which are aggravated by the interaction between hypertrophic adipocytes and macrophages. In this study, we investigated the effects of tangeretin on inflammatory changes and glucose uptake in a coculture of hypertrophic adipocytes and macrophages. Tangeretin decreased nitric oxide production and the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in a coculture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 cells. Tangeretin also increased glucose uptake in the coculture system, but did not affect the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and Akt. These results suggest that tangeretin improves insulin resistance by attenuating obesity-induced inflammation in adipose tissue.

Purpose - The main purpose of the current study is to examine the impact of accounting information quality and information asymmetry on the underinvestment phenomenon among the listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Research design, data, and methodology - The population includes 94 firms selected through systematic sampling. The data is collected from the audited financial statements of the firms provided by TSE’s website from 2010 to 2015. Accounting information quality and information asymmetry is considered as independent variables, and their impact is examined on the dependent variable (underinvestment). Results - The statistical results, based on data collected from 94 listed companies on the TSE during 2010–2015, revealed positive impact of accounting information quality and positive impact of information asymmetry on underinvestment. There was a significant relationship between accrual quality (AQ) and underinvestment, and spread and underinvestment. The results also showed that information asymmetry is the main factor in the creation underinvestment. Conclusions - Findings of this article can assist accounting researchers and theoreticians in comparing Real world facts with hypotheses developed with respect to accounting information quality, information asymmetry and underinvestment. However, the results of fuzzy regression analysis indicate significant relationships between the independent variable except underinvestment.

Optical observation is one of the most common techniques used for characterizing the physical properties of unknown objects and debris in space. This research presents measurements and properties of the new object 96019 from ground-based optical methods. Optical observations of this small object were performed using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and the Santel-500 telescope at the Zvenigorod Observatory. The orbital elements and physical properties of this object, such as areato- mass ratio, have been determined. The results show that this small object has a low area-to-mass ratio, between 0.009 and 0.12 m2/kg. The light curve of object 96019 is given: Over the time intervals, variations in brightness are analyzed and the maximum brightness was found to be 12.4 magnitudes. The observational results show that, this object brightens by about three magnitudes over a time span of three minutes. Based on these observations, the characteristics and physical properties of this object are discussed.

본 연구에서는 일반촬영에서 자동노출제어장치를 이용하여 검사할 때 체내에 잔존하는 CT 조영제와 MRI 조영제가 면적선량에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 복부 두께의 파라핀 팬텀 중앙에 사각형의 홀을 만든 후 CT 조영제, MRI 조영제를 각각 식염수 대 조영제 희석 비율, 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9, 0:10 %의 비율로 희석하였다. 각 실험은 KUB 촬영의 적정 조건인 78kVp, 320mA로 설정 후 자동노출제어장치를 이용하여 희석 비율 당 총 30회씩의 검사를 하였고, 각 조영제의 희석 비율에 따른 면적선량, 노출지수에 대해 평균 비교와 상관분석을 하였다. 그 결과, CT 조영제와 MRI 조영제는 희석 비율에 따라 면적선량이 다르게 나타났고(p<0.05), 희석 비율이 증가함에 따라 CT 조영제와 MRI 조영제는 면적선량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 각 검사에서 노출지수는 제조사 권고 사항인 200-800 EI값을 나타냈으며, 노출지수와 면적선량은 면적선량이 증가할수록 노출지수도 증가하였다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 CT 조영제와 MRI 조영제는 모두 자동노출제어장치를 사용하는 일반촬영 검사에서 면적선량을 증가시키는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 CT와 MRI 검사에서 조영제를 사용한 후 일반촬영 검사를 할 때에는 조영제가 충분히 배설된 후 시행하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Net primary productivity (NPP) is considered as an important indicator for forest ecosystem since the role of the forest is highlighted as a key sector for mitigating climate change. The objective of this research is to estimate changes on the net primary productivity of forest in South Korea under the different climate change scenarios. The G4M (Global Forest Model) was used to estimate current NPP and future NPP trends in different climate scenarios. As input data, we used detailed (1 km × 1 km) downscaled monthly precipitation and average temperature from Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) for four RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenarios (2.6/4.5/6.0/8.5). We used MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) NPP data for the model validation. Current NPP derived from G4M showed similar patterns with MODIS NPP data. Total NPP of forest increased in most of RCP scenarios except RCP 8.5 scenario because the average temperature increased by 5°C. In addition, the standard deviation of annual precipitation was the highest in RCP8.5 scenario. Precipitation change in wider range could cause water stress on vegetation that affects decrease of forest productivity. We calculated future NPP change in different climate change scenarios to estimate carbon sequestration in forest ecosystem. If there was no biome changes in the future NPP will be decreased up to 90%. On the other hand, if proper biome change will be conducted, future NPP will be increased 50% according to scenarios.

