This study addresses the scarcity of research examining technology’s impact on learners of English as a foreign language in English for specific purposes (ESP) courses within English-medium instruction (EMI) programs. Focusing on a business communication course using a social question-answering platform, this study explores the interplay among English proficiency, motivational orientations, and online engagement. Surveying 126 university students via a mixed-method approach, this research identifies distinct motivational orientations (intrinsic, extrinsic, and self-efficacy) existing during class activities, influenced by proficiency levels, with notable differences in online participation between beginner and advanced learners. The findings suggest that while online activities enhance peer interaction and teacher feedback, they may trigger anxiety in beginners, potentially diminishing motivation and self-efficacy. These results emphasize the need to tailor technology integration to proficiency levels and motivational orientations in ESP/EMI settings. Practical recommendations are offered for educators aiming to implement effective online activities and provide targeted support, particularly for beginner learners, thereby bolstering their motivation and selfefficacy.

목적: 본 연구는 학습과정에서 보일 수 있는 심리적인 특성과 성격적인 요인을 진단할 수 있는 U&I 학습성격유형검 사를 이용하여 학습성격에 따른 시기능훈련 전·후 향상도를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 안과질환 및 전신질환이 없는 성인 남녀 34명을 대상으로 학습성격유형을 분류하고 양안시검사 결과에 따라 적합한 시기능훈련 도구를 적합한 선정하여 시기능훈련을 실시하였다. 결과 : 학습성격유형과 시기능훈련을 상관 분석한 결과 행동형은 음성상대조절력과 양의 상관관계를 보였으며 규범형은 원거리 양성융합버전스 회복점과 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 탐구형은 양성상대조절력과 음의 상관관계를 보였고 이상형은 음성상대조절력과는 양의 상관관계, 근거리 양성융합버전스 흐린점은 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 학 습성격유형에 따른 시기능훈련 효과를 분석한 결과 융합용이성에서 규범형이 이상형보다 시기능훈련 전·후 융합 용이성의 효과가 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론 : 학습성격유형에 따른 시기능훈련 효과에 차이가 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며 그에 맞는 훈련법을 고안한 다면 더 체계적인 시기능훈련 방법을 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

가는잎향유[Elsholtzia angustifolia (Loes.) Kitag.]는 화형 이 아름답고, 정유 특유의 향기가 좋아서 분화용 및 지피용 관 상식물로 수요가 증가하고 있고, 전초에는 약효가 있다고 알 려져 있다. 본 연구는 가는잎향유의 육묘에 미치는 플러그 트 레이 셀 사이즈, 파종립수, 차광정도, 추비농도 등의 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 연구결과, 플러그 트레이 셀 사 이즈는 용량이 증가할수록 유묘의 초장, 엽수, 마디수, 근장, 지상부 생체중이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 파종 립수는 2립 파 종 시 가장 효율적이었고, 파종량이 증가할수록 생육이 감소 하였다. 차광정도가 높아질수록 초장은 증가하였고, 경직경, 엽수, 마디수는 55% 차광에서 가장 우수하였다. 추비 처리 시 공시비료 1000배 처리구에서 생육이 가장 양호하였다. 따라 서 가는잎향유의 육묘 시 162셀 트레이에 원예상토를 채운 다음 셀 당 2립 파종한 후 55% 차광막이 설치된 육묘상에서 공시비료 1000배로 엽면시비하는 것이 가장 효과적인 것으로 생각된다.

Determining the number of operators who set up the machines in a human-machine system is crucial for maximizing the benefits of automated production machines. A man-machine chart is an effective tool for identifying bottlenecks, improving process efficiency, and determining the optimal number of machines per operator. However, traditional man-machine charts are lacking in accounting for idle times, such as interruptions caused by other material handling equipment. We present an adjusted man-machine chart that determines the number of machines per operator, incorporating idleness as a penalty term. The adjusted man-machine chart efficiently deploys and schedules operators for the hole machining process to enhance productivity, where operators have various idle times, such as break times and waiting times by forklifts or trailers. Further, we conduct a simulation validation of traditional and proposed charts under various operational environments of operators’ fixed and flexible break times. The simulation results indicate that the adjusted man-machine chart is better suited for real-world work environments and significantly improves productivity.

