The purpose of this study was to investigate the main source of contamination of dried red pepper by assessing microbial loads on red peppers, washing water, washing machines, harvesting containers, and worker gloves that had come in contact with the dried red pepper. To estimate microbial loads, indicator bacteria (total bacteria, coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli) and pathogenic bacteria (E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium perfringens) were enumerated. The results showed that the numbers of indicator bacteria increased significantly after washing red peppers compared with that before washing (p<0.05). Moreover, E. coli and Listeria spp. were recovered from the red peppers after washing and from the ground water used in the washing process. The number of indicator bacteria on red peppers dried in the green house was lower than that on red peppers dried in a dry oven (p<0.05). However, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, and C. perfringens were not detected. These results suggested that a disinfection technique may be needed during the washing step in order to prevent potential contamination. In addition, hygienic practices during the drying step using the dry oven, such as establishment of an optimal temperature, should be developed to enhance the safety of dried red pepper.

골반저근은 골반기관을 지지하는 기능을 가지고 있으며 요자제를 유지하는 여성의 주요 하부조직이다. 골반저근의 약화는 복압성 요실금의 원인이 되는데, 이러한 골반저근의 기능 정도는 복압성 요실금의 병증정도를 평가하는 지표로 사용될 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 골반저근의 수축 압력을 측정하여 복압성 요실금의 병적 진행정도를 정량적으로 진단할 수 있는 요실금 진단 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 이를 위하여 골반저근의 수축압력 정보를 측정할 수 있는 시스템을 제작하였으며, 측정된 데이터의 특징 분석을 위한 측정 프로토콜을 제안하였다. 복압성 요실금 환자로부터 획득한 데이터를 이용하여 5개의 진단 파라미터를 추출하였으며, 이를 이용한 진단 알고리즘을 구현하였다. 임상시험을 통하여 진단 알고리즘의 정확성을 평가한 결과 80%의 정확성을 보였으며, 20%의 위양성 진단 결과를 보였다. 반면에 위음성 진단 결과는 확인되지 않았다. 본 연구에서 제안한 요실금 진단 알고리즘은 복압성 요실금의 병적 진행 정도를 정량적으로 진단할 수 있으며, 요실금 진단 시스템 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics and changes in isoflavone content of Cheonggukjang with added Chaga mushroom by secondary fermentation at 40 for 48 h with or without a starter, Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC 3925. Cheonggukjang samples were divided into three groups: Control (unsterilized Cheonggukjang fermented without a starter), NS (unsterilized Cheonggukjang inoculated with L. acidophilus KCTC 3925), and YS (heat-sterilized Cheonggukjang inoculated with L. acidophilus KCTC 3925). The approximate composition of the three types of Cheonggukjang was 49.79-51.44% moisture, 4.54-4.72% crude ash, 43.21-44.37% crude protein, 11.58-13.65% crude fat, 37.41-40.07% carbohydrate, 31.92-33.82% dietary fiber. The mineral content included 5.43– 9.64 mg% Na, 1,792.86–1,824.39 mg% K, 253.69–326.09 mg% Ca, 619.37–691.20 mg% P, 92.59–110.59 mg% Fe, and 0.01–0.02 mg%Cd. Free amino acid contents of NS (2,520.92 mg%) and YS (2,421.94 mg%) were significantly higher than that of the control (2,236.76 mg%). Amino-type nitrogen content for the three types of Cheonggukjang ranged from 837.20-920.27 mg% with no significant difference. Ammonia-type nitrogen content ranged from 137.09-169.36 mg%. Supplement of Cheonggukjang with L. acidophilus KCTC 3925 increased production of aglycone isoflavons compared to that of control. Therefore, our results show that fermenting Chaga Cheonggukjang with L. acidophilus KCTC 3925 leads to improved quality characteristics and increased isoflavone aglycone content.

