In this paper, mainly based on the data with the constituent XP-man-i ('XP-only-F'), I discuss some distributional and functional properties of the markers -ka in Korean to suggest that the marker -ka that is stacked on the dative marker -eykey ('to') or on particles like -man ('only') (which is generally called stacked -ka) is not a case marker, but a focus marker with a special function, and that unstacked -ka may also function as a focus marker in certain contexts. I also discuss further data with the marker -lul to suggest the following: First, stacked -lul is a focus marker and unstacked -lul may function as a focus marker in certain contexts, like unstacked -ka. Second, there are two types of focus markers, which differ in their morphological realization patterns. Based on the discussions, I conclude that case duplication or case stacking is not allowed in Korean.

The population growth and reproduction of Tetrahymena pyriformis were studied under shaken (aerobic) and unshaken (anaerobic) conditions by applying the growth models, exponential and logistic growth models and the population growth of Tetrahymena was showed the logistic growth model under both, shaken and unshaken conditions and also, the more oxygenated samples had greater population size (N) and three times faster growth rate (r) than less oxygenated samples during incubation periods.

This paper is a part of the development on the safe navigation model of tugs and barges in Korea waters. desk-top tug-barge simulator is to train the crew of tugs and barges, especially tugs' crew. It is connected with steering and engine telegraph console and winch control console, and can describe three types of operation mode for a tug-barge working unit, towing mode, side by side and push mode. It can also record and assess each simulation run. The evaluation module can confirm the result of a finished simulation run and help trainees to find and correct their faults, and it is composed of result evaluation and process evaluation.

This study has been conducted by focusing franchisor’s leadership style, franchisee’s followership, group-efficacy and their trust in order to achieve positive integration of the franchise system. The key results of empirical examination on the moderating effect of group-efficacy and trust between leadership style proposed by Path-Goal Theory and followership has been found as follows. First, franchisors should be showed their leadership style to fit their mutual business situation. Second, Franchisors and franchisees will be found many ways to increase level of franchisee’s group-efficacy. Third, Franchisors will be obtained trust from their own franchisees. These efforts will be given high level of franchisees’ trust and group-efficacy. As a result, positive integration of the franchise system will both enhance their competitiveness.

This paper reexamines the interannual intensity change of tropical cyclone (TC) over the western North Pacific. Analyses are done for the annual extreme intensity and the average intensity of the five strongest typhoons based on the best track data issued from the RSMC (Regional Specialized Meteorological Center) Tokyo and the JTWC (Joint Typhoon Warning Center). Trends over the last 30+ years in one data set are nearly opposite in another. Specifically, the TC intensity tends to increase with the years in the JTWC data, whereas the opposite is found in the RSMC data. Realizing that one data set shows a significant statistical difference from the other, a homogenization process has been applied to the original data so that comparisons of the two data sets and the trend analyses become more meaningful than those with solely the original data. With the homogenized data, we present some cautious conclusions regarding the TC intensity changes over the western North Pacific. The annual extreme TC intensity has been decreasing, while the strong TCs have become stronger over the years. For TCs entering the KMA emergency area and directly hitting Korea, we are hesitant to make any conclusions because the corresponding area is small so that the number of TCs entering the area each year is too small to have any statistically significant implications.

family in the Brassica genome sequences by computational approach. The MITE family showed a total of 264bp length including 36bp terminal inverted repeats and remained 2bp (TA) targets it eduplication by its insertion. By searching the genome database of Brassica species, 516, 227, and 15 members were identified from 470Mbp of Brassica oleraceae, 154Mbp of B.rapa and 15Mbp of B.napus, respectively, indicating that there are approximately 692, 760, 1235 copies in B.oleracea, B.rapa and B.napus genomes,respectively. A total of 225 relatively intact MITE members, 146,68, and 11 members, which showed >80% sequence similarity and sequence coverage were identified and retrieved for MITE analysis from B.oleracea, B.rapa and B.napus genomes, respectively. Out of 225 MITE family members 159 having full structure of MITE and 66 having the truncated end either in right TIR or left TIR. Insertion polymorphism due to insertion or non-insertion of MITEs showed high level of polymorphism among accessions intra and inter species of Brassica. The new MITE would provide abetter tool for study molecular breeding in Brassica species and also helpful to understand their contribution in evolution and diversification of the highly duplicated Brassica genome.

overgrowth of soybean plants and thereby brings about lodging, decrease in pod number, damage by disease and insect pest, etc. This experiment was carried out to investigate optimum decapitation method in vinyl mulching soybean cultivation. Sinbuseoktae, local soybean variety was sown on May 25 and June 15 in 2009. Decapitation treatments(Non-decapitation, V8 stage-stem, V8 stage-apex, Flowering initiation stage, V8 stage-Stem+Flowering initiation Stage) were practiced on major growth stage on May25 seeding. Lodging did not occur in apex decapitation at V8 stage while other treatments had severe lodging. NAR from R5 to R7 stage was also highest in apex decapitation at V8 stage, which meaned optimum plant organ structure in utilizing light. On the other hand, flowering date and maturity date among treatments were similar. Seed yield in apex decapitation at V8 stage was highest with 274kg/10a, followed by flowering initiation stage with 249kg/10a. The apex decapitation at V8 stage had 26% yield increase as compared with the control of 216kg/10a due to heavy 100-seed weight.