글로벌 게임시장의 성장에 따라 국내 게임이용자도 손쉽게 다양한 국가에서 접할 수 있게 되 었다. 그리고 이러한 글로벌 경쟁 속에서 현실의 다양한 문화 창의적으로 반영한 게임이 점증 하고 있다. 대표적인 것이 중국의 호요버스가 개발한 해제 월드 형<원심>으로, 해당 콘텐츠는 캐릭터와 공간디자인에 다양한 국가의 문 것이 특징이다. 이때 의상디자인은 캐릭터의 성격과 매력을 효과적으로 이국적인 특색을 드러내는 기호라는 점에서 특히 중요하다. 이에 이 글은 먼저 캐릭터 의상과 의상 기호에 관한 검토하고, <원심>의 문화 활용 전략을 간단히 살펴보았 다. 이후 퍼스의 기호학을 활용해 중국의 문화적 특색을 반<원신> 캐릭터 ‘운근’을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, <원신>의 캐릭터 디자인전략은 중국의 풍부한 문화적 문맥을 중심 코드를 적극적으 로 빌리는 한편, 캐릭터 성을 부각하는 방향으로 의상 구성요소를 변형 시 나타났다. 이후 분 석 결과를 바탕으로 차후 연구를 위한 발전 방향을 제시하였다..

Background: Although an understanding of the proliferation and differentiation of fish female germline stem cells (GSCs) is very important, an appropriate threedimensional (3D) research model to study them is not well established. As a part of the development of stable 3D culture system for fish female GSCs, we conducted this study to establish a 3D aggregate culture system of ovarian cells in marine medaka, Oryzias dancena. Methods: Ovarian cells were separated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation and two different cell populations were cultured in suspension to form ovarian cell aggregates to find suitable cell populations for its formation. Ovarian cell aggregates formed from different cell populations were evaluated by histology and gene expression analyses. To evaluate the media supplements, ovarian cell aggregate culture was performed under different media conditions, and the morphology, viability, size, gene expression, histology, and E2 secretion of ovarian cell aggregates were analyzed. Results: Ovarian cell aggregates were able to be formed well under specific culture conditions that used ultra-low attachment 96 well plate, complete mESM2, and the cell populations from top to 50% layers after separation of ovarian cells. Moreover, they were able to maintain minimal ovarian function such as germ cell maintenance and E2 synthesis for a short period. Conclusions: We established basic conditions for the culture of O. dancena ovarian cell aggregates. Additional efforts will be required to further optimize the culture conditions so that the ovarian cell aggregates can retain the improved ovarian functions for a longer period of time.

Despite advancements in therapeutic approaches, radiotherapy and cisplatin-based chemotherapy remain primary noninvasive treatments for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Moreover, the 5-year survival rate for patients with OSCC has remained almost unchanged for several decades, and many side effects of chemotherapy still exist. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) models of OSCC were established using fibroblasts, and the efficacy of various biological inhibitors was evaluated. A culture of epithelial cells with two types of fibroblasts (hTERT-hNOFs and cancer-associated fibroblasts) within a type I collagen matrix resulted in the formation of a continuous layer of tightly packed cells compared to models without fibroblasts. Furthermore, the effects of biological chemicals, including Y27632, latrunculin A, and verteporfin, on these models were investigated. The stratified formation of the epithelial layer and invasion in OSCC 3D-culture models were effectively inhibited by verteporfin, whereas invasion was weakly inhibited by Y27632 and latrunculin. Collectively, the developed OSCC 3D-culture models established with fibroblasts demonstrated the potential for drug screening, with verteporfin showing promising efficacy.