Fermented halla gold kiwifruit (FHK) was prepared with Lactobacillus plantarum CK10, a bacterium derived from kimchi. We investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidative activity of madeleine added with FHK. The madeleine dough was prepared by mixing flour, sugar, baking powder, and then followed by adding salt, rum, different amount of the FHK (0, 1, and 3%) and butter. The total titratable acidity of madeleine increased significantly with the amounts of added FHK (p<0.05), while the pH value and total soluble solids showed the reverse trend. The color of madeleine became substantially redder with increasing amounts of FHK (p<0.05), and it appeared darker and less yellow at the same time. The total polyphenol contents of madeleines increased significantly with increasing amounts of FHK (p<0.05), but there was little difference in the total flavonoid content. When the antioxidant activities were measured in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)- and 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid-diammonium salt (ABTS)- radical scavenging, both measured activities of madeleines increased dramatically with added FHK in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggested that the acidity, color, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activities of madeleines can be improved by adding the fermented gold kiwifruit.

The quality characteistics and kimchi processing ability of the kimchi cabbage cultivar ‘Cheonjincheongmayup’ (CC) were analyzed and compared with those of the ‘Chunkwang’ (CK) cultivar. The head weight of CC was lower than that of CK, and the head length of CC was larger than that of CK. CC had narrower and longer mid ribs than CK. Furthermore, the head formation index of CC was lower than that of CK. The firmness and soluble solid content were higher in CC than in CK. The salinity of Cheonjincheongmayup kimchi (CCK) was 2.89-3.02%, which was higher than 1.94-2.10% salinity measured in Chunkwang kimchi (CKK). The initial titratable acidity in CCK was higher than that of CKK, but increasd more slowly during storage. CCK was firmer than CKK; lactic acid bacteria in CCK was lower than in CKK initially, but increased more in CKK than in CCK after six weeks of storage. We found that CC was suitable for making Makkimchi because of its long and narrow mid ribs, saltiness, and slow fermentation. CC should be improved as less hot spicy and less hard texture to use a Makkimchi material.

본 연구는 표준 감마선 조사장치의 유효빔 크기를 실측과 시뮬레이션의 결과를 비교하여 유효빔 영역의 결정에 유용한 수단을 제공하고자 하였다 시뮬레이션과 전리함을 이용한 실측의 결과는 공기커마율의 경우는 상대오차 4.5~7.3% 범위에 분포하였다. 유효빔 영역의 크기는 시뮬레이션의 경우 수평 방향 27cm, 수직 방향 21.6cm로 구현되었고, 필름을 이용한 실측결과는 수평 방향 26.5cm, 수직 방향 21.9cm로 유사한 결과가 도출되었다. 수평방향의 상대오차는 1.85%, 수직 방향은 1.38% 이며 유효빔 영역도 감마선장을 중심으로 유사하게 분포하였다. 감마선 조사장치에 있어서 시뮬레이션의 유효성이 충분함을 확인하였다. 특히 공기커마율보다 유효빔 크기의 상대오차가 적은 것은 빔의 크기가 표준선원의 용량보다는 기하학적 요인으로 결정되기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 향후 시뮬레이션을 이용한 광자 에너지 분포도의 신뢰성을 높이기 위한 연구가 필요 할 것이다.

병원에서 방사선을 차폐하는데 있어 납은 매우 유용하게 사용되고 있다. 하지만 납은 독성을 가지고 있고 대체물질에 대한 연구가 많이 이루어지고 있으며, 대표적으로 텅스텐을 대체물질로 한 연구가 많이 이루어지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서 납과 텅스텐의 물리적 특성 및 반가층 실험을 진행한 결과 원자번호가 높은 납 원소의 반응단면적이 텅스텐에 비해 높게 나타났으나, 텅스텐의 밀도가 높아 동일한 크기일 경우 텅스텐의 전자밀도가 납에 비해 약 1.7배 높은 것으로 나타났다. MCNPX를 이용한 모의 모사에서도 에너지 따라 다소 차이가 있지만 텅스텐이 납에 비해 약 1.4배 차폐효과가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 텅스텐이 납에 비해 우수한 차폐효율을 갖고 있는 것으로 확인 되었다. 하지만 경제적 측면을 고려할 때 텅스텐은 희소금속으로 납에 비해 가격이 약 25배 높아 납에 대한 대체물질로는 부적당한 것으로 사료되었다.

