This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of glucose and sodium phosphate on in vitro development of porcine oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. When the culture medium was supplemented with various concentrations of glucose, the higher proportions (23 and 26%) of oocytes developed to morular or blastocyst stages were at the concentrations of 2.78 and 5.56 mM than 0 (9%; P<0.05) and 11.12 mM (18%). In experiment to evaluate effect of sodium phosphate during in vitro development of porcine oocytes, a significantly (P<0.05) higher proportions of embryos developed to morular or blastocyst stages was obtained with sodium phosphateof 0.28 (25%) and 0.53 (27％) mM than 0 (15%), 1.05 (19%) and 2.10 (10%) mM. On the other hand, when oocytes were cultured in medium with (0.53 mM) sodium phosphate, the proportions of developed embryos were significantly (P<0.05) higher in medium without (29%) that than with (14%) 5.56 mM glucose. However, a higher proportion of embryos developed to morular or blastocyst stages were obtained in medium with (23%) that than without (8%) glucose (P<0.05). The minimum essential medium (MEM) added to the culture medium were higher regardless of presence of sodium phosphate and glucose on the development of embryos. Although sodium phosphate and glucose could support morular and blastocyst development to a limited extend (10∼24%), significantly higher proportion (36%) at morular or blastocyst stages was obtained by MEM adding in the medium with sodium phosphate and glucose. These results suggest that the early development of in vitro fertilized porcine oocytes can be maintained efficiently by glucose and sodium phosphate when they were cultured in medium with MEM.

The purpose of this study was to explore characteristics of natural history museum exhibits from the viewpoint of science education. A total of ninety exhibits for this study were examined in national science museums of Korea and Japan. Exhibits of Tokyo national science museum were again divided into two groups: the old and traditional types, and the new and renovated ones. Even though analyzing data was not undertaken through quantitative statistical process, the interpretation of the data was valid enough to fulfill the purpose of the research. While there were clear changes and differences between the old and the new types of exhibits in Tokyo national science museum, the old part of Tokyo museum was similar to one in Korea. Based on analyzing the new types of Tokyo museum, the current movement in the field of natural history museums of Korea explicitly has toward utilizing more science education concepts and ideas.

The light element candidates such as S, O, Si, and K are discussed for the reasonable compositions in the earth's core since the available data show density difference from pure iron core. These candidates are favored by the some evidences such as depletion in the crust and mantle, and lower eutectic temperature of Fe-FeS melt for sulfur. FeO phase for oxygen, lighter mass than sulfur and solubility in metallic phases for silicon, and partitioning in Fe-FeS melt for potassium. However, other problems such as short experimental data, initial compositions of these elements, and oxidation state during the formation of the earth should be solved simultaneously to confirm these light elements.

In the FMAS system the effect of iron on alumina solubility in orthopyroxene has been determined by experiments with crystalline starting mixtures of garnet and orthopyroxene of known initial compositions at 20 kb, 975˚C and 25 kb, 1,200˚C. These data have been modeled to develop a thermodynamic method for the calculation of Al2O3 in orthopyroxene as a function of P, T and composition. The direct application of the alumina solubility data in the MAS system to natural assemblages could lead to significant overestimation of pressure, probably by about 5kb for the relatively common garnet-lherzolites with abot 25 mol per cent Ca + Fe2+ in garnet and about 1 wt. per cent Al2O3 in orthopyroxene since the effect of Fe is similar to that of Ca and Cr3+in reducing the alumina solubility in orthopyroxene in equilibrum with garnet relative to that in the MAS system.