본 연구에서는 3D 프린팅 기술과 인체공학 순설계를 이용하여 턱관절 자기공명영상 동적 턱관절 검사 보조기구를 개발하고자 하였다. 3D 프린팅 기술 재료는 3D 프린터(Sindo, 3DWOX1, Korea), 3D 모델러 프로그램(Fusion 360, autodesk, USA), PLA(polylactic Acid) 필라멘트 소재를 이용하였고, 영상 검사는 3.0T 자기공명영상 장비 (Magnetom Vida, Siemens, Germany)를 사용하였다. 개발 방법은 성인 30명(남:13명, 여:17명, 평균나이 22.9±2.0세)의 안면뼈 CT(computed tomography) 검사의 단면 영상을 역학적으로 실측하여 상/하악궁의 형상을 모델링하였다. 모델링된 파일은 FDM(fused deposition modeling) 방식으로 3D 프린팅하였다. 출력된 보조기구는 자화 감수성 인공물 실험, 동적 영상 비교, 만족도 평가로 성능을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 자화감수성 인공물 발생은 개발된 개구 보조 장비와 비교하여 모든 영상에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 동적 비교 영상에서는 TSE 기법이 모든 평가 법에서 가장 우수한 영상 품질을 보였다. 만족도 평가에서는 피검자는 평균 4.3점, 방사선사는 평균 4.4점으로 높은 만족도를 보였다. 결론적으로 인공물 발생이 없는 환자 맞춤형 보조기구에 개구의 동적 기능이 탑재된 보조기구 를 개발하였다.

This study utilized text mining analysis to identify keywords used in the research of gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), taking into account horticultural crops, environmental or physical treatments, and chemical or material factors. Data spanning from 1980 to 2021 was gathered from ScienceON and interpreted using word cloud visualization analysis following post-processing. Morphological analysis and coding were conducted using the text mining packages library tm provided by the R program. Our review of B. cinerea included and analyzed 7,342 papers. Among the extracted words, those related to crops and ranking in the top 10 were tomato, strawberry, grape, apple, cucumber, bean, kiwifruit, rose, pepper, and pear. roses were the only flower in the top 10 horticultural crops. Research has explored environmental or physical treatment factors such as storage, temperature, cold, seasons, humidity, heat/hot UV-C, sprays, films, and coatings. Chemical or material words included fungicide, chitosan, ethylene, oil, ROS, ABA, VOC, glucose, carbon, and ethanol.

The cocoa sub-sector is an important pillar of Ghana’s economic stability and growth prospects; the sub-sector contributes to fiscal stability, infrastructure, and employment. In recent times, diversification has become a common observable feature in the industry. This study uses the conditional mixed process approach to examine the interaction between the diversification status and profitability of cocoa farming simultaneously in a single system. Using data from 401 farmers in the Western and Ashanti regions of Ghana in 2022, the study found that more profitable farmers were more likely to diversify. Conversely, diversified farmers were likely to be more profitable than non-diversified farmers. It also found that the farmer's age, experience, farm area, and location of the farm impacted both the profitability and diversification status of farmers. Thus, it is suggested that policymakers should direct policies and programs to support the creation of alternative farm-based livelihoods for farmers.

본 연구에서는 자기공명영상검사실 방사선사의 환자안전 문화 인식을 분석하고자 하였다. 수도권 자기공명영상검사 실에서 근무하는 방사선사 109명을 대상으로 일반적인 특성, 실태조사, 환자안전 문화 인식에 대해 설문 조사하였 다. 의료종사자들을 대상으로 개발된 한국형 환자안전문화 측정 도구에서 최상위 리더십을 경영진으로, 부서장이라 는 단어를 파트장으로 수정하였고 전문가 5인에게 내용 타당도를 검증받았다. 결과적으로 자기공명영상검사실에서 근무하는 방사선사의 환자안전 문화 인식 점수는 평균 3.97로 높았지만, 안전사고경험 비율이 65.1%로 높게 나타났 다. 따라서 정기적으로 이루어지고 있는 자기공명영상검사 안전교육의 효율성 제고를 위한 연구가 필요하며 본 연구 가 기초자료를 제공할 것이라 사료된다.