방사선 방호의 목적 중 하나는 확률적 영향을 최소화 하는 것이다. PCXMC 2.0은 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션 기반의 프로그램으로 입사표면선량을 통해 유효선량과 암의 발병확률을 예측가능하게 해준다. 그렇기 때문에 선량계에 따른 입사표면선량 측정이 특히 중요하다. 본 연구는 반도체 선량계, 일반 선량계, 유리선량계를 통해 입사표면선량을 측정하고 그에 따른 결정 장기의 유효선량과 발병 확률을 비교분석 하는 것에 목적을 두었다. 실험방법은 두개부, 흉부, 복부의 선량계 별 입사표면선량을 측정하고 PCXMC 2.0을 통해 부위 별 결정 장기의 유효선량과 암의 발병 확률을 평가하였다. 그 결과 부위 별 입사표면선량은 동일한 조건임에도 일반 선량계, 반도체 선량계, 유리 선량계 순으로 차이가 났다. 이를 토대로 유효선량과 결정 장기의 암 발병 확률을 분석한 결과 또한 일반 선량계, 반도체 선량계, 유리 선량계 순으로 차이가 났다. 결론적으로 동일한 조건임에도 사용한 선량계에 따라 유효선량과 발병 위험도는 다르게 나타났음을 알 수 있었고, 본 연구를 통해 각각의 선량계에 따른 정확한 입사표면선량 모델을 제시하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Purpose - This study aims to examine the determinants of income management of the public servant. Three independent variables are examined such as attitude towards money, financial capability and debt management while the dependent variable is financial wellbeing of public servants. Research design, data, and methodology – Quantitative research is applied in this study, and data are collected by using cross sectional approach. Survey questionnaires are obtained from 270 respondents, which represents 79% response rate. The multiple regressions are used to examine the influence of attitude towards money, financial capability and debt management towards financial wellbeing. Results - The result of the multiple regression indicated positive influences of attitude towards money and financial capability on financial wellbeing. However, debt management found no significant influence on financial wellbeing. Conclusions - Research findings show that people have different attitudes towards money and different trends of expenditure. It is also crucial to be highlighted that employees’ attitude and financial capability have a greater influence on overall satisfaction with employees’ financial wellbeing. Some would want to show off their luxury items they bought to close friends or relatives and some are very prudent in making expenditures even for necessity items.

Purpose – This study aims to investigate domestic wine consumption behavior and make future sales strategies and marketing plans. Research design, data, and methodology – To achieve the purpose of the study, the surveys were conducted targeting 350 wine customers in Jeju and Seoul. 331 responses were collected, and out of them, 21 responses were deleted because they lacked the proper information fill in. A descriptive statistical analysis was applied to the remaining 310 responses. The statistical techniques used for carrying out hypothesis-testing are EFA_(exploratory factor analysis), multiple-regression analysis, and moderating effect in SPSS 18.0. Results – The results indicate that fashion oriented, sociality aspiration and rationality seeking lifestyles had significant influence upon internal attributes. However, well-being oriented and having enjoyment oriented lifestyle had no significant influence upon internal attributes. Furthermore, all the types of lifestyles except social aspiration lifestyles had a positive influence upon external attributes, whereas internal or external attributes had positive influence on customer satisfaction. Conclusions – The consumers who experienced wine purchases think wine selection attributes differ before and after experiencing wine drinking, and it shows that the circumstantial variables as purchase situations prove to be important predicted variables in the behavior field of wine consumers. It implies appropriate wine education according to the consuming trend about wine for wine consumers are needed.

This paper deals with the phonological reconstruction of Old English Palatalization in prefixed words focusing on how morphology interacts with phonology and how the phonological reconstruction can be substantially confirmed. It will be shown that the traditional descriptions of Old English Palatalization tend to oversimplify the contexts for its application and make predictions not consistent with other synchronic phonological phenomena. Once the sound values of the relevant consonants in Old English prefixed words are reconstructed, Middle English orthographic system and the alliterative convention in Old English versification, often used as major sources for the reconstruction of Old English sounds, will be explored in detail in order to evaluate the validity of the proposed phonological reconstruction.