Some fine specimens of Annulariopsis bunkeiensis were collected from two fossil sites of the Amisan Formation of Nampo Group distributed in the Jogaegol, Boryeng City, Chungnam Province. According to our detailed study from our new material, the leaves of A. bunkeiensis are not mucronate, but emarginate at their apices. Accordingly, we revised the diagnostic characters given by Kimura and Kim (1988) mainly in regard to the leaf apex.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of bovine nuclear transfer (NT) embryos cultured in serum-free conditions. Bovine NT embryos cultured in various culture conditions were compared blastocyst development, total cell number and apoptosis using TUNEL assay. In experiment 1, blastocyst rates of NT embryos were significantly higher (P<0.01) in FBS (22.0％) and BSA (26.6％) groups than in PVA (6.3％) group. Total cell number was significantly higher in FBS (78.4±19.4) and BSA (90.9±29.1) groups than in PVA group (46.0±0.0). Apoptotic cell number was significantly fewer in FBS (3.1±1.4) and BSA (1.7±1.4) groups than in PVA group (7.0±20.0) However, all of results were not different between the FBS and BSA group. In experiment 2, blastocyst rates of NT embryos were significantly higher (P<0.05) in fatty acid free-BSA (FAF-BSA) group (26.8％) than in fraction V-BSA group (11.2％). Total cell number were somewhat higher in FAF-BSA group (89.8±30.7) than in fraction V-BSA group (88.1±19.3). Apoptotic cell number were somewhat fewer in FAF-BSA (1.7±1.5) group than in fraction V-BSA group (4.2±2.9). These findings suggest that serum free condition were effective for the in vitro development of bovine NT embryos. Therefore, we concluded that fatty acid free-BSA has beneficial effect in development bovine NT embryos and can be use as a serum substitute.

The effects of additions/deletions in glycosylated residues of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) produced in CHO-K1 on their secretion were examined. hEPO cDNA was amplified from human liver mRNA and cloned into the pCR2.1 TOPO. Using overlapping-extension site-directed mutagenesis method, glycosylation sites at 24th, 38th, 83rd, and 126th were respectively or accumulatively removed by substituting its asparagine (or serine) with glutamine. To add novel glycosylation sites, 69 and 105th leucine was mutated to asparagine. Mutant and wild type rhEPO constructs were cloned into the pcDNA3 expression vector with CMV promoter and transfected into CHO cell line, CHO-K1, to produce mutant rhEPO mutant rhEPO proteins. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and Western analysis with monoclonal anti-EPO antibody were performed using supernatants of the cultures showing transient and stable expressions respectively. Addition of novel glycosylation reduced rhEPO secretion dramatically while deletion mutants had little effect except some double deletion mutants (△24/83 and △38/83) and triple mutant (△24/38/83). This fact suggests that not single but combination of changes in glycosyl groups affect secretion of rhEPO in cell culture, possibly via changes in their conformations.

The species of Cicadidae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha) from Taiwan are taxonomically reviewed. In this paper, 20 species belonging to nine genera in cicadine tribes, Platypleurini, Tibicenini, Polyneurini, and Dundubiini (subtribe Dundubiina) are included. Cosmopsaltria montana Kato, 1927 is synonymized with Macrosemia kareisana (Matsumura, 1907). Information on the biology and the male chirping of most species including two oscillograms are provided. Information on the distribution of all known species is given.

A total of 50 species under two genera in the family Andrenidae are listed from Korea based on the examination of specimens in several depositories and literatural review. Andrena kyusani Kim & Kim, 1989 is found to be a junior synonym of A. longitibialis Hirachima, 1961.

본 연구에서는 지구과학 지식과 창의력을 동시에 적용해야 해결할 수 있는 지구과학 창의력을 평가할 수 있는 문항의 개발 방법을 제시하고자 하였다. R&D과정을 거친 본 연구의 결과는 첫째, 조작적 정의를 통해 창의력과 과학창의력간의 인지능력 차이를 명료화하였고 둘째, 과학창의력을 구성하는 하위 요소들 중에서 문항 개발이 가능하다고 판단된 유창성, 융통성, 정교성, 독창성을 선정하여 각각에 대한 조작적 정의를 내린 후 각 요소들에 대한 평가와 채점의 준거를 제시하였다. 셋째, 평가도구의 구비 조건인 타당도, 신뢰도, 변별도, 난이도를 검증하기 위하여 3번의 현장검증을 실시하였으며, 본 연구에서 개발한 지구과학창의력 평가도구는 각 하위 요소별로 2문항씩 총 8문항으로 구성되어 있다. 넷째, 문항합치도 지수 평균은 .99, 문항 내적 합치도 지수인 Cronbach α값은 .79, 각 문항별 평가자간 신뢰도는 0.78,각 하위 요소별 평가자간 신뢰도는 0.75, 변별도 지수인 점이연상관 지수는 .19, 문항 난이도 지수는 .00이었다. 이와 같이 평가도구의 구비조건들이 허용 범위 내에 있는 것으로 볼 때 본 연구에서 개발한 지구과학 창의력 평가도구는 유용한 것으로 판단할 수 있다.