The bentonite buffer material is a crucial component in an engineered barrier system used for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Because a large amount of heat from the disposal canister is released into the bentonite buffer material, the thermal conductivity of the bentonite buffer is a crucial parameter that determines the design temperature. At the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), a new standard bentonite (Bentonil-WRK) has been used since 2022 because Gyeongju (KJ) bentonite is no longer produced. However, the currently available data are insufficient, making it essential to investigate both the basic and complex properties of Bentonil-WRK. Thus, this study evaluated its geotechnical and thermal properties and developed a thermal conductivity empirical model that considers its dry density, water content, and temperature variations from room temperature to 90°C. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the model was found to be 0.986. The thermal conductivity values of Bentonil-WRK were 1–10% lower than those of KJ bentonite and 10–40% higher than those of MX-80 bentonites, which were attributable to mineral-composition differences. The thermal conductivity of Bentonil-WRK ranged between 0.504 and 1.149 W·(m−1·K−1), while the specific heat capacity varied from 0.826 to 1.138 (kJ·(kg−1·K−1)).

This study develops and validates an English communicative competence model for Korean high school students, in response to the need to redefine the relevant concepts and components of competence that are demanded by the rapidly evolving future society. Drawing on Celce-Murcia’s (2008) theoretical model on communicative competence, this research conceptualized a model that could assess high school students’ English communicative competence by examining relevant domestic and international studies as well as theoretical reflections. Expert opinions from a two-stage Delphi survey were compiled and incorporated to revise, supplement, and validate the English communicative competence among high school students reflecting Korea’s English education environment. Following this process, the conceptual model for English communicative competence was reorganized into five sub-competences (sociolinguistic, discourse, linguistic, interactional, and strategic competence) and 15 corresponding subfactors. The content validity ratio values for the conceptual definition and factor structure of this model were all above 0.64, thus affirming the validity of the conceptual definition and factor structure.

Background: The small intestine plays a crucial role in animals in maintaining homeostasis as well as a series of physiological events such as nutrient uptake and immune function to improve productivity. Research on intestinal organoids has recently garnered interest, aiming to study various functions of the intestinal epithelium as a potential alternative to an in vivo system. These technologies have created new possibilities and opportunities for substituting animals for testing with an in vitro model. Methods: Here, we report the establishment and characterisation of intestinal organoids derived from jejunum tissues of adult pigs. Intestinal crypts, including intestinal stem cells from the jejunum tissue of adult pigs (10 months old), were sequentially isolated and cultivated over several passages without losing their proliferation and differentiation using the scaffold-based and three-dimensional method, which indicated the recapitulating capacity. Results: Porcine jejunum-derived intestinal organoids showed the specific expression of several genes related to intestinal stem cells and the epithelium. Furthermore, they showed high permeability when exposed to FITC-dextran 4 kDa, representing a barrier function similar to that of in vivo tissues. Collectively, these results demonstrate the efficient cultivation and characteristics of porcine jejunum-derived intestinal organoids. Conclusions: In this study, using a 3D culture system, we successfully established porcine jejunum-derived intestinal organoids. They show potential for various applications, such as for nutrient absorption as an in vitro model of the intestinal epithelium fused with organ-on-a-chip technology to improve productivity in animal biotechnology in future studies.

In response to the expanding landscape of the biotechnology industry and the increasing demand for comprehensive drug development as well as the conduct of preclinical and clinical trials, there is a growing need for employment of diverse animal models, including both small and large animals. The focus of this study was on refining ex vivo culture techniques for bioluminescence imaging following administration of intradermal injections in large animals. To examine the feasibility of our approach, varying concentrations of the rFluc protein were administered to rats and live imaging was employed to validate the corresponding levels of expression. Subsequently, following administration of rFluc to mini-pigs, ex vivo analyses were performed on sample tissues to assess the levels of protein expression across different concentrations. In particular, optimal culturing conditions that facilitated the sustained expression of the protein in samples post-euthanasia were identified. Moreover, by employing small animal imaging devices, we were able to capture clear images of the sample plates, which provided evidence of the successful application of our experimental techniques. The findings from this research represent a significant effort toward refining bioluminescence imaging methods tailored for use with large animal models—an imperative facet of contemporary drug development and biomedical research.

개나무좀과 (Bostrichidae)에 속하는 Lyctoxylon dentatum (Pascoe, 1866)(가슴각진개나무좀; 신칭), Melalgus batillus (Lesne, 1902)(큰머 리개나무좀; 신칭)을 채집하여 한반도에서 처음으로 보고한다. 본 연구는 이들에 대한 간단한 진단형질과 종 정보 및 사진자료를 제공하고자 한다.