Moon mineralogy mapper (M3)'s work proved that the moon is not completely dry but has some hydroxyl/water. M3’s data confirmed that the amount of hydroxyl on the lunar surface is inversely related to the measured signal brightness, suggesting the lunar surface is sensitive to temperature by solar insolation. We tested the effect of solar insolation on the local distribution of hydroxyl by using M3 data, and we found that most craters had more hydroxyl in shade areas than in sunlit areas. This means that the local distribution of hydroxyl is absolutely influenced by the amount of sunshine. We investigated the factors affecting differences in hydroxyl; we found that the higher the latitude, the larger the difference during daytime. We also measured the pyroxene content and found that pyroxene affects the amount of hydroxyl, but it does not affect the difference in hydroxyl between sunlit and shaded areas. Therefore, we confirmed that solar insolation plays a significant role in the local distribution of hydroxyl, regardless of surface composition.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the early life history of the Rhodeus fish, Rhodeus uyekii and R. ocellatus, in the Nakdong River to use as the preliminary data for the systematic study. The embryos used in the study were fertilized eggs (embryo) and larvae after artificial fertilization. The long diameter of the eggs of the R. uyekii was 3.39-3.97 mm (average 3.68±0.41 mm, n=30) and the short diameter was 1.36-1.55 mm (average 1.45±0.13 mm, n=30). The long diameter of the eggs of the R. ocellatus was 2.53-2.71 mm (average 2.62±0.12 mm, n=30) and the short diameter was 1.47-1.60 mm (average 1.53±0.09 mm, n=30). Hatching time was 48 hours for the R. uyekii and 50 hours for the R. ocellatus given that the average water temperature was 21.5℃. The hatched larvae were 4.95-5.00 mm (average 4.98±0.04 mm, n=5) for the R. uyekii and the total length was 3.66-3.69 mm (average 3.67±0.02 mm, n=5) for the R. ocellatus. R. uyekii was found to be 15.5-15.8 mm at total length (average 15.6±0.21 mm, n=5) on the 56 days after hatching with the number of dorsal fins being ⅲ-9, anal fins ⅲ-10, ventral fins ⅲ-5. The R. ocellatus was found to be 15.8-16.0 mm (average 15.9±0.14 mm, n=5) at total length on the 58 days with the number of dorsal fins being ⅲ-11, anal fins ⅲ-12 and ventral fins ⅲ-5 where the number of all fin stalks reached maximum.

This study was conducted to investigate the skeletal development of bullhead torrent catfish, Liobagrus obesus larvae and to utilize them as basic data for the taxonomic study of Liobagrus larvae. Skeletal development was observed by being divided into cranium, visceral skeleton, shoulder girdle bone, pelvic girdle bone and vertebra. On the first day after hatching, the pre‐larvae had an average total length of 7.92 mm, and a line‐shaped parasphenoid ossified in the cranium. In the jaw bone, the dentary supporting the lower jaw and the maxillary supporting the upper jaw were ossified. In the anterior abdominal vertebrae of the vertebra, seven centrums began to ossify and five neural spines ossified simultaneously. On the 3 day after hatching, pre‐larvae had an average total length of 8.95 mm, and the prefrontal ossified in cranium. The number of abdominal vertebrae was increased to 14, and three parapophysis developed from the front side. On the 24th day after hatching, postlarvae had an average total length of 15.2 mm and the epural bone ossified in coccyx. The parhypural bone was ossified, and ossification of coccyx and pelvic girdle bone was completed. On the 30th day after hatching, the average total length of the juvenile was 17.8 mm, and the ossification of cranium and visceral skeleton was all completed while the preorbital and three suborbitals were ossified in the orbital region of the cranium.

