The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae B is a powerful biological control agent against Monochamusalternatus, a crucial mediator of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this study, production of destruxins(dtxs), insecticidal cyclic hexadepsipeptides, was monitored in the submerged culture of M. anisopliae B. Three typesof dtxs, i.e., destruxin A, B, and E, were produced during the culture. Among the three dtxs, the production yield ofdestruxin A was best, followed by destruxin B and E. Destruxin A production was increased when pH was controlledat 6.0, whereas production of destruxin E was not affected by the pH control. The highest yield of dtxs A, B, and Ewere 16.4, 7.3, and 6.1 mg L-1, respectively. Considering that process for dtxs production has not been optimized, M.anisopliae B has more powerful implication as a biocontrol agent.

This study was conducted from October 2014 to May 2015 to explore forage production and feed values of Italian ryegrass, Rye and whole crop barley as winter forage crops in the Southern region of Korea. The experimental location was over 10 points for each species and each sampling point area was 1 m² (Width: 1 m × Length: 1 m). Air mean temperature and rainfall in the Southern region of Korea during the experimental period was 6.95 ± 5.75℃ and 70.45 ± 54.68 mm, respectively. Fresh forage yield of Italian ryegrass, the most cultivated forage in the Southern region of Korea, was 44.4 ± 7.0 ton/ha. The percentage of dry matter for whole crop barley was 28.9 ± 7.0%. Crude protein (CP) was higher in Italian ryegrass (10.7 ± 5.3%) while total digestible nutrient (TDN) had the highest value in whole crop barley. Crude protein was not significantly different by location. However, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient value of forage from Jeonbuk province were higher than in forage from Gyeongnam province.

In order to study the impact of atmosphere during electron beam irradiation (EBI) of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor fibers, the latter were stabilized by EBI in both air and oxygen atmospheres. Gel-fraction determination indicated that EBI-stabilization under an oxygen atmosphere leads to an enhanced cyclization in the PAN fibers. In the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the PAN fibers stabilized by EBI under an oxygen atmosphere exhibited a greater decrease in the peak intensity at 2244 cm-1 (C≡N vibration) and a greater increase in the peak intensity at 1628 cm-1 (C=N absorption) than the corresponding PAN fibers stabilized under an air atmosphere. From the X-ray diffraction analysis it was found that oxygen uptake in PAN fibers leads to an increase in the amorphous region, produced by cyclization.

The process of oxidizing polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers converts them into an infusible and non-flammable state prior to carbonization. This represents one of the most important stages in determining the mechanical properties of the final carbon fibers, but the most commonly used methods, such as thermal treatment (200°C to 300°C), tend to waste a great deal of process time, money, and energy. There is therefore a need to develop more advanced oxidation methods for PAN precursor fibers. In this review, we assess the viability of electron beam, gamma-ray, ultra-violet, and plasma treatments with a view to advancing these areas of research and their industrial application.

The functional Jeungpyuns with dietary fiber containing cereals such as brown rice and barley flour were developed and physiochemical properties were investigated. The water binding capacity had significantly the highest value of 28.4% in raw rice flour,

family in the Brassica genome sequences by computational approach. The MITE family showed a total of 264bp length including 36bp terminal inverted repeats and remained 2bp (TA) targets it eduplication by its insertion. By searching the genome database of Brassica species, 516, 227, and 15 members were identified from 470Mbp of Brassica oleraceae, 154Mbp of B.rapa and 15Mbp of B.napus, respectively, indicating that there are approximately 692, 760, 1235 copies in B.oleracea, B.rapa and B.napus genomes,respectively. A total of 225 relatively intact MITE members, 146,68, and 11 members, which showed >80% sequence similarity and sequence coverage were identified and retrieved for MITE analysis from B.oleracea, B.rapa and B.napus genomes, respectively. Out of 225 MITE family members 159 having full structure of MITE and 66 having the truncated end either in right TIR or left TIR. Insertion polymorphism due to insertion or non-insertion of MITEs showed high level of polymorphism among accessions intra and inter species of Brassica. The new MITE would provide abetter tool for study molecular breeding in Brassica species and also helpful to understand their contribution in evolution and diversification of the highly duplicated Brassica genome.

"Yeu", an Asiatic lily variety was released by the National Horticultural Research Institute (NHRI), in 2006. A crossing was made between Asiatic lily "Foxtrot", a orange colored cultivar, and Asiatic lily "A94-l" (White bird x Foxtrot), a orange colored cultivar in 1996. A promising line No. 9857 was selected in natural cultivation condition from the progenies of a cross combination between "Foxtrot" and "A94-1" in 1998. The flower characteristics and cultivation performance of "Yeu" were investigated from 2000 to 2005 named as Wongyo C1-85. The natural flowering time of "Yeu" was the middle of June, but year-round cut flower production was possible by storing the bulbs under -1 to -2℃ conditions. The flower has unspotted, upward facing, and orange petals without fragrance. The plant height at the natural flowering time is 50±5.7 cm. The width of flower is 12.6±0.5 cm. The weight and circumference of bulb are 18.4±6.8 g and 12.4±2.2 cm, respectively. For forcing culture, it is necessary to add calcium to the fertilizer or remove side scales to prevent leaf scorch. Botrytis disease should be properly controlled especially in wet season.

"Black Eye", an Asiatic lily cultivar was released by the National Horticultural Research Institute (NHRI) in 2006. A crossing was made between an Asiatic lily "La Toya", a purple colored variety, and an Asiatic lily "Nerone", a dark red colored variety in 1997. Selection was made in natural cultivation condition from the progenies of a cross combination between "La Toya" and "Nerone" in 2000. The flower characteristics and performance of "Black Eye" were investigated from 2001 to 2005 as Wongyo C1-89. The natural flowering time of "Black Eye" at rain shelter condition was the middle of June, but year-round cut flower production was possible by storing the bulbs at -1 to -2℃ condition. It has black spotted and upward facing dark red petals without fragrance. The plant height is 118 cm. The width of flower is 16.8 cm. The weight and circumference of bulb are 25.9 g and 13.7 cm, respectively. For forcing culture at winter season, it is necessary to add Ca++ to the fertilizer or remove side scales to prevent leaf scorch. Botrytis disease should be properly controlled especially during wet season.