In the FMAS system the effect of iron on alumina solubility in orthopyroxene has been determined by experiments with crystalline starting mixtures of garnet and orthopyroxene of known initial compositions at 20 kb, 975˚C and 25 kb, 1,200˚C. These data have been modeled to develop a thermodynamic method for the calculation of Al2O3 in orthopyroxene as a function of P, T and composition. The direct application of the alumina solubility data in the MAS system to natural assemblages could lead to significant overestimation of pressure, probably by about 5kb for the relatively common garnet-lherzolites with abot 25 mol per cent Ca + Fe2+ in garnet and about 1 wt. per cent Al2O3 in orthopyroxene since the effect of Fe is similar to that of Ca and Cr3+in reducing the alumina solubility in orthopyroxene in equilibrum with garnet relative to that in the MAS system.

Some fine specimens of Annulariopsis bunkeiensis were collected from two fossil sites of the Amisan Formation of Nampo Group distributed in the Jogaegol, Boryeng City, Chungnam Province. According to our detailed study from our new material, the leaves of A. bunkeiensis are not mucronate, but emarginate at their apices. Accordingly, we revised the diagnostic characters given by Kimura and Kim (1988) mainly in regard to the leaf apex.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of bovine nuclear transfer (NT) embryos cultured in serum-free conditions. Bovine NT embryos cultured in various culture conditions were compared blastocyst development, total cell number and apoptosis using TUNEL assay. In experiment 1, blastocyst rates of NT embryos were significantly higher (P<0.01) in FBS (22.0％) and BSA (26.6％) groups than in PVA (6.3％) group. Total cell number was significantly higher in FBS (78.4±19.4) and BSA (90.9±29.1) groups than in PVA group (46.0±0.0). Apoptotic cell number was significantly fewer in FBS (3.1±1.4) and BSA (1.7±1.4) groups than in PVA group (7.0±20.0) However, all of results were not different between the FBS and BSA group. In experiment 2, blastocyst rates of NT embryos were significantly higher (P<0.05) in fatty acid free-BSA (FAF-BSA) group (26.8％) than in fraction V-BSA group (11.2％). Total cell number were somewhat higher in FAF-BSA group (89.8±30.7) than in fraction V-BSA group (88.1±19.3). Apoptotic cell number were somewhat fewer in FAF-BSA (1.7±1.5) group than in fraction V-BSA group (4.2±2.9). These findings suggest that serum free condition were effective for the in vitro development of bovine NT embryos. Therefore, we concluded that fatty acid free-BSA has beneficial effect in development bovine NT embryos and can be use as a serum substitute.

The effects of additions/deletions in glycosylated residues of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) produced in CHO-K1 on their secretion were examined. hEPO cDNA was amplified from human liver mRNA and cloned into the pCR2.1 TOPO. Using overlapping-extension site-directed mutagenesis method, glycosylation sites at 24th, 38th, 83rd, and 126th were respectively or accumulatively removed by substituting its asparagine (or serine) with glutamine. To add novel glycosylation sites, 69 and 105th leucine was mutated to asparagine. Mutant and wild type rhEPO constructs were cloned into the pcDNA3 expression vector with CMV promoter and transfected into CHO cell line, CHO-K1, to produce mutant rhEPO mutant rhEPO proteins. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and Western analysis with monoclonal anti-EPO antibody were performed using supernatants of the cultures showing transient and stable expressions respectively. Addition of novel glycosylation reduced rhEPO secretion dramatically while deletion mutants had little effect except some double deletion mutants (△24/83 and △38/83) and triple mutant (△24/38/83). This fact suggests that not single but combination of changes in glycosyl groups affect secretion of rhEPO in cell culture, possibly via changes in their conformations.

The species of Cicadidae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha) from Taiwan are taxonomically reviewed. In this paper, 20 species belonging to nine genera in cicadine tribes, Platypleurini, Tibicenini, Polyneurini, and Dundubiini (subtribe Dundubiina) are included. Cosmopsaltria montana Kato, 1927 is synonymized with Macrosemia kareisana (Matsumura, 1907). Information on the biology and the male chirping of most species including two oscillograms are provided. Information on the distribution of all known species is given.

A total of 50 species under two genera in the family Andrenidae are listed from Korea based on the examination of specimens in several depositories and literatural review. Andrena kyusani Kim & Kim, 1989 is found to be a junior synonym of A. longitibialis Hirachima, 1961.