Three different transplanting dates for two rice cultivars grown in Daegu, Republic of Korea, were examined to identify the changes in growth, rice quality, and characteristics of amylopectin. An early transplanting date caused a reduction in the number of panicles in both rice cultivars compared to that in the optimal and late transplanting dates. The 1000-grain weight in the two rice cultivars was significantly increased in the late transplanting date. The rice cultivar tolerant to high temperatures, Donganbyeo, exhibited the lowest milky grain rate in the late transplanting date. The highest rate of head grain was observed in the late transplanting date in both rice cultivars. Regarding the pattern of pasting properties, peak viscosity increased with delayed transplanting dates. With respect to changes in the amylopectin branch-chain length distribution, the amylopectin structure of the translucent Dongan rice cultivar transplanted on April 25 was characterized by a significant increase in A chains with DP > 12, and a decrease in long chains DP ≥ 37 compared to that transplanted on June 25. In contrast, the amylopectin structure of the chalky Dongan rice cultivar transplanted on April 25 exhibited further decrease in 13 < DP < 19 than that transplanted on June 25. In the Ungwang rice cultivar, the amylopectin structure of the translucent Ungwang rice cultivar transplanted on April 25 and June 25 was characterized by a significant decrease in the lengths of total amylopectin chains. Furthermore, the amylopectin structure of the chalky Ungwangbyeo rice cultivar transplanted on April 25 was characterized by a significant increase in 7 < DP < 30, while a significant decrease was observed in that transplanted on June 25. These results indicate that the amylopectin structure is altered by different transplanting dates depending on the characteristics of the rice cultivar.

This research assessed the disparity in anion generation according to the vertical structure of a Zelkova Serrata tree for the purpose of creating a pleasant and green city environment. Measurements for the study were conducted between July and August of 2014 in Chung-ju in the central region of the Republic of Korea. The average anion generation of vertical structure trees during active photosynthesis periods was: L Section (839.0 ea/cm3) > M Section (664.6 ea/cm3) > U Section (472.0 ea/cm3). According to DMRT analysis, significant difference was found in the average between the L, or M Locations and the U Locations. During dormant photosynthesis periods, records showed that the anion production at the M Location (1,212.5 ea/cm3) > L Location (1,050.4 ea/cm3) > H Location (844.1 ea/cm3), According to DMRT analysis, the difference within each location was significant for α=0.05. In a comprehensive analysis of the weather factors in each vertical structure, anion generation during active photosynthesis periods showed a positive correlation with solar radiation and a negative correlation with wind speed. Dormant photosynthesis periods showed negative correlations with both solar radiation and temperature, and positive correlations with relative humidity and wind speed. Predictions from a multicenter retrospective study showed that during active photosynthesis periods, Y1 = 282.443X1 + 512.07, and Y2 = 314.337X1 + 16.913X2, while during dormant photosynthesis periods, Y1=391.009X1 + 840.043, and Y2=351.412X1 + 32.765X2.