계획적이고 안정적인 영농을 위해 영농작업 인력을 확보하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 하지만 농가인구의 감소로 인한 농업인력 확보의 어려움과 농업노동 임금의 지속적인 증가는 경영주에게 이중의 고통이 되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 농가처분가능소득이 전국에서 가장 높은 강원도를 지역 표집으로 선정하여 Bivariate Probit 모형을 이용해 내국인과 외국인 고용의 상호 관계를 고려한 고용인력 수요 결정요인을 살펴보았다. 분석결과, 첫째, 3개월 이상 노동력을 고용하는 농가들의 경우 내국인 고용수요와 외국인 고용수요 간에는 양(+)의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 전형적인 도시근교 농업의 특징을 나타내는 춘천시에 비해 강원도내 타 지역 농가들은 다른 변수들이 일정할 경우 내국인과 외국인의 고용 수요가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 젊은 경영주일수록 내국인 상시 고용에 대한 수요가 높고, 농가조직에 참여하고 있는 농가일수록 자가노동 확률은 0.13% 감소하고, 상시 농업 노동력에 대한 수요가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과를 종합한 농업 노동력 확보를 위한 정책적 시사점으로는 첫째, 상시고용된 농업인력들을 대상으로 국내외 문화 차이를 인지하고, 내국인 노동자와 외국인 노동자간의 협력 네트워크 구축을 위한 영농교육 확대가 필요하다. 둘째, 각 지역별로 내국인 또는 외국인 노동자의 상시고용 수요가 상이한 것으로 나타나 강원도내 지역별 농산업 현황을 기반으로 「(가칭)강원도 농업 인력 수급 플랫폼」구축이 필요하다. 셋째, 청년창업농과 농가조직 참여 농가들을 대상으로 농작업 상시고용 인력을 우선적으로 매칭해 주는 것이 필요하다.

These days, corporate risk management has become a major concern in the corporate world. Companies in the global environment are exposed to diverse kinds of risks that are affecting the decisions of investors and other stakeholders. Therefore, companies are expected to not only identify and manage risks but also voluntarily report the same to the stakeholders. Increasingly, standard setters and regulators are requiring firms to disclose such information. On the contrary, there also exists a perception that risk reporting can create a negative impression among the stakeholders about the future of the company. In line with such growing dilemma for risk disclosures, the issue of corporate risk reporting (CRR) has been receiving immense emphasis from the accounting academicians. The main objective of this article is to conduct a comprehensive literature review on corporate risk disclosures. In order to fulfill this objective, at first, a summary of the relevant available literature is presented to identify the current regulations on risk reporting, existing trends of CRR research and theories applied in research. Then, through analysis, several research avenues are identified. It is expected that if these dimensions are explored by the future researchers, a better and broader understanding of the risk reporting practices can be achieved.

This study was conducted to investigate needs and operational status for care farming of education or experience farms in South Korea. A questionnaire made up of 38 questions was developed for this study. The survey was conducted online among owners in education and experience farms (total 264 sites) in Seoul and nine provinces in September 2017. A total of 78 questionnaires were collected and the response rate was 44.6%. As the results, the purposes of farm operation reported as experience (85.9%), education (79.5%), production of agricultural products (67.9%), and healing (47.4%). Main visitors in education and experience farm were children and adolescents (89.7%), adults (51.3%), and families (46.2%). A farm activity program was mainly provided by a one-time experience using crops (69.2%), animals (16.7%), and food processing activity (10.3%). Fifty percent of the responding farmers received support from the government and the local government such as public relations (32.5%), operational funding (32.5%), and management consulting (15.0%). The lack factor of operating in farms was lower profit system (24.4%), poor farm infrastructure (21.8%), and lack of promotion and marketing ways (16.7%). 97.5% of the respondents reported ‘very necessary’ and ‘necessary’ of care farming. Specifically, the care farming service reported that priority should be given to children and adolescents (55.1%) and people with emotional and behavior disorder (15.4%). The present study is anticipated to offer the efficient management of care farm and provides reference data of the policy suggestion for care farming setting in South Korea.