본 연구에서는 지구과학 지식과 창의력을 동시에 적용해야 해결할 수 있는 지구과학 창의력을 평가할 수 있는 문항의 개발 방법을 제시하고자 하였다. R&D과정을 거친 본 연구의 결과는 첫째, 조작적 정의를 통해 창의력과 과학창의력간의 인지능력 차이를 명료화하였고 둘째, 과학창의력을 구성하는 하위 요소들 중에서 문항 개발이 가능하다고 판단된 유창성, 융통성, 정교성, 독창성을 선정하여 각각에 대한 조작적 정의를 내린 후 각 요소들에 대한 평가와 채점의 준거를 제시하였다. 셋째, 평가도구의 구비 조건인 타당도, 신뢰도, 변별도, 난이도를 검증하기 위하여 3번의 현장검증을 실시하였으며, 본 연구에서 개발한 지구과학창의력 평가도구는 각 하위 요소별로 2문항씩 총 8문항으로 구성되어 있다. 넷째, 문항합치도 지수 평균은 .99, 문항 내적 합치도 지수인 Cronbach α값은 .79, 각 문항별 평가자간 신뢰도는 0.78,각 하위 요소별 평가자간 신뢰도는 0.75, 변별도 지수인 점이연상관 지수는 .19, 문항 난이도 지수는 .00이었다. 이와 같이 평가도구의 구비조건들이 허용 범위 내에 있는 것으로 볼 때 본 연구에서 개발한 지구과학 창의력 평가도구는 유용한 것으로 판단할 수 있다.

Human eryhropoietin (EPO) is acidic glycoprotein hormone that plays key role in hematopoiesis by facilitating differentiation of erythrocyte and formation of hemoglobin (Hb) and is used for the treatment of anemia. Human EPO is consist of 166 amino acids which is modified by three N-glycosylations (24, 38, 83) and single O-glycosylation (126). N-glycosylation is reported to be related to the cellular secretion and activity of EPO. In this study, we examined effects of mutagenesis in glycosylation site of recombinat hEPO for the cellular secretion during production from cultured CHO cell. We produced rhEpo which was cloned by PCR from human liver cDNA (TaKaRa) in cultured CHO cell. Using supernatant of the culture, ELISA assay and western analysis were performed. To estimate biological activity, 20IU of rhuEpo was subcutaneously injected into four ICR mice. After 8 days, HCT level was increased average 13 per cent, RBC was increased ca. 2106//. In disease model Rat (anemia c-kit, WSRC-WS/WS), HCT was increased ca. 12%, RBC was increased ca. 1.6106//. These results suggests that rhEpo we produced has biological activity. To remove glycosylation site by substituting 24, 38, 83, and 126th asparagine (or serine) with glutamic acid, overlapping -extension site-directed mutagenesis was performed. To add novel glycosylation sites, 69, 105th leucine was mutated to asparagine. Mutant EPO construct was transfected into CHO cell. Supernatant of the cell culture was analyzed using ELISA assay with monoclonal anti-EPO antibody (Medac, Germany). Since, several reports for mutagenesis of glycosylation sites showed case-by-case results, we examined both transient expression and stable expression. Addition of novel glycosylation sites resulted no secretion while deletion mutants had little effect except some double deletion mutants (24/83 and 38/83) and triple mutant. We suggest that not single but combination of glycosyl group affect secretion of EPO.

Considerable attention has been focused on the cryopreservation of semen and estrus induction in dog, as consequence of poor productivity caused by long anestrus period, in order to enhance the productivity of youngs and to preserve the breeds. The objectives of this study were to evaluate semen quality after cryopreservation and to evaluate the Pregnancy rate after insemination (AI). Fifty infertilie dogs (age 2∼3 years) were selected for the study and divided into three different estrus induction treatment groups. Group 1: dogs (n=15) were given clomifene (0.1 mg/kg) orally for five days at 12 hr intervals. Group 2: dogs (n=15) were given bromocriptine (50 /kg) orally for five days at 12 hr intervals, followed by single injection intravenously of 500 IU GnRH (Group 3, n=20) when pro-estrus occurred. The rates of pregnancy in estrus inducted dogs mated naturally compared to those inseminated artificially with ejaculated fresh semen and frozen-thawed semen. Estrus detection was performed using the method of vaginal smear and confirmed by the plasma progesterone assay. The ejaculated semen to freeze was exposed to a mixture of Tris extender with cryoprotectant (Trisma, 81 mM: TES, 209 mM: citric acid, 6 mM; glucose, 5 mM; glycerol, 8%) and cryopreserved gradually by slow-cooling at 17 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen (LN) for 23 min. The motility of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was assessed by phase-contrast microscopy. To assess their viability and acrosome content, spermatozoa were stained with a vital stain and Fluorescence conjugated lectin Pisum Savitum Agglutinin (FITC/PAS), respectively. Pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasonograpy on day 25, 35 and 55 post insemination. The use of fresh semen, the pregnancy rates were observed 66.6, 66.6, 75.0 and 83.3% in natural estrus, clomifene induced, bromocriptine induced and a combination of GnRH and bromocriptine, respectively. The use of frozen-thawed semen, the pregnancy rates were observed 66.6, 33.3, 50.0 and 60.0% in natural estrus, clomifene induced, bromocriptine induced and a combination of GnRH and bromocriptine, respectively. No difference was observed in the number of offspring produced among natural estrus and treated groups inseminated with fresh or frozen-thawed semen. In conclusion, the pregnancy rate of dogs treated with a combination of GnRH and bromocriptine was more effective than use of clomifene or bromocriptine only. In addition, frozen-thawed semen can be used successfully far artificial insemination in dog.