This study evaluated the risk of single and combined exposure to microplastics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) through biomarkers, such as survival rate, excretion rate, and histological alterations of organ systems. The experimental groups were the control (Cont.), single microplastics exposure group (MPs, 1.83%/fish total weight (g)), the copper group (Cu, 21.6 μg L-1), and a group with combined exposure to MPs and copper (MPs*Cu). The experiment was conducted with individual exposure (7 days) for MP excretion rate analysis and group exposure (14 days) for biomarker analysis. The daily excretion rate of MPs tended to decrease in a time-dependent manner. The copper concentration in the body was not significantly different between single and combined copper exposure. The degeneration of mucous cells in the skin, capillary dilation of the gill lamella, increased intestinal mucous, hepatocyte hypertrophy, and the degeneration of glomeruli and renal tubules were observed in all exposure groups. These histological alterations showed the highest tendency in the MPs*Cu group. In this study, the changes in biomarkers were attributed to the single effect of copper or the combined effect of copper and MPs rather than being solely influenced by MPs.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 HMD VR을 사용해 발생한 사이버 멀미와 양안시 기능이 상관관계를 보이는지 알아보고 자 하였다. 방법 : 근거리 시력에 무리가 없는 20~40대 성인 52명을 대상으로 VR 콘텐츠 이용 전 양안시 기능을 측정하기 위해 수평사위도, 조절 근점, 폭주 근점, 양안조절용이성, 입체시, 상대조절력검사를 시행하였다. 광학 흐름 요소로 구분한 세 가지 VR 콘텐츠를 선정하여 대상자에게 사용하도록 하고 Virtual reality sickness questionnaire을 통해 VR 콘텐츠 이용 전과 후의 사이버 멀미를 측정하였다. 양안시 기능과 사이버 멀미에 대한 상관분석을 실시하 였다. 결과 : VR 콘텐츠 사용 후 콘텐츠 T와 R은 모든 항목에서 사이버 멀미(p<0.001)는 유의하게 증가하였다. 콘텐츠 B의 안구운동에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 상관분석에서는 근거리 사위가 콘텐츠 T의 방향감각상실(p< 0.050), 전체 VRSQ(p<0.050)와 음의 상관관계를 보였으며, 콘텐츠 R의 안구운동불편(p<0.050)과 유의한 상관관 계가 나타났다. 양안조절용이성은 콘텐츠 T의 전체 VRSQ(p<0.050)와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 이 외에 다른 양안 시 기능은 사이버 멀미 요인과 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 결론 : 양안시 기능은 사이버 멀미와의 결과로 사용자의 개인적 특성이나 양안시 기능 자체가 사이버 멀미에 미 치는 영향보다 3D를 구현하는 콘텐츠의 광학 흐름 요소가 미치는 영향이 더 높다는 것으로 사료된다. 향후 연구에 서는 VR 콘텐츠의 시각 요소와 시지각에 대한 요소가 고려되어야 할 필요성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

Mushrooms play crucial roles as reservoirs of naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Among these, Cordyceps militaris is significant because of its well-established reputation for organoleptic excellence and positive health effects, which have led to its widespread commercialization. In contrast, the key properties of Paecilomyces variotii, an ectomycorrhizal symbiont, has received limited attention. In alignment with current research trends, the study of the mycelia and culture media of these mushrooms hold promise in identifying potential sources of valuable bioactive compounds. In the present study, we investigated C. militaris and P. variotii for their phenolic acids and sterols, assessing antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory effects, and anti-proliferative activity. Interestingly, P. variotii mycelia exhibited higher concentrations of ergosterol and phenolic compounds, with comparable levels observed in the fruiting bodies, along with superior antioxidant activity compared to that of C. militaris. In contrast, C. militaris mycelia demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects (which were absent in P. variotii mycelia) and cytotoxicity comparable to, and at times exceeding, that of its fruiting bodies (in contrast to P. variotii). In addition, the species analyzed in this study displayed variations in growth rates and mycelial production, which merit consideration for potential future applications and further study.