근접방사선치료는 일반적으로 외부방사선치료와 병행하여 수행되고 치료단계가 매우 복잡하며 이로 인 해 방사선 사고가 발생될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이를 해결하기 위해 근접방사선치료에 사고유형과 영향 분석(Failure mode and effects analysis, FMEA) 방법을 적용하여 프로세스 맵을 구성하고 이를 기반으로 각 치료단계에 대한 위해도를 산출하였다. 프로세스 맵은 “외래 및 진료”와 “근접방사선 모의치료”, “CT 모의 치료”, “근접방사선치료계획”, “방사선치료”로 총 5단계로 구성하였으며, 각 치료단계를 세분화하여 세부단 계를 작성하였다. 위해도를 산출하기 위해 의사와 의학물리사, 선량설계사, 방사선사, 간호사가 참여하여 세부단계마다 발생빈도와 심각도, 불검출도를 평가하였다. 전반적으로 프로세스 맵은 각 치료단계마다 환 자 신원 확인 절차가 우선적으로 수행되며, 이는 다른 환자로 오인하여 서로 다른 치료계획이 수립되어 방 사선사고가 발생될 우려가 있다. 프로세스 맵을 기반으로 작성한 세부단계에 대해 위해도를 평가한 결과, 전반적으로 “외래 및 진료”와 “근접방사선치료계획” 과정이 높은 위해도로 평가되었다. 직종마다 평가한 위해도는 서로 다른 경향을 보였으며, 간호사는 방사선치료를 제외한 모든 과정이 55점 이상의 위해도를 보였으며, “근접방사선 모의치료” 과정이 88.8점으로 가장 높았다. 방사선치료를 수행하는 의료기관마다 치 료단계가 다소 차이가 있으므로 해당 기관에 대한 프로세스 맵을 작성하고 위해도를 산출하여 중점관리 항목을 집중적으로 리스크 관리가 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

원자로 내 사고발생 시 냉각수의 비등으로 기포가 발생하고, 기포율을 측정하기 위하여 열수력 안전 분 야에서는 주로 Optical Fiber Probe(OFP)나 광학 카메라를 이용하여 측정하지만 기하학적 구조의 한계로 인 해 17 × 17 배열의 봉 다발 내에 장비를 설치하는 것에는 어려움이 있다. 본 연구는 예비 연구로서 봉 다발 에 적용하기 전 X선 시스템과 다양한 모사 팬텀을 이용하여 연구 가능성 평가를 수행하였다. 라디오그라피 및 토모그라피 실험을 통해 X선 발생 장치의 관전압 130 kVp, 관전류 1 mA가 적합하였다. 또한, 기포 해상 도 팬텀을 통해 가시적으로 1 mm 크기의 구멍에 대해 측정이 가능하였으며 막대 팬텀을 이용한 대조도 평 가의 경우 프레온 내부에서 대조도가 상대적으로 떨어짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 영상 재구성 시 일그 러짐이 없는 좋은 영상을 획득할 수 있었다. 기포 발생 팬텀 실험을 통해 기포의 유동 방향 확인 및 단층 영상을 획득할 수 있었고, Image J 툴을 이용하여 하나의 단층영상에 대해 18 %의 기포율을 측정할 수 있 었다. 본 연구는 핵연료 주변 기포율 측정을 위한 선행 연구를 수행하였고 지속적인 연구를 위한 기초 연 구로서 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the progressive decline of memory, cognitive functions, and changes in personality. The major pathological features in postmortem brains are neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits. The majority of AD cases are sporadic and age-related. Although AD pathogenesis has not been established, aging and declining mitochondrial function has been associated. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in AD patients' brains and AD mice models, and the mice with a genetic defect in mitochondrial complex I showed enhanced Aβ level in vivo. To elucidate the role of mitochondrial complex I in AD, we used SH-SY5Y cells transfected with DNA constructs expressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP) or human Swedish APP mutant (APP-swe). The expression of APP-swe increased the level of Aβ protein in comparison with control. When complex I was inhibited by rotenone, the increase of ROS level was remarkably higher in the cells overexpressing APP-swe compared to control. The number of dead cell was significantly increased in APP-swe-expressing cells by complex I inhibition. We suggest that complex I dysfunction accelerate amyloid toxicity and mitochondrial complex I dysfunction in aging may contribute to the pathogenesis of sporadic AD.